Σκοπός των γλωσσικών μαθημάτων είναι να καταστήσουν τους μαθητές ικανούς να χρησιμοποιούν ορθά τη γλώσσα ως θεμελιώδη κώδικα επικοινωνίας με το περιβάλλον. Τα αναλυτικά προγράμματα των σχολικών μονάδων αποτελούν τον πυρήνα της εκπαιδευτικής διαδικασίας σε όλες τις βαθμίδες εκπαίδευσης σε όλες τις χώρες του κόσμου, γιατί κατά κάποιον τρόπο αποτελούν ένα είδος «πυξίδας» στα χέρια των εκπαιδευτικών που τους κατατοπίζουν αναφορικά με την ύλη και τη μέθοδο διδασκαλίας. Σκοπός της παρούσας έρευνας είναι η σύγκριση του Προγράμματος Σπουδών για τη γλώσσα στις τρεις τάξεις του Γυμνασίου προς το Γ´ επίπεδο του Αναλυτικού Εξεταστικού Προγράμματος Πιστοποίησης Επάρκειας της Ελληνομάθειας του Κέντρου Ελληνικής Γλώσσας που απευθύνεται σε αλλόγλωσσους μαθητές. Με τη σύγκριση αυτή γίνεται προσπάθεια να εντοπιστούν κενά και παραλείψεις στα δύο Προγράμματα Σπουδών για τη γλώσσα, προκειμένου να συμπληρωθούν και να αποσαφηνιστούν τυχόν ασάφειες. / The aim of language classes is to make students capable of using language correctly in order to communicate. Curriculum is the basis of the educational process all over the world. The present study focuses on the comparison between the Greek language curriculum in Greek High Schools and the 3rd level of the curriculum for the examination and the certification of competence of the knowledge of Greek by the Greek Language Centre. The two curricula are intended for students of different backgrounds: those who have Greek as mother tongue, and those who have Greek as second / foreign language. The purpose of the present study is to pinpoint the gaps and the omissions in both language curricula.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The goal of the thesis is to trace the sequence of materials of different origin in the synoptic Gospels through stylistic features. The question is whether an author's style is typical in the way it employs syntax. Using syntax, the thesis tests whether a sample can be correctly associated with one author, rather than incorrectly associated with another author. 'Syntax,' in this thesis, quite specifically intends 'an assessment of a very broad range of syntax.' The thesis reviews the literary debate over the 'synoptic problem,' finding that Luke knew and depended the triple tradition known to Mark. Luke did not know or use the unique parts of Mark. This set of materials, then, can be used to test whether syntax indicates a similar relationship. Regarding the literature on style in authorship attribution, the thesis develops principles for measuring style through syntax, and compares the distribution of the occurrence-the 'weighted sum of the logs of the ratio'--of syntax in each of three blocks of text. Such a distribution associates a reference block of text with the correct distribution from the distributions in two alternative texts offered. That is, a reference block drawn from the editorial layer in Mark proves to be closer to the remaining editorial layer in Mark (which is correct), than it proves to be to the editorial layer in Luke (which would be incorrect). This is at least a first step towards using this method with sources that appear in New Testament documents, even when they are