Submitted by Gustavo De Castro Carvalho (guccarvalho@hotmail.com) on 2018-08-01T22:14:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Gustavo_Carvalho_31_07.pdf: 15100111 bytes, checksum: 2658fcd933d4759ed39d530bdd48474f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Lucimara Kurokawa Shinoda null (lucimaraks@sorocaba.unesp.br) on 2018-08-02T17:56:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_gc_me_soro.pdf: 15100111 bytes, checksum: 2658fcd933d4759ed39d530bdd48474f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-02T17:56:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_gc_me_soro.pdf: 15100111 bytes, checksum: 2658fcd933d4759ed39d530bdd48474f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-28 / A crescente urbanização, faz com que problemas ambientais tornem-se cada vez mais frequentes e, dessa forma, alternativas como o uso de coberturas vegetais mostram-se como importantes ferramentas para a melhoria ambiental nos centros urbanos. Telhados verdes são sistemas construtivos que quando utilizados, trazem inúmeros benefícios à população, dentre os quais se destacam: melhoria no conforto térmico em edificações, diminuição da poluição atmosférica, acústica e visual, além de menor escoamento superficial, reduzindo enchentes. Diante disso, a presente pesquisa buscou avaliar a temperatura em protótipos com diferentes sistemas de telhados verdes comerciais (Sistema FLAT, Sistema Modular e Sistema MacDrain) cultivados com Callisia repens, para quantificar a melhoria no que diz respeito ao conforto térmico que esses sistemas proporcionam, comparando-os entre si e com um sistema testemunha, totalizando 4 protótipos. A coleta dos dados ocorreu no período de 09/08/2017 à 22/11/2017 através de sensores de temperatura automatizados, em três diferentes horários: 08:00, 13:00 e às 22:00 horas. Adotouse o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, e foram realizadas análises estatísticas para a comparação dos resultados, através do Teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. Os resultados mostraram que em horários com valores maiores de temperatura, os sistemas conseguem atenuar a radiação solar, diminuindo a transferência de calor do meio externo para o compartimento instalado logo abaixo dos sistemas. Já em temperaturas amenas, como o período noturno, o sistema funciona de forma a manter o calor absorvido durante o dia no compartimento abaixo, isolando a perda de calor. Apesar da maior parte dos dados de temperatura interna não estarem dentro dos limites da zona de conforto térmico, a diferença mensurada entre os valores de temperatura dos sensores posicionados no protótipo testemunha e os protótipos com os sistemas instalados de telhados verdes chegou a 23 °C no dia 14/10/2017. Realizando-se as análises estatísticas, o protótipo testemunha apresentou diferença significativa, em relação aos sistemas com telhados verdes, nos três horários, mostrando o potencial do sistema com cobertura vegetal no isolamento térmico. Para os horários das 08:00 e 22:00 horas, os protótipos com diferentes sistemas instalados não apresentaram diferença significativa entre si, entretanto, às 13:00 horas, o sistema FLAT diferiu do sistema Modular. Além das análises térmicas, foram realizadas também análises físicoquímicas da água utilizada no sistema de irrigação após a drenagem no Sistema FLAT, com a finalidade de verificar a possibilidade de reúso em sistemas de irrigação. Os parâmetros analisados foram: pH, carbono orgânico, nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, sólidos totais, DBO, turbidez e cor. Os resultados mostraram que a qualidade da água drenada foi pouco alterada em relação à água utilizada na irrigação. Dessa forma, a água escoada poderia ser reutilizada para irrigar o próprio sistema de telhado verde, ou ainda, jardins do entorno, contribuindo para o menor consumo de água e preservação deste bem. / The crescent urbanization makes that environmental problems become more frequent and, therefore, alternatives as the use of plant cover are important for the environmental improvement. The green roofs are constructive systems that when used bring countless benefits to the population, to name but a few, thermal comfort improvement in buildings, decrease of the atmosphere pollution, acoustic and visual, besides a larger surface flow reducing floods. Therefore, the present dissertation has evaluated the temperature in different green roof systems prototypes cultivated with Callisia repens, to quantify the improvement related to the thermal comfort that these systems provide, comparing them with each other and with a control system, totaling 4 prototypes. Data were collected from 09/08/2017 to 11/22/2017 by automated alerts, at three different times: 08:00am, 01:00pm and 10:00pm. To compare statistically the results, critical analyses were carried out using the Tukey test at 5% significance level. The results have showed that with higher temperatures, the systems are able to weaken the solar radiation, reducing the heat transfer from the external environment to the compartment just below the prototypes. On the other hand, at night, normally with mild temperatures, the system works by keeping the heat absorbed during the day in the compartment below, isolating the loss of heat. Although most of the internal temperature levels are not within the limits of thermal comfort