The oceans are a key element in our society, economy and environmental system.They cover over 70% of the worlds surface and contribute substantially to ecosystemservices such as climate management as well as to economic sectors such as foodproduction and tourism. While the importance of the oceans for climate changeand the society is generally acknowledged in science and literature, it is often notreflected in policy. Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) which are used to advicepolicy on carbon prices often systematically omit process and damages related tothe ocean such as ocean acidification, loss of biodiversity and changes in oceancurrents.The aim of this study is to give a more detailed perspective on ocean related processesand their role and importance for the economy under climate change and to testassumptions made in the development of IAMs - and more precisely the DynamicIntegrated Climate-Economy model also referred to as the DICE model. The initialresults of the DICE model resulted in a optimal temperature trajectory with amaximum of 4 ◦C contradicting the goals set with the Paris Agreement.This thesis is the first of its kind attempt in reviewing the most recentbiophysical evidence on climate change impacts with a focus on marine systemsand incorporating these damages to market and non-market sectors into the DICEmodel. The impacts from climate change are implemented into the DICE modelthrough economic valuation of the damages and an update of the damage function.The analysis is based on the damage function used in the original DICE2016R2model as well as the suggested update presented by Hänsel et al. (2020)The results show, that incorporating marine damages into the model yields in amajor increase in economic damages particularly in the temperature range up to 2◦C.These increased damages influence the results of the optimal temperature trajectoryand give a clear indication for a more stringent climate policy, drastically limitingthe maximum temperature increase compared to the original DICE model. / Haven är en viktig del av vårt samhälle, vår ekonomi och vårt miljösystem. De täcker över 70 % av jordens yta och bidrar väsentligt till ekosystemtjänster ekosystemtjänster som klimatstyrning samt till ekonomiska sektorer som livsmedels livsmedelsproduktion och turism. Havens betydelse för klimatförändringarna och samhället och samhället är allmänt erkänd inom vetenskap och litteratur, återspeglas den ofta inteåterspeglas ofta inte i politiken. Integrerade utvärderingsmodeller (IAM) som används för att geom koldioxidpriser utelämnar ofta systematiskt processer och skador relaterade tillhavet, t.ex. havsförsurning, förlust av biologisk mångfald och förändringar ihavsströmmar.Syftet med denna studie är att ge ett mer detaljerat perspektiv på havsrelaterade processeroch deras roll och betydelse för ekonomin under klimatförändringen samt att testaantaganden som gjorts i utvecklingen av IAM - och mer exakt den dynamiskaintegrerade klimat-ekonomimodellen, även kallad DICE-modellen. De förstaresultaten av DICE-modellen resulterade i en optimal temperaturbana med ettmaximalt 4 ◦C, vilket strider mot de mål som satts upp i Parisavtalet.Denna avhandling är den första i sitt slag som granskar de senastebiofysiska bevis på klimatförändringens effekter med fokus på marina systemoch införliva dessa skador på marknads- och icke-marknadssektorer i DICEmodellen. Effekterna av klimatförändringarna implementeras i DICE-modellengenom ekonomisk värdering av skadorna och en uppdatering av skadefunktionen.Analysen baseras på den skadefunktion som används i den ursprungliga DICE2016R2modellen samt den föreslagna uppdateringen som presenteras av Hänsel et al. (2020)Resultaten visar att införandet av marina skador i modellen leder till enstor ökning av de ekonomiska skadorna, särskilt i temperaturintervallet upp till 2◦C.Dessa ökade skador påverkar resultaten av den optimala temperaturbananoch ger en tydlig indikation på en mer stringent klimatpolitik, som drastiskt begränsarden maximala temperaturökningen jämfört med den ursprungliga DICE-modellen.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudino Gomes.pdf: 3164220 bytes, checksum: b6a5aa9d552fcc76201bbadbde723eed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-29 / Given the discussions that revolve around the theme of sustainability , when considering the need for reflection on the subject , the scoring notions and critiques of the green economy and sustainable development system , this paper aims to point out considerations and criticisms of the green economy system and sustainable development , addressing the concept and characteristics of green economy , pointing to the ways of how the green economy can be used to improve the relationship of capitalist power , to act on the environment and seek to show that the market can profit from environment without disrespect , and still use it as a means to increase their profitability . After all , the dilemma of economic development in order to meet an increasingly avid market for several products in balance with the environment raises the question about how to resolve this conflict, we intend to demonstrate in this study. Not intended to exhaust the vast field on the subject , but by methodological literature survey it was concluded that there is a need to create conscious