small or fragmentary. The thesis then applies such an analysis to one of the clearest sources in the synoptic Gospels, namely, the 'triple tradition' as presented by Luke. The analysis is congruent with the results of literary criticism. This supports the idea that syntax can discern or define a source, and so it can help us understand more about the evolution of the New Testament. Nevertheless, the thesis finds that although Luke knew the 'triple tradition' that Mark used, yet Luke appears not to have fully relied on the version of the triple tradition that we know in, and as edited by Mark. / New Testament Studies / D.Th. (New Testament)

Summaries in English and Greek / Keywords in English and Greek / This thesis explores the phenomenon of language shift and maintenance in the Greek community of Johannesburg, which is the largest Greek community in South Africa. The main aim of the study is to provide an account of the factors which assist in maintaining the Greek language which is under pressure from English, the dominant official language in the country. This study draws on the theoretical and methodological frameworks established in the many studies conducted on the Greek communities in the USA and Australia. The Greek community has played a significant role in assisting to shape the development of South Africa. Up until the 1980s, they were subject to discrimination from the host society; consequently, many immigrants lived together in certain suburbs and founded their own churches, clubs and schools. These factors contributed greatly to the retention of their language and culture. Since the late 1980s, the discriminatory attitude of the host society toward the immigrant communities has decreased notably, and subsequently, there has been an increased integration and assimilation into the host society. The process of assimilation has resulted, inter alia, in an increased use of English, the dominant language of the host society, consequently the retention of the mother tongue has declined. A number of factors were identified as playing an important role in the maintenance of Greek: education, religion, family, language loyalty and socio-cultural activities; and, to a lesser extent, media and overseas visits. Education has played a key role in maintaining the language, in particular through the establishment of Greek day and afternoon schools. Despite a preference for bilingual church services, the Greek Orthodox Church continues to play a vital role in the maintenance of Greek. The family, loyalty towards the language and culture and a notable pride in being Greek, and participation in socio-cultural activities contribute significantly to the maintenance of the Greek language. Despite a marked shift towards English in the younger generation, the future of Greek in South Africa may be characterized by relatively stable bilingualism, provided that current trends continue. / Η παροφςα μελζτθ πραγματεφεται το φαινόμενο τθσ αλλαγισ και διατιρθςθσ τθσ ελλθνικισ γλϊςςασ ςτθν ελλθνικι κοινότθτα του Γιοχάνεςμπουργκ, θ οποία αποτελεί τθν μεγαλφτερθ κοινότθτα ςτο Γιοχάνεςμπουργκ. Ο κφριοσ ςκοπόσ τθσ διατριβισ, είναι να παρουςιάςει τουσ παράγοντεσ που ςυμβάλλουν