zone, the difference between the temperature measured in both the temperature values of the sensors placed on the main prototype and the ones placed on the green roof prototypes systems reached 73,4 °F on 10/14/2017. Statistically, the control prototype was different from the green roof systems in the three measured times, showing the potential of them in the thermal comfort. At 08:00am and 10:00pm, the prototypes were statistically equal, but at 01:00pm, the FLAT system differred from the Modular system. Besides the thermal analysis, water tests were carried out with the water that passed through the FLAT system during the drainage, to analyze the possibility of reusing the water for irrigation systems. The parameters considered were: pH, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, total solids, BOD, turbidity and color. The results have showed that the quality of the drained water was not changed in comparison to the water used in the irrigation. Therefore, the water could be reused to irrigate the green system itself, or even surrounding gardens, contributing to a lower water consumption and preserving it.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Green roofs (GRs) have as one of its principal advantages the stormwater retention. To evaluate this quality at different spatial scales, and face to not observed events, hydrological modelling is required. In Brazil, studies related to the hydrological modelling of GRs are incipient. Thus, this research had as main objective the analysis of the efficiency of GRs in the stormwater runoff control at different spatial scales, simulating an urban watershed, where conventional roofs were replaced by GRs. To reach this objective were accomplished the following processes: monitoring of rainfall-runoff events of an experimental GR; calibration of the GR effective rainfall volume by the modified SCS-CN method; development of a rainfall-runoff hydrological model for the GR; design of a micro drainage networks system simulating the watershed without GRs and using design storms; simulation of the watershed with the implementation of GRs to evaluate the impact on the reduction of peak flows and volumes propagated into the drainage networks face to observed rainfalls. Calibrated average CN resulted in 83, staying within the expectations when compared to values found by other authors for GR with similar characteristics. In this calibration was also possible to notice the GR retained in average 45% of each rainfall event volume. In the development of the GR model, initially was calibrated the runoff propagation using models known in the hydrological field: kinematic wave (KW) and the synthetic unit hydrograph of the SCS (SCS-UH). None of these models produced satisfactory results, then was developed a propagation model based in the SCS-UH method, which was called synthetic unit hydrograph of modular GR (MGR-SUH), proposing changes in some of its parameters. MGR-SUH produced satisfactory results, with the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient resulting in 0,86, which was substantially bigger than the values obtained using the KW and SCS-UH models (0,67). Related to the reduction of peak flow in the micro drainage networks, the implementation of GR in the plots allowed to reduce one commercial diameter in 33 and 52% of the drainage networks stretches, for systems designed to 5 and 10-year return period design rainfall, respectively. Reductions were possible at different scales, both in stretches located at beginning of network, with few blocks contributing, and stretches located at end of network, with several blocks contributing. Besides, it was evaluated the GR effect at the different analyzed scales, with bigger efficiency at small scale (in average, the volume and peak flow reductions at the plot scale were 48 and 57%, respectively), than at block(s) scale, where these reductions were 32 and 38%. Also was found that the biggest reductions happened in events of smallest rainfall volume. Thus, this research allowed to conclude that the effectiveness of the GR in the stormwater runoff control decreases as the scale used increases, and also as increases the volume and intensity of the rainfall. / Os telhados verdes (TVs) têm como uma das suas principais vantagens a retenção de águas pluviais. Para avaliar essa característica em diferentes escalas espaciais, e frente a eventos ainda não monitorados, é imprescindível o uso de modelagem hidrológica. No Brasil, os estudos relacionados à modelagem hidrológica de TVs são incipientes. Portanto, esta pesquisa teve como principal objetivo analisar a eficiência de TVs no controle do escoamento pluvial em diferentes escalas espaciais, a partir de simulações de uma bacia hidrográfica urbana, onde telhados convencionais foram substituídos por TVs. Para isso, foram realizados os seguintes procedimentos: monitoramento de eventos de chuva-vazão de um TV experimental; calibração do volume de chuva efetiva do TV pelo método do CN-SCS modificado; desenvolvimento de um modelo hidrológico do tipo chuva-vazão para o TV; dimensionamento de um sistema de redes de microdrenagem para a bacia simulada sem os TVs utilizando chuvas de projeto; simulação da bacia com uso de TVs para verificar o impacto na redução das vazões de pico e volumes propagados nas redes de drenagem frente a chuvas observadas. O CN médio calibrado para