Cloud Computing presents a novel way for businesses to procure their IT needs. Its elasticity and on-demand provisioning enables a shift from capital expenditures to operating expenses, giving businesses the technological agility they need to respond to an ever-changing marketplace. The rapid adoption of Cloud Computing, however, poses a unique challenge to Cloud providers—their already very large electricity bill and carbon footprint will get larger as they expand; managing both costs is therefore essential to their growth. This thesis squarely addresses the above challenge. Recognizing the presence of Cloud data centers in multiple locations and the differences in electricity price and emission intensity among these locations and over time, we develop an optimization framework that couples workload distribution with time-varying signals on electricity price and emission intensity for financial and environmental benefits. The framework is comprised of an optimization model, an aggregate cost function, and 6 scheduling heuristics. To evaluate cost savings, we run simulations with 5 data centers located across North America over a period of 81 days. We use historical data on electricity price, emission intensity, and workload collected from market operators and research data archives. We find that our framework can produce substantial cost savings, especially when workloads are distributed both geographically and temporally—up to 53.35% on electricity cost, or 29.13% on carbon cost, or 51.44% on electricity cost and 13.14% on carbon cost simultaneously.

This thesis is based on the concept of corporate social responsibility in world class ICT companies. This relatively new way of managing business became very popular among big corporations which are trying to reduce their environmental footprint while following the path of sustainable development. The aim of this study is to prove the importance of Green IT in the current dynamically developing world of ICT, and to explore the area of sustainability from the Green IT perspective. That is why three main areas are defined: sustainable development, corporate social responsibility and Green IT. The first part of the thesis covers interconnectivity between those terms. The next part represents the process of launching green initiatives into a corporate business model. It describes all the necessary steps of implementation, especially showing the important legislative aspects which help to prevent many potential issues. These practices are based on the MMDIS methodology and its conceptual Model of Integration. Another target of this thesis is to define the leading ICT vendors from all the perspectives -- as the most socially responsible company and the most preferable employer. The obtained results distinguish five companies from the others: Hewlett-Packard, Dell, IBM, Intel and Microsoft. The key achievement and added value of the thesis is the identification of the most problematic areas in the analyzed companies and presentation of their Green IT solution to prevent following issues.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2015-07-27T16:22:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Newton Rocha da Silva.pdf: 1739667 bytes, checksum: 9f957689d728b32603a096b0af84765b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-27T16:22:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Newton Rocha da Silva.pdf: 1739667 bytes, checksum: 9f957689d728b32603a096b0af84765b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-04 / The Green IT focuses on the study and design practice, manufacturing, use and disposal of computers, servers, and associated subsystems, efficiently and effectively, with less impact to the environment. It´s major goal is to improve performance computing and reduce energy consumption and carbon footprint. Thus, the green information technology is the practice of environmentally sustainable computing and aims to minimize the negative impact of IT operations to the environment. On the other hand, the exponential growth of digital data is a reality for most companies, making them increasingly dependent on IT to provide sufficient and real-time information to support the business. This growth trend causes changes in the infrastructure of data centers giving focus on the capacity of the facilities issues due to energy, space and cooling for IT activities demands. In this scenario, this research aims to analyze whether the main data storage solutions such as consolidation, virtualization, deduplication and compression, together with the solid state technologies SSD or Flash Systems are able to contribute to an efficient use of energy in the main data center organization. The theme was treated using qualitative and exploratory research method, based on the case study, empirical and documentary research such as technique to data collect, and interviews with IT key suppliers solutions. The case study occurred in the main Data Center of a large Brazilian bank. As a result, we found that energy efficiency is sensitized by technological solutions presented. Environmental concern was evident and showed a shared way between partners and organization studied. The maintaining of PUE - Power Usage Effectiveness, as energy efficiency metric, at a level of excellence reflects the combined implementation of solutions, technologies and best practices. We conclude that, in addition to reducing the consumption of energy, solutions and data storage technologies