ςτθ διατιρθςθ τθσ ελλθνικισ γλϊςςασ, θ οποία καταπιζηεται γλωςςικά από τθν Αγγλικι, τθν κυρίαρχθ και επίςθμθ γλϊςςα τθσ χϊρασ. Η μελζτθ αυτι αντλεί τουσ κεωρθτικοφσ και μεκοδολογικοφσ τθσ άξονεσ από τισ διάφορεσ μελζτεσ που ωσ αντικείμενό τουσ ζχουν τθν μελζτθ των ελλθνικϊν κοινοτιτων ςτισ Ηνωμζνεσ Πολιτείεσ και ςτθν Αυςτραλία. Η Ελλθνικι κοινότθτα ζχει παίξει ςθμαντικό υποβοθκθτικό ρόλο ςτθν πορεία τθσ εξζλιξθσ τθσ Νότιασ Αφρικισ. Μζχρι το 1980 ιταν αντικείμενο φυλετικισ διάκριςθσ από τθ χϊρα υποδοχισ με αποτζλεςμα πολλοί μετανάςτεσ να ηουν ομαδικά ςε ςυγκεκριμζνεσ περιοχζσ, ιδρφοντασ τισ δικζσ τουσ εκκλθςίεσ, ςυλλόγουσ και ςχολεία. Οι προαναφερόμενοι παράγοντεσ ςυνζβαλαν αιςκθτά ςτθ διατιρθςθ τθσ γλϊςςασ και του ελλθνικοφ πολιτιςμοφ. Από τα τζλθ του 1980, θ πολιτικι διακρίςεων λόγω φυλετικισ καταγωγισ από τθ χϊρα υποδοχισ προσ τισ μεταναςτευτικζσ ομάδεσ ζχει μειωκεί αιςκθτά ενϊ μετζπειτα παρατθρείται μια αυξθμζνθ ενςωμάτωςθ και αφομοίωςθ ςτθν χϊρα-οικοδεςπότθσ. Η διαδικαςία ενςωμάτωςθσ ςυντζλεςε, inter alia, ςτθν αφξθςθ τθσ χριςθσ τθσ αγγλικισ γλϊςςασ, τθν κυρίαρχθ γλϊςςα τθσ χϊρασ υποδοχισ με αποτζλεςμα να μειϊνεται θ διατιρθςθ τθσ μθτρικισ γλϊςςασ. Αναγνωρίςτθκε ζνασ αρικμόσ παραγόντων με ςθμαντικό ρόλο ωσ προσ τθ διατιρθςθ τθσ ελλθνικισ γλϊςςασ: θ παιδεία, θ κρθςκεία, θ οικογζνεια, θ αφοςίωςθ ςτθ γλϊςςα και οι κοινωνικό-πολιτιςμικζσ δραςτθριότθτεσ ενϊ ςε μικρότερο ποςοςτό, τα μαηικά μζςα και οι διεκνείσ επιςκζψεισ. Η εκπαίδευςθ ζχει παίξει ςθμαντικό ρόλο ςτθ διατιρθςθ τθσ γλϊςςασ ιδιαίτερα μζςω τθσ ίδρυςθσ ελλθνικϊν θμεριςιων και απογευματινϊν ςχολείων. Η Ελλθνικι Ορκόδοξθ Εκκλθςία ςυνεχίηει να παίηει ουςιϊδθ ρόλο ςτθ διατιρθςθ τθσ γλϊςςασ παρότι υπάρχει μια προτίμθςθ για τισ δίγλωςςεσ εκκλθςιαςτικζσ λειτουργίεσ. Η οικογζνεια, θ αφοςίωςθ ςτθν γλϊςςα και ςτον πολιτιςμό, θ εμφανισ υπερθφάνεια ωσ προσ τθν ελλθνικι ταυτότθτα και θ ςυμμετοχι ςε κοινωνικό-πολιτιςμικζσ δραςτθριότθτεσ επίςθσ ςυμβάλλουν αιςκθτά ςτθ διατιρθςθ τθσ ελλθνικισ γλϊςςασ. Παρόλο το φαινόμενο τθσ γλωςςικισ αλλαγισ προσ τθν αγγλικι γλϊςςα από τθ νεότερθ γενεά, το μζλλον τθσ ελλθνικισ ςτθ Νότια Αφρικι μπορεί να χαρακτθριςτεί από μια ςτακερι διγλωςςία, υπό τθν προχπόκεςθ ότι κα ςυνεχιςτοφν οι τρζχουςεσ τάςεισ. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics)

Η εξέλιξη των υπολογιστών στις τελευταίες δεκαετίες και η εξάπλωση της χρήσης τους οδήγησε και στην είσοδο τους στο χώρο της εκπαίδευσης. Η παρούσα εργασία διερευνά τον τρόπο και τα χαρακτηριστικά της εμπλοκής τους στη διδακτική μιας γλώσσας, ως δεύτερης ή ξένης, και προτείνει ένα αλγοριθμικό μοντέλο που σκοπό έχει την αξιολόγηση της γραμματικότητας απλών προτάσεων της νέας ελληνικής και τον εντοπισμό συνήθων λαθών που γίνονται από μη φυσικούς ομιλητές κατά το σχηματισμό τους. / The evolution of computers in recent decades and the spread of their use led to their introduction in the field of education. This paper investigates the methods and the characteristics of their involvement in the teaching of a language as a second or foreign, and suggests an algorithmic model that aims to assess the grammaticality of simple sentences of Modern Greek and detect routine errors made ​​by non-native speakers during their formation.