o TV resultou em 83, ficando dentro das expectativas quando comparado com valores encontrados por outros autores para TV com características semelhantes. Nessa calibração também foi possível observar que, em média, o TV reteve 45% do volume de cada evento de chuva. No desenvolvimento do modelo de TV, inicialmente foi calibrada a propagação do escoamento superficial com o uso de modelos conhecidos no meio hidrológico: de onda cinemática (OC) e o hidrograma unitário sintético do SCS (HU-SCS). Como nenhum desses modelos produziu resultados satisfatórios, foi desenvolvido um modelo de propagação baseado na metodologia do HU-SCS, chamado de hidrograma unitário sintético de TV modular (HUS-TVM), sugerindo-se alterações em alguns dos seus parâmetros. O HUS-TVM produziu resultados satisfatórios, com o coeficiente Nash-Sutcliffe resultando em 0,86, substancialmente maior que o obtido com os modelos de OC e HU-SCS (0,67). Com relação à redução das vazões de pico nas redes de microdrenagem, a introdução de TVs nos lotes possibilitou reduzir um diâmetro comercial em 33 e 52% dos trechos das redes de drenagem, para sistemas dimensionados para chuvas de projeto com 5 e 10 anos de período de recorrência, respectivamente. As reduções foram possíveis em diferentes escalas, tanto em trechos de início de rede, com poucos quarteirões contribuintes, como os de final de rede, com vários quarteirões contribuintes. Ainda, verificou-se o efeito do TV nas diferentes escalas analisadas, sendo que sua eficiência foi mais pronunciada em menor escala (em média, as reduções de volume e vazão de pico no lote foram de 48 e 57%, respectivamente), do que em escala de quarteirão(ões), onde essas reduções foram de 32 e 38%. Constatou-se, também, que as maiores reduções ocorreram nos eventos de menor volume de chuva. Portanto, o trabalho permitiu concluir que a efetividade do TV na redução do escoamento pluvial diminui à medida que se aumenta a escala utilizada, e quanto maior é o volume e intensidade da chuva.

Some of the problems with today’s urban civilizations are the lack of green areas and that the cities are getting warmer and warmer. Building green roofs contributes to a reduced greenhouse effect, as plants have a cooling effect that reduces the heat generated in both houses and cities. The greenhouse effect is reduced by the fact that the plants on the roof reflect much more solar energy than a black ceiling, which instead absorbs the heat. The plants help to make the building more energy efficient. Green roofs also contribute to the emergence of new green areas in cities where the settlement has taken over the city. The purpose of the study has been to, from an energy perspective, examine the advantages and potential disadvantages of green roof energy performance in the subarctic climate. The study has been conducted by analyzing measured heat flow and temperature conditions during a winter season. The study was delimited to the green roof of Sjunde Huset in Kiruna, Norrbotten, Sweden. The research questions examined are the advantages and disadvantages of energy performance for green roofs, how does the energy performance vary for green roofs in cold climate during the season and what energy performance has the green roof under investigation in the subarctic climate. The study has been done through analysis of measurement data to see if the cooling effect from an energy perspective can be a disadvantage in a so-called subarctic climate. The analysis has also investigated whether the heat-insulating and heat-storing effect can be an advantage from an energy perspective in a so-called subarctic climate. The test period under review is from October 25, 2016 to January 4, 2017. The test period shows changes at different times. These times have been explored more closely. Collected measurement data has been analyzed using Excel chart against data for different weather conditions from SMHI. The different weather conditions are solar time, global radiation, wind speed and wind direction. Parameters that are also taken into account are polar night, night radiation, night cooling and snow conditions. The results show that green roofs are more beneficial in the subarctic climate from an energy perspective compared to black roofs. The green roof has lower temperature changes and heat flow than a traditional black roof. The internal temperature and heat flow of the green roof remain stable with minor changes during the winter period that is studied. The green roof has less temperature changes, heat flow and more stable indoor temperature than the black roof can depend, inter alia, on the thermal mass of the roof and the insulating capacity of the soil layer, which provides better thermal insulation. High wind velocities and low outdoor air temperatures can also be contributing factors to a cooling that causes slight changes in heat flow. Since the snow layer can function as an extra insulating layer and the test period only lasted until January 4, it would be interesting to see further studies where the entire winter season is analyzed. This is to see how the green roof behaves during a whole winter season, but also in the spring when large amounts of melt water can contribute to condensation that can affect heat flow. In the spring, large temperature differences can occur during day and night times that can affect heat flow through the green roof.