promote efficiency improvements in the Data Center, enabling more power density for the new equipment installation. Therefore, facing the digital data demand growth is crucial that the choice of solutions, technologies and strategies must be appropriate not only by the criticality of information, but by the efficient use of resources, contributing to a better understanding of IT importance and its consequences for the environment. / A TI Verde concentra-se em estudo e prática de projeto, fabricação, utilização e descarte de computadores, servidores e subsistemas associados, de forma eficiente e eficaz, com o mínimo ou nenhum impacto ao meio ambiente. Seu objetivo é melhorar o desempenho da computação e reduzir o consumo de energia e a pegada de carbono. Nesse sentido, a tecnologia da informação verde é a prática da computação ambientalmente sustentável e tem como objetivo minimizar o impacto negativo das operações de TI no meio ambiente. Por outro lado, o crescimento exponencial de dados digitais é uma realidade para a maioria das empresas, tornando-as cada vez mais dependentes da TI para disponibilizar informações em tempo real e suficiente para dar suporte aos negócios. Essa tendência de crescimento provoca mudanças na infraestrutura dos Data Centers dando foco na questão da capacidade das instalações devido à demanda de energia, espaço e refrigeração para as atividades de TI. Nesse cenário, esta pesquisa objetiva analisar se as principais soluções de armazenamento de dados, como a consolidação, a virtualização, a deduplicação e a compactação, somadas às tecnologias de discos de estado sólido do tipo SSD ou Flash são capazes de colaborar para um uso eficiente de energia elétrica no principal Data Center da organização. A metodologia de pesquisa foi qualitativa, de caráter exploratório, fundamentada em estudo de caso, levantamento de dados baseado na técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, além de entrevista com os principais fornecedores de soluções de TI. O estudo de caso foi o Data Center de um grande banco brasileiro. Como resultado, foi possível verificar que a eficiência energética é sensibilizada pelas soluções tecnológicas apresentadas. A preocupação ambiental ficou evidenciada e mostrou um caminho compartilhado entre parceiros e organização estudada. A manutenção do PUE - Power Usage Effectiveness (eficiência de uso de energia) como métrica de eficiência energética mantida em um nível de excelência é reflexo da implementação combinada de soluções, tecnologias e melhores práticas. Conclui-se que, além de reduzir o consumo de energia elétrica, as soluções e tecnologias de armazenamento de dados favorecem melhorias de eficiência no Data Center, viabilizando mais densidade de potência para a instalação de novos equipamentos. Portanto, diante do crescimento da demanda de dados digitais é crucial que a escolha das soluções, tecnologias e estratégias sejam adequadas, não só pela criticidade da informação, mas pela eficiência no uso dos recursos, contribuindo para um entendimento mais evidente sobre a importância da TI e suas consequências para o meio ambiente.

The use of IT in companies is constantly expanding, and therefore, so is the energy consumption and carbon footprint from IT. If companies do not take steps towards more sustainable IT usage, the footprint will continue to expand, toxic metals will be used in hardware and the usage of world resources will not become more circular. Few studies are made regarding internal and external factors that affect the implementation of sustainable IT. Sustainability is seen as a “core IT objective” by 90% of European IT leaders. There is a knowledge gap concerning internal and external demands within sustainable IT, since no research studies have been found. The aim of this study is to understand what large companies in Sweden do to act more sustainably in their IT usage. What demands are put on suppliers to make more sustainable solutions and which demands are put on employees internally to make their IT usage more sustainable. The research question is: “What external sustainability demands do large companies put on their suppliers of IT systems and hardware, and what internal demands do the companies have on their own IT usage?”. This study will be carried out using survey as a research strategy. Data will be collected from semi-structured interviews with employees from nine different companies as well as the collection of internal documents and documents from the websites of the companies. The data analysis method used is thematic analysis. From the interviews with employees with high knowledge in the companies sustainable IT work, five themes with sixteen different demands were found. Five of the demands were identified as new that previous research has not addressed while the remaining eleven demands can be found in previous research. Some of the demands were repeated no matter how long the company have worked with sustainable IT, such as Recycling hardware, Increasing the life cycle, Involve employees in sustainable IT, Server location and Move to cloud computing. While other demands like System boundaries, Sustainable software development, and Sustainably developed software were more common among more mature companies within sustainable IT. This study found that the two most considerable demands are the external demand Hardware can be recycled and the internal demand Recycling hardware, which implies that circularity has become a more critical topic.