and intelligent mechanisms to change the way of living , consuming and expectations about the future within each local community to establish the perfect balance in the man - environment. In another way , a warning to society that is being brought to the consumption of products with denomination of " environmentally friendly " and paying more for it , without the consideration of capital investments that generate this condition , which again is consistent with the critical Karl Marx on capitalism , which together with Leonardo Boff , has a vision that the green economy is more an economic trap for profiting on the uninformed society. In another aspect that we saw the need for policies and actions to change the paradigms of rampant consumerism and consumption , can be a solution , assuming that the green economy would meet these propositions , generating profit to the capitalist system whereas neither shy that way , this economy pushes us to believe in improving capital ratio versus environment. / Diante das discussões que giram em torno do tema sustentabilidade, ao considerar a necessidade de reflexão sobre o assunto, ao pontuar noções e críticas ao sistema de economia verde e desenvolvimento sustentável, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo de encontrar soluções e desenvolver criticas ao sistema de economia verde e desenvolvimento sustentável, na abordagem do conceito e características de economia verde, ao apontar formas de como a economia verde pode ser utilizada para melhorar a relação do poder capitalista, ao agir sobre o meio ambiente e ao procurar demonstrar que o mercado pode lucrar com o meio ambiente sem desrespeitá-lo, e ainda utilizá-lo como meio para aumentar sua lucratividade. Afinal, o dilema sobre o desenvolvimento econômico a fim de atender um mercado cada vez mais ávido por produtos diversos em equilíbrio com o meio ambiente suscita a questão sobre como resolver tal conflito, o que pretendemos demonstrar neste estudo. Não pretende-se esgotar o vasto campo sobre o assunto, mas por meio da pesquisa metodológica bibliográfica realizada foi possível concluir que existe a necessidade de se criar mecanismos conscientes e inteligentes para a mudança do jeito de viver, de consumir e das expectativas sobre o futuro dentro de cada comunidade local para estabelecer o equilíbrio perfeito na relação homem ambiente. Em outro prisma, um alerta á sociedade que esta sendo levada ao consumo de produtos com a denominaçao de ecologicamente corretos e pagando mais por isso, sem a contrapartida de investimentos capitais que gerem esta condição, o que coaduna mais uma vez com a critica de Karl Marx ao capitalismo, o qual juntamente com Leonardo Boff, tem a visào que a economia verde é mais uma armadilha economica para lucrar sobre a sociedade desinformada. Em outro aspecto vimos que a necessidade de politicas e ações voltadas a mudanças de paradigmas de consumo desenfreado e consumista, pode ser uma solução, partindo do principio que a economia verde iria ao encontro destas proposiçoes, gerando lucro ao sistema capitalista ao passo que, nem que de maneira timida, esta economia nos impulsiona a acreditar numa melhoria da relação capital versus ambiente.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 POLLYANNA MARINHO MEDEIROS CEREWUTA.pdf: 1478388 bytes, checksum: 4c568ccbe954787f1615cee835218bba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-08 / This dissertation analyzes the inclusion of seaweed-like culture agro-energy matrix in the production of biofuels to be used in the State of Goiás, taking into the economic perspective of this undertaking and normative regulation disposed in the Programs of incentive and funding of research of species of microalgae found in the State, due the fact that research developed mainly in the United States confirmed the large lipid productivity of these great carbon dioxide catchers, the gas that simultaneously represented human progress and the atmosphere poisoning, generating numerous problems with undesirable consequences for future generations Starts from the hypotheses of the feasibility of adopting this energy matrix in the productivity of agribusinesses in Goiás, considering the public policy of encouraging and funding at the national and regional level, being a renewable and available resource in the highest degree, so meeting the paradigm provisions in international sustainability standards. Therefore, in the case of biofuels Brazil became the largest consumer of clean energy in the world only because invested for decades and still invests in research, and also intervenes in the economy by regulating the addition and disposal in the consumer market, biofuels prices more attractive than the strictly from fossil fuels. The proposal is to demonstrate that algae-culture is the most efficient energy matrix, although subject to governmental desire to become an alternative to replace fossil fuels about becoming scarce, Due to the increased energy consumption for industrial developments. The methodology to demonstrate this hypothesis comes from the analysis of bibliographic exploratory multidisciplinary branches of biology, chemical engineering, chemistry, developed in Brazil and International about the species that have greater capacity for biomass rich in triglycerides and biotechnology used for this biomass