A utilização de coberturas verdes nas edificações traz vantagens como a regulação das temperaturas no ambiente construído, a melhora na eficiência energética, a retenção das águas pluviais, a atenuação dos efeitos das ilhas de calor e o aumento da biodiversidade no ambiente urbano. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar experimentalmente o comportamento térmico de um sistema extensivo de cobertura verde em comparação com uma cobertura controle sem vegetação no período de transição entre as estações primavera-verão. O experimento foi composto por duas plataformas de teste construídas de forma a reproduzir um sistema de cobertura verde extensivo, sendo que uma plataforma recebeu o plantio de grama-amendoim e a outra foi mantida sem cobertura vegetal. Foram monitoradas as temperaturas dos níveis superior e inferior do substrato e também as temperaturas externas, abaixo da base das plataformas, por meio de termopares instalados em locais pré-determinados conectados a um sistema de aquisição de dados. Os dados de radiação solar global e das principais variáveis climáticas foram registrados pela estação meteorológica automática do Centro de Recursos Hídricos e Estudos Ambientais (CRHEA) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) em Itirapina- SP, local onde foi conduzido o estudo. As análises do comportamento térmico foram realizadas a partir das abordagens espacial e temporal da Climatologia Dinâmica como forma de conhecer a influência das flutuações do tempo meteorológico possibilitando a identificação de episódios climáticos e suas repercussões sobre os valores das temperaturas obtidas das plataformas de teste através da elaboração e análise de gráficos, com o auxílio das cartas sinóticas e imagens de satélite, para identificação do episódio representativo e escolha dos dias típicos experimentais. Os resultados indicaram que a cobertura verde apresentou melhor desempenho térmico em relação à cobertura controle por ter apresentado maior atraso térmico entre as superfícies superior e inferior, menor amplitude térmica nas superfícies e temperaturas máximas menores do que a temperatura máxima do ar. Concluiu-se que, para um dia quente e seco, a cobertura do substrato com uma camada densa de vegetação influencia os processos de troca de calor no perfil do substrato pelo bloqueio de parte da radiação solar incidente, fator principal que determina esses processos, permitindo que a superfície superior não atinja temperaturas acima da temperatura máxima do ar diária e também que esta temperatura se manifeste com maior atraso na superfície inferior. / The use of green roofs in buildings brings advantages such as the regulation of temperatures in the built environment, the improvement in energy efficiency, storm water retention, mitigating the heat islands effect and increasing biodiversity in the urban environment. The aim of this study is to analyze experimentally the thermal behavior of an extensive green roof system compared to a control roof with just soil layer in spring-summer transition period. The experiment consisted of two test platforms built to reproduce an extensive green roof system, one of wich was planted with perennial peanut and the other one was kept without vegetation. The temperatures of the upper and lower levels of the substrate and also external temperatures below the base of the platforms were monitored by means of thermocouples installed in predetermined locations connected to a data acquisition system. Global solar radiation data and the main climatic variables were recorded by the automatic weather station at the Centre for Water Resources and Environmental Studies (CRHEA), University of São Paulo (USP) in Itirapina-SP, where the study was conducted. The analysis of the thermal behavior was based on the spatial and temporal approaches of dynamic climatology to know the influence of weather fluctuations enabling the identification of climatic episodes and their impact on the temperature values obtained from the test platforms by means of charts and verified by synoptic maps and satellite imagery for the identification of the representative episode and choice of the typical experimental days. The results indicated that green roof showed better thermal performance compared to control coverage by having larger thermal lag between the upper and lower surfaces, the lower temperature range on surfaces and lower maximum temperatures than the maximum air temperature. It was concluded that for a hot, dry day, a layer of a dense vegetation cover influences the heat exchange process in the substrate layer by blocking a part of the solar radiation, the main factor that determines these processes, allowing the upper surface does not reach temperatures above the maximum daily air temperature and also that this temperature be registred with higher delay at the bottom surface.