Summaries in English and Greek / Keywords in English and Greek / This thesis explores the phenomenon of language shift and maintenance in the Greek community of Johannesburg, which is the largest Greek community in South Africa. The main aim of the study is to provide an account of the factors which assist in maintaining the Greek language which is under pressure from English, the dominant official language in the country. This study draws on the theoretical and methodological frameworks established in the many studies conducted on the Greek communities in the USA and Australia. The Greek community has played a significant role in assisting to shape the development of South Africa. Up until the 1980s, they were subject to discrimination from the host society; consequently, many immigrants lived together in certain suburbs and founded their own churches, clubs and schools. These factors contributed greatly to the retention of their language and culture. Since the late 1980s, the discriminatory attitude of the host society toward the immigrant communities has decreased notably, and subsequently, there has been an increased integration and assimilation into the host society. The process of assimilation has resulted, inter alia, in an increased use of English, the dominant language of the host society, consequently the retention of the mother tongue has declined. A number of factors were identified as playing an important role in the maintenance of Greek: education, religion, family, language loyalty and socio-cultural activities; and, to a lesser extent, media and overseas visits. Education has played a key role in maintaining the language, in particular through the establishment of Greek day and afternoon schools. Despite a preference for bilingual church services, the Greek Orthodox Church continues to play a vital role in the maintenance of Greek. The family, loyalty towards the language and culture and a notable pride in being Greek, and participation in socio-cultural activities contribute significantly to the maintenance of the Greek language. Despite a marked shift towards English in the younger generation, the future of Greek in South Africa may be characterized by relatively stable bilingualism, provided that current trends continue. / Η παροφςα μελζτθ πραγματεφεται το φαινόμενο τθσ αλλαγισ και διατιρθςθσ τθσ ελλθνικισ γλϊςςασ ςτθν ελλθνικι κοινότθτα του Γιοχάνεςμπουργκ, θ οποία αποτελεί τθν μεγαλφτερθ κοινότθτα ςτο Γιοχάνεςμπουργκ. Ο κφριοσ ςκοπόσ τθσ διατριβισ, είναι να παρουςιάςει τουσ παράγοντεσ που ςυμβάλλουν ςτθ διατιρθςθ τθσ ελλθνικισ γλϊςςασ, θ οποία καταπιζηεται γλωςςικά από τθν Αγγλικι, τθν κυρίαρχθ και επίςθμθ γλϊςςα τθσ χϊρασ. Η μελζτθ αυτι αντλεί τουσ κεωρθτικοφσ και μεκοδολογικοφσ τθσ άξονεσ από τισ διάφορεσ μελζτεσ που ωσ αντικείμενό τουσ ζχουν τθν μελζτθ των ελλθνικϊν κοινοτιτων ςτισ Ηνωμζνεσ Πολιτείεσ και ςτθν Αυςτραλία. Η Ελλθνικι κοινότθτα ζχει παίξει ςθμαντικό υποβοθκθτικό ρόλο ςτθν πορεία τθσ εξζλιξθσ τθσ Νότιασ Αφρικισ. Μζχρι το 1980 ιταν αντικείμενο φυλετικισ διάκριςθσ από τθ χϊρα υποδοχισ με αποτζλεςμα πολλοί μετανάςτεσ να ηουν ομαδικά ςε ςυγκεκριμζνεσ περιοχζσ, ιδρφοντασ τισ δικζσ τουσ εκκλθςίεσ, ςυλλόγουσ και ςχολεία. Οι προαναφερόμενοι παράγοντεσ ςυνζβαλαν αιςκθτά ςτθ διατιρθςθ τθσ γλϊςςασ και του ελλθνικοφ πολιτιςμοφ. Από τα τζλθ του 1980, θ πολιτικι διακρίςεων λόγω φυλετικισ καταγωγισ από τθ χϊρα υποδοχισ προσ τισ μεταναςτευτικζσ ομάδεσ ζχει μειωκεί αιςκθτά ενϊ μετζπειτα παρατθρείται μια αυξθμζνθ ενςωμάτωςθ και αφομοίωςθ ςτθν χϊρα-οικοδεςπότθσ. Η διαδικαςία ενςωμάτωςθσ ςυντζλεςε, inter alia, ςτθν αφξθςθ τθσ χριςθσ τθσ αγγλικισ γλϊςςασ, τθν κυρίαρχθ γλϊςςα τθσ χϊρασ υποδοχισ με αποτζλεςμα να μειϊνεται θ διατιρθςθ τθσ μθτρικισ γλϊςςασ. Αναγνωρίςτθκε ζνασ αρικμόσ παραγόντων με ςθμαντικό ρόλο ωσ προσ τθ διατιρθςθ τθσ ελλθνικισ γλϊςςασ: θ παιδεία, θ κρθςκεία, θ οικογζνεια, θ αφοςίωςθ ςτθ γλϊςςα και οι κοινωνικό-πολιτιςμικζσ δραςτθριότθτεσ ενϊ ςε μικρότερο ποςοςτό, τα μαηικά μζςα και οι διεκνείσ επιςκζψεισ. Η εκπαίδευςθ ζχει παίξει ςθμαντικό ρόλο ςτθ διατιρθςθ τθσ γλϊςςασ ιδιαίτερα μζςω τθσ ίδρυςθσ ελλθνικϊν θμεριςιων και απογευματινϊν ςχολείων. Η Ελλθνικι Ορκόδοξθ Εκκλθςία ςυνεχίηει να παίηει ουςιϊδθ ρόλο ςτθ διατιρθςθ τθσ γλϊςςασ παρότι υπάρχει μια προτίμθςθ για τισ δίγλωςςεσ εκκλθςιαςτικζσ λειτουργίεσ. Η οικογζνεια, θ αφοςίωςθ ςτθν γλϊςςα και ςτον πολιτιςμό, θ εμφανισ υπερθφάνεια ωσ προσ τθν ελλθνικι ταυτότθτα και θ ςυμμετοχι ςε κοινωνικό-πολιτιςμικζσ δραςτθριότθτεσ επίςθσ ςυμβάλλουν αιςκθτά ςτθ διατιρθςθ τθσ ελλθνικισ γλϊςςασ. Παρόλο το φαινόμενο τθσ γλωςςικισ αλλαγισ προσ τθν αγγλικι γλϊςςα από τθ νεότερθ γενεά, το μζλλον τθσ ελλθνικισ ςτθ Νότια Αφρικι μπορεί να χαρακτθριςτεί από μια ςτακερι διγλωςςία, υπό τθν προχπόκεςθ ότι κα ςυνεχιςτοφν οι τρζχουςεσ τάςεισ. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics)