extraction, considering the costs of production, seeing the internal and regional legal standards of ethical guidance to promote sustainability, that before gaining autonomy, depend on state intervention in the market for its insertion. / Esta dissertação analisa a inserção da algacultura como matriz agroenergética na produção de biocombustíveis a ser utilizada no Estado de Goiás, levando em consideração a perspectiva econômica desse empreendimento e a regulação normativa disposta em Programas de incentivo e financiamento de pesquisa de espécies de microalgas encontradas no Estado, devido ao fato de que pesquisas desenvolvidas principalmente nos Estados Unidos da América comprovaram a grande produtividade lipídica dessas grandes captadoras de dióxido de carbono, o gás que ao mesmo tempo representou o progresso humano e o envenenamento do atmosférico, gerando inúmeros problemas indesejáveis que serão arcados pelas gerações futuras. Parte-se da hipótese da viabilidade da adoção dessa matriz energética nas cadeias produtivas do agronegócio goiano, levando em consideração as políticas públicas de incentivo e financiamento em âmbito nacional e regional, por ser um recurso renovável e disponível por excelência, assim atendendo ao paradigma de sustentabilidade disposto nas normas internacionais. Desta forma, em se tratando de biocombustíveis o Brasil só se tornou o maior consumidor de energia limpa do mundo, porque investiu por décadas e ainda investe em pesquisa, e, ainda intervém na economia regulando a adição e a disposição no mercado de consumo, biocombustíveis a preços mais atrativos que os estritamente provenientes de combustíveis fósseis. A proposta consiste em demonstrar que a algacultura é a matriz energética mais eficiente, muito embora dependa da vontade governamental para se tornar uma alternativa à substituição de combustíveis fósseis em vias de tornarem-se escassos, graças ao aumento do consumo de energia pelo desenvolvimentismo industrial. A metodologia para demonstrar essa hipótese vem da análise de pesquisa exploratória bibliográfica multidisciplinar de ramos da biologia, da engenharia química, da química, desenvolvidas no Brasil e no exterior sobre as espécies que possuem maior capacidade de biomassa rica em triglicérides e a biotecnologia utilizada para a extração dessa biomassa, considerando os custos da produção, levando em consideração as normas jurídicas internas e regionais de orientação ética à promoção da sustentabilidade, que antes de ganharem autonomia, dependem da intervenção estatal para sua inserção no mercado.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moema Ferreira Giuberti Coradini.pdf: 1494391 bytes, checksum: 6c4c6c22d7c3bac4358af5f7474624d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-21 / This work is scoped Masters research instrument state employees to reduce emission of Greenhouse Gases, notably, the use of the mechanism of extrafiscality. Therefore, we performed an approach not only legal but also philosophical about the issues surrounding Climate Change, such as environmental ethics, the relationship between capital and nature, and in this particular placement of the planet as a holder of Rights against the constitutional / O presente trabalho de Mestrado tem por escopo a investigação de instrumentos estatais colaboradores para a redução de emissão de Gases de efeito Estufa, notadamente, a utilização do mecanismo do tributo em seu aspecto extrafiscal. Para tanto, realizamos uma abordagem não somente jurídica, mas também filosófica a respeito dos temas circundantes às Mudanças Climáticas, tais como a ética ambiental, relação existente entre o capital e a Natureza e, nesse particular, a colocação do Planeta como titular de Direitos frente à ordem constitucional

An increasing number of countries develop bio-economy strategies to promote a stronger reliance on the efficient use of renewable biological resources in order to meet multiple sustainability challenges. At the global scale, however, bio-economies are diverse, with sectors such as agriculture, forestry, energy, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, as well as science and education. In this study, we developed a typology of bio-economies based on country-specific characteristics, and describe five different bio-economy types with varying degrees of importance in the primary and the high-tech sector. We also matched the bio-economy types against the foci of their bio-economy strategies and evaluated their sustainability performance. Overall, high-tech bio-economies seem to be more diversified in terms of their policy strategies while the policies of those relying on the primary sector are focused on bioenergy and high-tech industries. In terms of sustainability performance, indicators suggest that diversified high-tech economies have experienced a slight sustainability improvement, especially in terms of resource consumption. Footprints remain, however, at the highest levels compared to all other bio-economy types with large amounts of resources and raw materials being imported from other countries. These results highlight the necessity of developed high-tech bio-economies to further decrease their environmental footprint domestically and internationally, and the importance of biotechnology innovation transfer after critical and comprehensive sustainability assessments.