Em virtude da urbanização descontrolada e a falta de um planejamento técnico adequado, bem como, da alta densidade urbana, ocorreu uma ocupação em áreas naturais de extrema importância para a cidade de São Paulo. As construções e a pavimentação reduziram as áreas verdes, o que alterou a temperatura e a circulação dos ventos, provocando a formação da chamada ilha de calor. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal o estudo do impacto no microclima dos telhados verdes ou green roofs - que são coberturas vegetadas, que podem ser extensivas (plantas de porte baixo ou rasteiras) ou intensivas (plantas de porte médio e arbóreo). A metodologia utilizada foi a analítico-comparativa, relacionando a temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, comparando dois tipos de cobertura, uma de telhado verde intensivo (estrutura jardim) localizada no Edifício Conde Matarazzo e, outra de um telhado de concreto localizado no Edifício Mercantil/Finasa, ambos na borda direita do Vale do Anhangabaú, no centro de São Paulo, e ainda com os dados do INMET (Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia), coletado em Santana. Os dados foram organizados em gráficos que retrataram um ano e onze dias de coleta, no período de 20 de março de 2012 a 31 de março de 2013. Ao comparar os dados coletados no telhado verde e de concreto com os dados do INMET, observou-se que durante os horários de maior radiação solar as temperaturas do telhado de concreto e do INMET apresentaram valores similares e elevados, enquanto o telhado verde teve temperatura menos elevada e maior umidade do ar, inclusive aquecendo posteriormente ao telhado de concreto e ao local onde são coletados os dados do INMET. As maiores amplitudes térmicas entre os telhados ocorreram no verão de 2012 e outono de 2013, registrando respectivamente, 6,7º C e 6,6º C e, as maiores amplitudes higrométricas ocorreram no outono e primavera, sendo de 7,1% e 5,2%. A maior variação da temperatura do ar entre os dois telhados foi de 5,3º C e, da umidade foi de 15,7%. Portanto, a pesquisa demonstrou que a utilização deste tipo de cobertura vegetal sobre os telhados, reduz as temperaturas e elevam a umidade do ar no microclima, enquanto que o telhado de concreto eleva a temperatura e reduz a umidade do ar significativamente. Esta cobertura emite calor para atmosfera, principalmente em áreas urbanas altamente adensadas, potencializando a ilha de calor. Assim, conclui-se que o telhado verde ocasiona impactos ambientais positivos no microclima, o que também pode melhorar a qualidade de vida no meio urbano. Mas ainda há um longo caminho a ser percorrido para a implantação deste tipo de cobertura, demandando principalmente do poder público, a promoção de incentivos ao uso deste tipo de telhado. / Due to uncontrolled urbanization and lack of adequate technical planning, as well as the high urban density, people occupied natural areas of vital importance to São Paulo. Buildings construction and road paving diminished green areas, altering wind circulations, creating the so called heat islands. This research had as central aim the study of microclimate impact of the green roofs vegetated coverage that can be extensive (with creeping or low stature plants) or intensive (high stature plants or trees). It was used the comparative-analytical method to compare the temperature and humidity of two different kind of coverage, one is an intensive green roof (garden structure) in the Conde Matarazzos building, and the other a concrete roof at Mercantil/Finasas building, both located at the right side of Anhangabaús valley, in São Paulos centre, and also comparing the INMET (National Meteorological Institute) data, which are collected in Santana. The data were organized in graphics that demonstrates a year and eleven days of data, within march 20th 2012 and march 31th 2013. Comparing the green roof, concrete roof and INMETs one, it was possible to observe that during times of high solar radiation, the concrete roofs and INMETs presented similar and high temperature values, meanwhile the green roofs ones were lower and had higher humidity. It also warms latter in regard to the concrete roof and the place where INMET data are collected. The bigger temperatures range among the roofs happened in the 2012 summer and 2013 fall, marking respectively, 6,7º C and 6,6º C. The bigger humidity ranges happened in the fall and spring: 7,1% and 5,2%. Comparing both the concrete and green roof, the biggest temperature difference was of 5,3 oC, and in humidity was of 15,7%. Therefore, the research proved that the use of this kind of plant coverage over the roofs reduces the temperatures and enhances humidity in the microclimate, while the concrete roof significantly increases the temperatures and decreases humidity, because this kind coverage transmits heat into the atmosphere, especially in high density urban areas, potentiating the heat island. In other words, the green roof causes positive environmental impacts in the microclimate, and can also enhance life quality in urban areas. But there still is a long path until to impart this kind of coverage, with actions to be taken by the government to promote, by incentives, the usage of this type of roof.