Submitted by Jorge Dias (jorge.dias@gvmail.br) on 2013-04-19T05:24:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacaorevisada.pdf: 2278867 bytes, checksum: f8f1e3424e247a608b0f0ecaa72e886b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-04-19T13:57:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacaorevisada.pdf: 2278867 bytes, checksum: f8f1e3424e247a608b0f0ecaa72e886b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-19T14:00:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacaorevisada.pdf: 2278867 bytes, checksum: f8f1e3424e247a608b0f0ecaa72e886b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-02 / The increasing use of computing and communication resources in the companies, looking for modernization, agility, cost reduction and others, has brought many benefits, but has also become a huge problem for the planeta. The amount of electronic waste (e-waste) generated by computer and communication equipment has doubled every five years, becoming a major focus of attention in recent years. The volume of electronic waste generated by the disposal of computer equipment and communication technologies (ITC), has grown to 50 million tonnes per year, equivalent to eight times the total waste of São Paulo city. The total Brasilian electronics market is considered the fifth in the world after China, the U.S., Japan and Russia. The total production of electronic waste in Brazil in 2011 was one million tonnes and partially with respect to ITC equipment was estimated at 98 000 tonnes. Considering this context, this study aims to contribute to the expansion of knowledge in green supply chain management (GSCM) applied to the Brazilian ITC business reality. Specifically intend to identify which factors influence the process of adoption and implementation of green ITC management in large companies using ITC in Brazil, from the models proposed by Molla (2008) and Coopers and Molla (2008). Thus we sought to answer the following research question: what factors influence large companies, users of information technology and communication (ITC) at Brazil, in the adoption of green IT management concepts? A case study was conducted in six major companies, all leaders in their sectors, representing major areas of services and manufacturing. As a final result, we propose a new analytical model, which seemed more appropriate to the service sector. The study also identified that the management of green ITC in manufacturing companies have different priorities of service companies. Often their operational challenges are more critical to sustainability than the management of green ITC itself. Moreover, the study of the services provided by the public sector despite large annual budgets, pointed restrictions concerning legal aspects of disability and qualification and training of its employees as limiting factors for the implementation of green management programs more extensively. / A crescente utilização de recursos de informática e comunicação nas empresas, visando modernização, agilidade, redução de custos e outros, tem trazido diversos benefícios, mas tem também se tornado um enorme problema para o planeta. A quantidade de lixo eletrônico (e-waste) gerada pelos equipamentos de informática e comunicação tem dobrado a cada cinco anos, se tornando um dos principais focos de atenção nos últimos anos. O volume de lixo eletrônico gerado pelo descarte de equipamentos de informática e comunicação (TIC), já ultrapassa a marca de 50 milhões de toneladas por ano, o que equivale a oito vezes a produção total de resíduos da cidade de São Paulo. O mercado brasileiro total de eletrônicos é considerado o quinto do mundo, depois da China, Estados Unidos, Japão e Rússia. A produção total de lixo eletrônico no Brasil em 2011 foi de um milhão de toneladas e a parte referente a equipamentos de TIC foi estimada em 98 mil toneladas. Frente a este contexto este estudo visa contribuir para a expansão do conhecimento na gestão verde da cadeia de suprimentos (GSCM) aplicado à realidade empresarial brasileira de TIC. Especificamente pretende-se identificar quais fatores influenciam o processo de adoção e aplicação da gestão verde de TIC, em grandes empresas usuárias de TIC no Brasil, a partir dos modelos propostos por Molla (2008) e Molla e Coopers (2008). Desta forma buscou-se responder ao seguinte problema de pesquisa: quais fatores influenciam grandes empresas usuárias de tecnologia da informação e comunicação (TIC) no Brasil na adoção de conceitos de gestão de verde? Para isto, foi realizado estudo de caso em seis grandes empresas, todas lideres em seus setores, representando grandes áreas de serviços e manufatura. Como resultado final, foi proposto um novo modelo analítico, que pareceu mais adequado ao setor de serviços. O estudo também identificou que na gestão verde de TIC empresas manufatureiras tem prioridades diferentes das de serviço. Muitas vezes seus desafios operacionais são mais críticos em relação à sustentabilidade, que a gestão verde de TIC em si. Por outro lado, o estudo dos serviços prestados pelo setor público apesar dos grandes orçamentos anuais, apontou restrições quanto aos aspectos legais e deficiência de qualificação e capacitação de seus colaboradores como fatores limitantes para a implantação de programas de gestão verde mais abrangentes.