Este trabalho traduz e comenta o texto aristotélico Peri\\ (Ermenei/aj assim como, trata das relações desse texto com as obras Peri\\ Yuxh=j e Kategori/ai, também de Aristóteles. As unidades simples são investigadas por Aristóteles no livro do Organon, Kategori/ai, e as unidades declarativas no livro do Organon, Peri\\ (Ermenei/aj. A alma é investigada com mais detalhe no livro Peri\\ Yuxh=j. Buscar como se constituem as relações entre esses livros significa delimitar e especificar os campos de intersecção e de ordem. Este trabalho visa fundamentar a noção semântica, lógica, orgânica e funcional da língua a partir da apreciação do conceito de incerteza aristotélico e da noção de transposição da primeira essência para a segunda essência. A maneira escolhida envolveu de modo paralelo uma leitura linear dos textos gregos e ao mesmo tempo uma investigação da relação entre a alma e a unidade: voz, pensamento e coisa na sua forma simples e declarativa. Deixando o texto falar, - ao contrário da análise formal-, esse pensamento envolve uma visão ética e social que tem em primeiro plano a visão do bem comum e da preeminência do social em relação ao individual. A valorização da língua de forma integrada como voz, pensamento e coisa permite que a significação como parte preponderante seja constituída como formação humana e dessa maneira impede que a língua seja vista como um conjunto de regras que tem por fim alcançar fins utilitários e mercadológicos. A visão aristotélica da língua é estabelecida não por relações gramaticais, mas, por meio de uma visão que integra a alma ao pensamento, a voz e as coisas. A questão do conhecimento inesgotável dentro de um processo da língua que começa e termina estabelece como principal objetivo mostrar que o ser humano é dotado de apetite de saber e tem como finalidade a atualização de suas contradições que como uma teia se manifestam no local do humano: a totalidade da alma. Essa por sua vez é inexoravelmente ligada ao corpo, mas esse não está nem dentro nem fora dela, mas se traduz no espaço completo do deslocamento, da mudança qualitativa, do crescimento e do perecimento. / The purpose of this thesis was to translate and to comment on the text from Aristotles Peri\\ (Ermenei/aj, and to demonstrate the relation of this text with the following Aristotle\'s books: Peri\\ Yuxh=j and Kategori/ai. The simple units are investigated in Aristotle\'s book of the Organon: Kategori/ai . The declarative units are investigated in Aristotle\'s book of the Organon:. Peri\\ (Ermenei/aj The soul is investigated in more detail in the book: Peri\\ Yuxh=j. Searches on how the relationship amongst these books are constituted show the delimitation and specification of its intersection and order fields. The Semantic, logic, organic and function of the language are the fundament in this work for the appreciation of the Aristotelical concept of uncertainty, and also from the notion of transposition from the first essence to the second essence. The proposed way involved the linear reading of Greek texts and the investigation of the relationship between the soul and the unity: voice, thought and the thing in their simple and declarative form. The text speaking for itself replaces the formal analysis - this thought involves an ethical and social vision that takes into account in the first place the idea of the wellness of the human being and the prominence of the social in relation to the individual. To value the language in an integrated way as voice, thought and thing allows the predominant meaning to be constituted of human formation, this way preventing the language to be seen as a series of rules whose unique purpose is to achieve utilitarian and mercadological ends. The Aristotelican vision of language to establish a vision that integrates the soul to the thought, to the voice and to the things. The question of the copious knowledge inside a process of language that begins and ends establishing as its finality the updating of its contradictions and that as a web manifests itself in the essence of the human : the soul\'s totality. That is inexorably linked to the body, but not inside or outside it, it exposes itself in the complete space of transposition, the qualitative change, growth and fading.