Orientador: Lucila Chebel Labaki / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T02:21:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_CarlaMatheusde_M.pdf: 11189524 bytes, checksum: a7fa919aa9c79e98af0575bc7bf36bb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Com a rápida urbanização, tem havido um aumento enorme de população e construções nas cidades. A alta concentração de prédios desencadeia muitas questões ambientais, como o efeito de ilhas de calor; que é agravado principalmente pela perda de áreas verdes no ambiente urbano (WONG et al., 2003). O alto consumo de energia para aquecimento e resfriamento de edificações é um dos maiores problemas do setor de energia e tem um impacto ambiental importante (JIMÉNEZ et al., 2010). A cobertura verde é uma boa estratégia para a redução do uso de energia, pois o calor externo é transmitido em menor quantidade e mais lentamente para o ambiente. Além da cobertura verde, a ventilação natural influencia positivamente no controle do conforto dos ambientes. A varanda constitui uma local agradável ambientalmente para a utilização nos países de clima tropical, pois possui uma cobertura para proteger dos raios solares diretos, permite a ventilação natural e ainda favorece a ligação com o entorno. Esta pesquisa tem como meta voltar-se para o conforto ambiental de forma passiva ao analisar o conforto ambiental de uma residência semiaberta na cidade de Atibaia, SP, construída em forma de varanda, com cobertura verde. A análise do conforto foi feita através de: medições in loco das variáveis ambientais, cálculo do Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) ensaia em túnel de vento e comparação dos resultados obtidos nessa simulação com aqueles obtidos nas medições in loco, visando verificar qual a real melhoria do conforto ambiental nessa área semiaberta. As medições in loco foram feitas no período outono e inverno de 2011 e verão de 2012. A partir dos resultados, pode-se inferir que, em relação à temperatura ambiente, apesar da temperatura superficial da cobertura verde ter uma atenuação de ate 9ºC em relação à da cobertura cerâmica, a combinação da cobertura verde com a cobertura cerâmica nessa área semiaberta proporciona uma atenuação da temperatura ambiente externa, de aproximadamente 2,5ºC graus. O calculo do PET mostrou que a área semiaberta melhora o grau de sensação de conforto. A análise da ventilação natural, feita através do ensaio em túnel de vento, mostrou que esse modo de implantação se faz eficiente para a diminuição da velocidade excessiva do vento na área semiaberta. O modelo de varanda com cobertura verde se mostrou uma boa forma para habitação para essa região / Abstract: With rapid urbanization, there has been a huge increase in population and buildings in cities. The high concentration of buildings triggers many environmental issues, such as the heat island effect, which is especially aggravated by the loss of green areas in urban environment (WONG et al., 2003). The high energy consumption for heating and cooling of buildings is one of the greatest problems of the energy sector and has a significant environmental impact (JIMÉNEZ et al., 2010). The green roof is a good strategy for reducing energy use, for the external heat is transmitted in less quantity and more slowly to the environment. Besides the green roof, natural ventilation positively influences in the control of the comfort of environments. The veranda, widely used in tropical countries, is a pleasant place, because it has a cover to protect from direct sunlight, allows natural ventilation and favors the connection with the surroundings. This research analyses the environmental comfort of a semi-open residence in the city of Atibaia, SP, built as a veranda, using green roof. The analysis of comfort was made through: local measurements of environmental variables, physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) wind tunnel simulation and comparison between the results of wind speed obtained in the local measurements and the wind tunnel simulation, to identify what is the real improvement of thermal comfort in this semi-open area. The in site measurements were made during the autumn and winter of 2011 and summer of 2012. From the results, it could be inferred that, in relation to temperature, although the surface temperature of the green cover showed an attenuation of up to 9 ° C when compared to the tile roof, the combination of green roof with tile roof in this semiopen area provides a temperature attenuation of approximately 2.5 ° C degrees. The PET analyses showed that the semi-open area improves the level of comfort sensation. Regarding natural ventilation, the results showed that this mode of projecting was effective to reduce the excessive wind speed in the semi-open area / Mestrado / Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade / Mestra em Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2018-08-09T18:51:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Angelica Felicidade Guiao Marcato Costa.pdf: 6983771 bytes, checksum: e089e3b3d7f78909e4f38042918f6ae1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T18:51:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angelica Felicidade Guiao Marcato Costa.pdf: 6983771 bytes, checksum: e089e3b3d7f78909e4f38042918f6ae1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-28 / This research aimed to compare