Continuous improvements to the state of the art have made it easier to create, send and receive vast quantities of video over the Internet. Catalysed by these developments, video is now the largest, and fastest growing type of traffic on modern IP networks. In 2015, video was responsible for 70% of all traffic on the Internet, with an compound annual growth rate of 27%. On the other hand, concerns about the growing energy consumption of ICT in general, continue to rise. It is not surprising that there is a significant energy cost associated with these extensive video usage patterns. In this thesis, I examine the energy consumption of typical video configurations during decoding (playback) and encoding through empirical measurements on an experimental test-bed. I then make extrapolations to a global scale to show the opportunity for significant energy savings, achievable by simple modifications to these video configurations. Based on insights gained from these measurements, I propose a novel, energy-aware Quality of Experience (QoE) metric for digital video - the Energy - Video Quality Index (EnVI). Then, I present and evaluate vEQ-benchmark, a benchmarking and measurement tool for the purpose of generating EnVI scores. The tool enables fine-grained resource-usage analyses on video playback systems, and facilitates the creation of statistical models of power usage for these systems. I propose GreenDASH, an energy-aware extension of the existing Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP standard (DASH). GreenDASH incorporates relevant energy-usage and video quality information into the existing standard. It could enable dynamic, energy-aware adaptation for video in response to energy-usage and user ‘green' preferences. I also evaluate the subjective perception of such energy-aware, adaptive video streaming by means of a user study featuring 36 participants. I examine how video may be adapted to save energy without a significant impact on the Quality of Experience of these users. In summary, this thesis highlights the significant opportunities for energy savings if Internet users gain an awareness about their energy usage, and presents a technical discussion how this can be achieved by straightforward extensions to the current state of the art.

This study examines the environmental and economic effects of green information technology (IT). Green IT describes two sets of IT innovations: one set includes innovations that are implemented to reduce the environmental impact of IT services in organizations; and the other IT to reduce the environmental impact of other organizational processes. The two sets respond to the call for more environmentally friendly or “greener” organizational processes. I developed and tested a preliminary model. The model applied the resource based view (RBV) of the firm (Wernerfelt 1984) the stakeholder theory (Freeman 1984) and included four constructs: (1) BAS implementation; environmental value conceived in a novel way as the conservation of electric energy in buildings; economic value -- from energy cost savings; and BAS complements. These four constructs formed three propositions: (1) BAS implementation is positively associated with environmental value; (2) environmental value is positively associated with economic value; and BAS complements moderate the relationship BAS implementation and environmental value. The model was used to guide the investigation of three research questions: 1. What are the environmental and economic values of green IT? 2. How do green IT create the above values? 3. Are other dimensions of value created? If so, what are they? The focal IT investigated was the building automation system – a system designed to conserve electric energy and decrease operational costs. The unit of analysis of the study was the facilities management team – the implementers of the system. I collected data on a sample of six diverse cases of BAS implementations. The cases were diverse in terms of the BAS types, the building purposes, the building locations and the building occupancy and management. Two types of BAS were involved in the study, each with a different level of artificial intelligence: the more intelligent BAS self-reconfigured when changes in setpoints, for example, were necessary; the less intelligent BAS must be reconfigured by an engineer in similar circumstances. There was also diversity in terms of the buildings in which the systems were implemented and the occupancy and management of the buildings. The buildings include: the corporate headquarters of a global telecommunications firm; university classrooms; a residence hall in a university; and three multi-tenanted office complexes. The building occupancy and management differ in that some buildings are owner-occupied and are managed in-house, while the others are leased and their management outsourced. Data collection involved recorded semi-structured interviews of three sets of users in the organizations: building engineers; chief engineers; and property/facilities managers. The interviews were prearranged and were conducted onsite using an interview protocol. Each interview lasted approximately one hour and was conducted in one session. The data were transcribed and analyzed in Nvivo 10. The findings showed support for the presence of the four constructs within the preliminary model as well as for the three propositions in the preliminary model. The data also revealed contextual details of the BAS implementation and BAS complements constructs. There were also new dimensions value including: unanticipated types of economic value (including savings from reduced labor demand; social value (comfort and safety for building occupants); and strategic value (knowledge used to position the organizations for greater efficiency and effectiveness). Overall, the value outcomes of the implementations can be summarized as short term social, environmental and economic value as well as strategic value – consistent with the concept of sustainable value defined by Hart et al. (1995). Also, consistent with Zuboff’s (1985) description of the duality of intelligent IT systems -- the ability to informate and automate, the BAS implementation construct was found to include