Este trabalho traduz e comenta o texto aristotélico Peri\\ (Ermenei/aj assim como, trata das relações desse texto com as obras Peri\\ Yuxh=j e Kategori/ai, também de Aristóteles. As unidades simples são investigadas por Aristóteles no livro do Organon, Kategori/ai, e as unidades declarativas no livro do Organon, Peri\\ (Ermenei/aj. A alma é investigada com mais detalhe no livro Peri\\ Yuxh=j. Buscar como se constituem as relações entre esses livros significa delimitar e especificar os campos de intersecção e de ordem. Este trabalho visa fundamentar a noção semântica, lógica, orgânica e funcional da língua a partir da apreciação do conceito de incerteza aristotélico e da noção de transposição da primeira essência para a segunda essência. A maneira escolhida envolveu de modo paralelo uma leitura linear dos textos gregos e ao mesmo tempo uma investigação da relação entre a alma e a unidade: voz, pensamento e coisa na sua forma simples e declarativa. Deixando o texto falar, - ao contrário da análise formal-, esse pensamento envolve uma visão ética e social que tem em primeiro plano a visão do bem comum e da preeminência do social em relação ao individual. A valorização da língua de forma integrada como voz, pensamento e coisa permite que a significação como parte preponderante seja constituída como formação humana e dessa maneira impede que a língua seja vista como um conjunto de regras que tem por fim alcançar fins utilitários e mercadológicos. A visão aristotélica da língua é estabelecida não por relações gramaticais, mas, por meio de uma visão que integra a alma ao pensamento, a voz e as coisas. A questão do conhecimento inesgotável dentro de um processo da língua que começa e termina estabelece como principal objetivo mostrar que o ser humano é dotado de apetite de saber e tem como finalidade a atualização de suas contradições que como uma teia se manifestam no local do humano: a totalidade da alma. Essa por sua vez é inexoravelmente ligada ao corpo, mas esse não está nem dentro nem fora dela, mas se traduz no espaço completo do deslocamento, da mudança qualitativa, do crescimento e do perecimento. / The purpose of this thesis was to translate and to comment on the text from Aristotles Peri\\ (Ermenei/aj, and to demonstrate the relation of this text with the following Aristotle\'s books: Peri\\ Yuxh=j and Kategori/ai. The simple units are investigated in Aristotle\'s book of the Organon: Kategori/ai . The declarative units are investigated in Aristotle\'s book of the Organon:. Peri\\ (Ermenei/aj The soul is investigated in more detail in the book: Peri\\ Yuxh=j. Searches on how the relationship amongst these books are constituted show the delimitation and specification of its intersection and order fields. The Semantic, logic, organic and function of the language are the fundament in this work for the appreciation of the Aristotelical concept of uncertainty, and also from the notion of transposition from the first essence to the second essence. The proposed way involved the linear reading of Greek texts and the investigation of the relationship between the soul and the unity: voice, thought and the thing in their simple and declarative form. The text speaking for itself replaces the formal analysis - this thought involves an ethical and social vision that takes into account in the first place the idea of the wellness of the human being and the prominence of the social in relation to the individual. To value the language in an integrated way as voice, thought and thing allows the predominant meaning to be constituted of human formation, this way preventing the language to be seen as a series of rules whose unique purpose is to achieve utilitarian and mercadological ends. The Aristotelican vision of language to establish a vision that integrates the soul to the thought, to the voice and to the things. The question of the copious knowledge inside a process of language that begins and ends establishing as its finality the updating of its contradictions and that as a web manifests itself in the essence of the human : the soul\'s totality. That is inexorably linked to the body, but not inside or outside it, it exposes itself in the complete space of transposition, the qualitative change, growth and fading.