This thesis focuses on the influence of foreign investment on the environment. Foreign investment is an important factor of economic growth, but it also has a number of negative aspects. The theoretical part describes the impact of foreign investment, the issue of environmental sustainability and of environmental policies, and the successes of the Integrated Pollution Register. The aim of this thesis was to verify the hypothesis that foreign investors violate the environmental legislation. A database of polluters in the Czech Republic was compiled based on ownership, and the extent of polluting by Czech and foreign investors was subsequently assessed. The practical part uses statistical and comparative methods to evaluate and compare the results.

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Chapter 1. We develop a model of NGO-firm partnerships. An NGO can share environmental expertise with one or two competing firms, and certify their 'clean' production, important for consumers with environmental concerns. The NGO may also obtain funds from a partner firm for an environmental project, important for consumers who derive project participation warm-glow. The NGO benefits from reduced environmental damage and project realization, while firms may gain or avoid loss of profitable custom. This model allows us to understand increasingly common partnerships between firms and NGOs as mutually beneficial in a competitive setting. 'Clean' production and/or the project may be independently viable on the market, supported by consumer preferences. A viable project can then support adoption of a non-viable 'clean' technology, leading to a 'cleaner' market. However, when 'clean' production is viable, we identify a 'dirty' production damage threshold below which the NGO prefers to obtain funds for a non-viable project and partners on production with only one firm, rather than forgo the project and partner on 'clean' production with both firms instead. Moreover, this damage threshold is increasing in consumers' environmental concern, and thus can generate counterintuitive situations: less environmental concern leads to a 'cleaner' market, whereas more concern leads to a 'dirtier' market. Chapter 2. Consumers choosing amongst horizontally-differentiated products (brands) that also embody some degree of an environmental attribute, suffer stigma if they make brown choices. The intensity of that stigmatization is declining in the fraction of other consumers making similarly brown decisions. It is common to suppose that people feeling such stigma would improve environmental outcomes. We show that while the threat of stigma makes it more likely that a consumer will choose the green option from a given menu, it can reduce the incentives for firms to offer green options in the first place. In an asymmetric duopoly setting social stigma can lower or increase the likelihood of clean technology adoption and in plausible circumstances drives the high-cost firm into a 'brown trap' or the low-cost firm into a 'green trap'. While increased competition reduces the 'green trap', it exacerbates the 'brown trap'. Chapter 3. The effect of warm-glow on number of NGOs and welfare is investigated within a charity market with ideologically differentiated public goods. In this setting ideology acts as a warm-glow multiplier on donations and high enough warm-glow can push welfare into negative territory — welfare would be higher if nobody donated. Under first-best we find that an optimal number of NGOs exists even though NGOs have no costs. Under free-entry we obtain the level of warm-glow that would induce the welfare-maximizing number of NGOs to enter. A social planner can determine donor population to behave overall as if they were experiencing the welfare-maximizing level of warm-glow, and thus optimize free-entry welfare, through one of two equivalent and revenue-neutral fiscal policies: by subsidizing/taxing donations either at the source, when the donors make them, or at the destination, when the NGOs receive them.

Цель работы состоится в том, что оценить текущее состояние развития зеленой экономики Китая и дать соответствующие рекомендации. В исследовании собраны сведения об истоках и развитии концепции «зеленой экономики», раскрыта сущность понятия «зеленой экономики»; построена система оценочных показателей для развития «зеленой экономики» с использованием научных и объективных методов оценки; проведена оценка уровня развития зеленой экономики в КНР. На основе рассчитанных результатов оценки даны соответствующие рекомендации по политике для каждого региона Китая в целях дальнейшего развития зеленой экономики. / The purpose of this paper is to assess the current status of China's green economy development and make appropriate recommendations. In the work, we have collected information on the origin and development of green economy concept, revealed the essence of green economy concept; constructed a system of evaluation indicators for green economy development, using scientific and objective evaluation methods, collected data and information according to the system of evaluation indicators and estimated the development level of green economy; and based on the calculated evaluation results, gave relevant policy recommendations for each region of China, in order to further develop the green economy.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the potential effects of the planned Brenner Pass opening in 2028. The thesis is divided into 3 studies: in the first, we will provide a methodological description of possible approaches to be used in this type of analysis. In the second, we will propose an experiment to understand if it is possible to exploit the default effect to induce a modal shift towards the most sustainable means of transportation: the train. In the third study, we will conduct a simulation by applying the model constructed by Monte et al in 2018. The simulation results demonstrate that the opening of the Brenner Base Tunnel will lead to an increase in welfa re in the Trentino Alto Adige region (+0.2%), along with other socio economic changes such as increased commuting and housing costs. Theresults of the second study highlight the potential of a simple policy based on the default effect, pushing over half ( 54%) of the participants to repeatedly choose the most sustainable option.