two distinct sources of value: equipment automation; and equipment information. The unanticipated value dimensions and types, as well as the sources of value were used to refine the research model. The study therefore a preliminary theoretical model – the resource based view of the sustainable organization (RBV-SO) -- as well as contextual implementation details that can be used to guide future investigations of the value created by intelligent green IT systems such as the BAS, as well as measurement items that can be used to inform quantitative studies of these systems. The study also adds to the practical body of knowledge concerning green IT implementations in general and implementations of the BAS in particular, concerning: details of the information value – for example, for measuring the environmental impact of the system and for substantiating claims in the application for green funds available to organizations; and details of some key complementary resources that enhance value creation within the context. Two major limitations of this study are: (1) a single coder was used in the analysis process and therefore no inter-coder reliability was established for the results; and (2) user perceptions rather than actual quantities were used to validate the findings. Some future research prospects include: use of these findings to conduct a quantitative study of an intelligent system extended with, for example, investigation of the impact of external forces such as government regulations, environmental issue salience, and market forces on the value created by green IT (such as the BAS); and investigation of the impact over time of the development of the strategic capabilities enabled by the BAS on creation of value.

IT står för 2 % av det globala utsläppet av koldioxid vilket kan jämställas med utsläppet från flygindustrin. Trots det, och ihop med det externa tryck från samhället att arbeta mer hållbart, har majoriteten av Sveriges kommuner inte en strategi för hållbar IT. Existerande litteratur inom området är främst inriktad på kommersiella verksamheter vilket bidrar till att denna studie avser undersöka hur arbetet med grön IT förhåller sig i en svensk medelstor kommun som aktivt arbetar med grön IT. Tidigare litteratur menar även att den huvudsakliga motivationsfaktorn till att initiera arbetet med grön IT grundar sig i finansiella motiv vilket bidrog till att studien även avser undersöka vilka motivationsfaktorer som underbygger arbetet i en kommun utan samma vinstintresse. Korrelationen mellan styrdokument och faktiskt arbete avses även att undersökas. Detta då tidigare studier visar att styrdokument kopplat till hållbar utveckling kan användas för att måla upp en falsk bild och vilseleda intressenter gällande det faktiska arbetet med syftet att förbättra sin image. För att uppfylla studiens syfte och tillhandahålla en tillräcklig förståelse genomfördes en kvalitativ undersökning i form av en fallstudie hos en svensk medelstor kommun. Tidigare litteratur låg som grund för den intervjuguide som arbetades fram och som användes vid en semistrukturerad intervju ihop med nyckelpersoner inom kommunen relaterat till arbetet med grön IT. Publika styrdokument, ihop med ett internt, undersöktes för att ta reda på vilken roll dessa spelar i det faktiska arbetet med grön IT. Studiens resultat visar på att grön IT är implementerat ur ett livscykelperspektiv där kommunen tar ansvar i alla dess faser. Vidare visar studien att miljömässiga motiv ligger som grund för arbetet snarare än ekonomiska motiv som tidigare litteratur påvisar. Styrdokumenten i kommunen spelar en viktig och grundläggande roll i arbetet med grön IT och hållbar utveckling, inte minst visionen som genomsyras av att inom en närtid vara framstående i arbetet med hållbar utveckling. / Information technology is accounted for 2 % of the yearly carbon dioxide emissions worldwide. Due to this, the environmental impact from information technology can be compared with the one from the aviation industry. Despite this, and in addition to the pressure from the society to become more sustainable, most of the municipalities in Sweden don’t have an explicitly communicated strategy concerning green IT. The existing literature on the area is mainly focused on green IT in commercial companies. Because of this, and in regard to the low number of municipalities that have a green IT strategy, this study aims to examine how green IT is implemented in a Swedish midsize municipality that is openly working within the green IT-area. Existing literature claims that the main driver for the implementation of green IT is due to financial reasons. Since municipalities don’t have the same financial pressure, this led to further examinations in this study that involves what motivates the municipality to initiate their work concerning green IT. This study also aims to examine the correlation between control documents and the actual work regarding green IT. This is since studies show that existing control documents regarding sustainable development can be used to greenwash activities and therefore don’t matter in the actual work. To answer this and to get the necessary understanding to achieve the purpose of the study, the authors called for a qualitative approach and conducted a single case study in a Swedish midsize municipality. A review of the existing literature helped build an interview guide that was used to conduct a semi structured interview with key persons holding relevant positions in the municipality regarding the implementation of green IT. Public control documents, along with an internal one, were also reviewed to investigate which role they play in the actual implementation. The result of the study demonstrates that green IT is implemented with a life cycle perspective and that the municipality takes responsibility in all the included phases. The study also shows that environmental motivational factors initiate the work with green IT rather than financial ones. Additionally, the control documents play a major role in the work with green IT and sustainable development, especially the vision of the municipality as it’s a progressive one with the aim to be eminent in the sustainable development area in a near future.