This is the first typological study devoted to Medieval Cypriot (MC). The objective of the study is to provide both syntactic and pragmatic factors which are determining for the word order of the language and to open new ways to recording mechanisms of word order change. Cypriot syntax deserves this attention, as it is a language highly interesting for the typologist as for the researcher of other linguistic areas; Modern Cypriot is VOS, and exhibits a series of exceptions to the general rules of V-initial languages. Medieval Cypriot conforms to most of Greenberg�s Universals (1963) which are pertinent to type VSO in that it has V in initial position in all unmarked clauses, in that it is prepositional, that adjectives mostly follow the noun they qualify, and so on. However, the comparison of MC to Greenberg�s Universals is not the aim of this work. Apart form the order of the main constituents, this research mainly focuses on revealing mechanisms of syntactic change not generally known, and on unveiling particular traits of the Cypriot VSO order that are not common to other VSO languages. The analysis can be defined as diachronic for it deals with the language written over a span of many years, as assumed from studying the texts. Some words and structures, used in the beginning of the narrative, seem to decrease in frequency in the end, or vice versa. It is diachronic considering it also allows for comparison with later (colloquial) and earlier (written) constructions of the language. However, it is mostly a synchronic analysis; the patterns observed are from within the same language spoken by the same people living in the same period, more importantly from within the same work. Makhairas is thus the only broad evidence of his period, offered both as a diachronic and a synchronic linguistic testimony of his time. As no language exists in vacuo, my description of MC starts with a historical approach to the language under study; it is almost impossible to realise the problems of colloquial, literary and foreign features without being aware of the earlier history of Greek in general and of Cypriot in particular, in some of its earlier documents. I refrained as far as possible from entering the field of comparative criticism with Medieval Greek. In this way I decided to focus on discussions based exclusively on the Cypriot forms and patterns, as presented and justified by the evidence in Makhairas, and as witnessed by history which, for many centuries, has singled out Cypriot from the rest of the dialects and the Greek language itself. So, alternative views, criticism and discussion of same mechanisms of change recorded within the broader Greek language have been more or less avoided. The exposition of the MC word order patterns is based on my hypotheses that word order, as I understand it, is founded on purposes of communication and that languages with extreme flexibility of order, such as Medieval Cypriot, may adopt patterns that display rigidity of order in a number of their elements. It is within these areas of rigidity that new mechanisms of change may be detected. I also hypothesised that the same syntactic changes within languages of the same branch may be merely coincidental, and that Greek or forms of Greek may well adopt foreign elements, only (but not exclusively) if these acquire the Greek endings, or if they appear as independent affixes, as is the case with the post-medieval referential Cypriot marker �mish� which is from Turkish. Acquiring particular elements from other languages does not mean acquiring their order. However, acquiring patterns that are similar to Greek from a borrowing language which has the same patterns does not exclude syntactic borrowing. Since Modern Cypriot is V-initial, I presumed that this might have also been its order in the Middle Ages. I judge that major mechanisms of syntactic change of the same period may have been triggered by factors internal to Cypriot rather than by the more general, universal mechanisms of change. Moreover, I speculated that MC was a far more marginalised language in the Middle Ages than what history and literature have taught us. Its creative dynamism and potentiality to �juggle� between words and patterns has been its greater forte. Cypriot has not been studied as a dialect, in this work. I avoided having only a partial or a shadowed understanding of its word order patterns. Exhaustive