The issue of environmental sustainability is rising nowadays, which made the organisations to survive the planet. Accordingly, the governments are giving support to organisations for taking steps to achieve the environmental sustainability. To achieve the environmental sustainability, it is needed to bring change in organisations. Besides, Information Technology plays a significant role to develop novel processes and technologies to control the environmental loads for achieving environmental sustainability. This study is based on three mainstay concepts: Change Management, Green IT, and Organisational Culture. This research is intended to identify Green IT initiatives to achieve the environmental sustainability through change management and organisational culture in the organisations. A change management model is ultimately presented in the analysis, which describes the process of change management within an organisation based on the three main concepts mentioned above. This study is an investigation based on literature reviews and two case studies (Tetra Pak (Pakistan) and Panasonic (Sweden)). Case Studies have been carried out to verify the commodity of change process model (theoretical framework) and change management model. The research is also aimed to find, if the investigated organisations ultimately capture the targeted result, when willing to bring Green IT in their organisational systems.

Sustainability study in the ever-growing Information technology (IT) sector is an emerging interdisciplinary research field. As one essential element in this sector, the development and implementation of cloud-based autonomous vehicles have the great potential to bring convenience to society and are defined as the climate change mitigation strategy. For instance, autonomous vehicles are able to fully utilize the eco-driving systems to reduce carbon emissions and reach high energy efficiency. Previous studies have shown that cloud IT service, one of the critical technologies for autonomous vehicles, is likely to yield novelties and advantages to the IT industry and reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from other sectors. However, cloud services and their data center infrastructures consume plenty of electricity globally and cause GHG emission impacts. Robust methodologies to assess the environmental impacts related to cloud IT solutions are still lacking in academia and industry. In sum, there are knowledge gaps between empirical studies and general interest in software- supported and data-driven autonomous vehicles and their cloud service.  The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibilities and challenges connected to the assessment of the GHG impact related to cloud IT solutions in an autonomous vehicle set up. This study also aims to explore possible recommendations to reduce the GHG emission of cloud IT services. A qualitative in-depth case study is performed. The primary data is collected by semi-structured interview method, while the secondary data is collected by the scoping literature review method. The interviews are conducted with employees with different roles related to cloud services and/or sustainability at the case company.  The findings show the lack of transparent methodologies and calculation guidelines to assess cloud GHG emissions, both in the research community and industry. It shows the great opportunity and market demand for sound assessment methodologies and tools. Besides, six challenges to assessing cloud GHG emissions on the autonomous vehicle set up are identified: i) assessing system boundaries, ii) data quality and collection methods, iii) measurement methodologies, iv) calculation process, v) validation process, and vi) some other challenges. Additionally, five possible recommendations are developed to reduce the cloud GHG emissions: i) cloud GHG emission visualization and measurement tool, ii) better promotional schemes for user’s awareness and engagement, iii) investigations on both top-down and bottom-up approaches, iv) optimization through usage demand shaping, and v) optimization of the infrastructure services.