descriptions that show its particularities in the process of completion appear with both rigidity (in some elements) and flexibility of order, and most importantly, they exhibit a long-life endurance. I have also been concerned with forms and /or patterns of Greek such as the future and other periphrastic tenses, although they are already known and have been analysed at length in Greek linguistic studies. I concentrate here on some of these from a Cypriot perspective. Cypriot has never been classified as Balkan Greek or mainland Greek. Following this study, it will be clarified further that any attempt to fit MC into a framework defined along these categorisations will be successful only in some areas of the general Greek syntax. In fact, Cypriot opens the way for a further understanding of Greek syntax with its (almost) boundless flexibility; it is through MC and the unique data of Makhairas that the study of the Greek syntax is being enriched. Areas of fine-grained classificatory criteria result in connecting some MC syntactic traits to those of Greek and accrediting to the language its own word order singularities in what can be righteously called here the Cypriot syntax. Additionally, the study aims to open new areas of investigation on diachronic syntactic issues and to initiate new and revealing answers concerning configurational syntax. To determine the syntactic traits of MC a meticulous work of counting was needed. The counting of the order of the main constituents from both the more general narrative patterns of the Chronicle as well as of those passages thought to be more immediate to the author�s living experience(s) was done manually. The primarily and more difficult task of considering, following and explaining pragmatic word order patterns in the Chronicle has been the stepping stone of this research. Earlier (and forgotten) stages of Greek, and patterns exclusive to Cypriot, assembled in a unique lexicon and with special Cypriot phrasal verbs, have provided answers to explaining the Cypriot structure. In addition to statistics, areas of language contact have also been explored, both in the morphology and in the syntax. More importantly, the extreme word order freedom of MC that illustrates word order processes based entirely on internal structural changes, aims to contribute to discussions regarding morphology and syntax versus morphosyntax. Chapter 1 provides all the background information of the history and language in Cyprus, prior to the Middle Ages. Chapter 2 deals with the description of the data and the methodology used to assess them. Chapter 3 exhibits the MC verbal forms, both finite and non-finite; it examines non-finites more closely, inasmuch as they play an important role in the change of the order of major constituents and uncover and explain the role of V-initial structures. Chapter 4 is the core chapter of this work. It displays Cypriot particularities of word order, reveals data concerned with the word order of the major constituents within the clause and unfolds explanatory accounts of them; lastly, it classifies MC as a V-initial language. Chapter 5 summarises conclusions, adds a further note on the Cypriot morphosyntactic traits while placing the results into the contemporary scholarship on VSO languages, also suggesting additional research areas into the MC patterns. The examples from Makhairas have been written in the monotonic system, where only one accent has been used; other special symbols have been eliminated or modified in the interest of making the text readable in the absence of the right font. However, Ancient Greek words appear with their appropriate accents. Abbreviation C indicates structures or words that remained unchanged in Cypriot over a long period of time, and G means a form or word accepted in both their written and spoken forms over a long period of time in Greek. A morphemic analysis of each form of the glosses has not always been given. I limited myself to glossing some elements only, for the better understanding of some examples.

Οι εφαρμογές των βασικών αρχών του ΔΕΠΠΣ στο νέο σχολικό εγχειρίδιο για το μάθημα της ελληνικής γλώσσας στα βιβλία της ΣΤ΄ τάξης του δημοτικού και της Α΄ τάξης του γυμνασίου. / The applications of the new theories of learning in the Greek curriculum in the new school books of the last class of the primary school and the first class of the high school.