the thermal performance provided in experimental modules, one of these was performed with conventional cover, made of asbestos cement tiles, and another with green cover. As an experimental research proposal of methodology, we sought alternatives of a sustainable nature to elaborate the studied modules, opting for the use of dry construction in Light Steel Frame. From the construction of the modules, in a wide place and without the interference of shading, measuring instruments were installed in the inner part of themselves, where the of air temperature and relative humidity were collected. From the data, representative episodes were determined for the studies, which were evaluated for the degree of thermal comfort provided to the modules by the cover systems under study. As a result, it was observed that the module with green roof had better performance than the module with conventional cover, in all the selected episodes, maintaining with lower internal temperature fluctuation throughout the days, indicating that the green roof has characteristic Thermal insulation, reducing the heat flow from the roof. / Esta pesquisa visou comparar o desempenho térmico proporcionado em módulos experimentais, sendo um executado com cobertura convencional, constituída por telhas de fibrocimento, e outro dotado de cobertura verde. Como pesquisa experimental, buscou-se alternativas de cunho sustentável para elaboração dos módulos estudados, optando-se pelo uso de construção seca, em Light Steel Frame. A partir da construção dos módulos, em local amplo e sem a interferência de sombreamento, foram instalados instrumentos de medição na parte interna destes, onde foram coletados dados de temperatura do ar e umidade relativa do ar. A partir dos dados, foram determinados episódios representativos para os estudos, que foram avaliados quanto ao grau de conforto térmico proporcionado aos módulos pelos sistemas de cobertura em estudo. Como resultado, constatou-se que o módulo com telhado verde, teve melhor desempenho que o módulo com cobertura convencional, em todos os episódios selecionados, mantendo-se com menor flutuação de temperatura interna ao longo dos dias, indicando que o telhado verde possui característica de isolante térmico, reduzindo o fluxo de calor proveniente da cobertura.

The concern for the environment and social aspects have been emphasizing in the concept of ecotourism. Tourism is the world's largest industry. "It accounts for more than 10% of total employment, 11% of global GDP, and total tourist trips are predicted to increase to 1.6 billion by 2020". As such, it has a major and increasing impact on both people and nature. The increase of travels and tourists in the world, has led to the acknowledgement of tourism as part of the emissions of greenhouse gases. Therefore, the framework of sustainable development in tourism has been developed as well as ecotourism. Eco-tourism can be both an effective conservation tool and a successful community development model. Sustainable architecture can be well integrated in a community that will base their knowledge on role model site for the sustainability of a park and village. This thesis is aiming to study and develop a sustainable model for the conflict that exists between architecture and eco-tourism because of current practices and their impact on natural habitat. Inappropriate tourism development and practice can degrade habitats and landscapes, deplete natural resources, and generate waste and pollution. The local community is also in need of a better and healthy living. This has become a social, cultural, and economical issue prevalent for decades since there hasn't been an established relationship between the local community and the tourist. The main investigation into determining factors is on how and why we need the bond between eco-village and eco-tourism. Does it consist of culture and society integration? Or is it nature preservation? What is the new relationship between tourist-community or tourist development design and development of this relationship? Some of the options for research and study is an eco-cabin that will serve as a prototype for ecotourism sustainable technologies and architecture, integrating an eco-village as a model for the local community. A way to approach this issue is through the education of the local people and tourism through sustainable architecture and development. Community knowledge can be increased through environmental sustainable building techniques. Perhaps the community gets involve in the construction process, so they learn how to take care of their surroundings and its stewardship.. In this way the sustainability of well-being of human cultures that inhibit those environments are sustained, and tourists can get engaged through community learning and interaction. Responsible tourism can also promote awareness of and support for the conservation of local culture, creating economic opportunities for countries and communities.

Numerical estimates of the ability of a green roof to reduce energy consumption in buildings are plagued by a lack of accuracy in thermal properties that are input to the model. An experimental study into the thermal conductivity at different temperatures and moisture contents was performed using four different commercially available substrates for green roofs. In the unfrozen state, as moisture content increased, thermal conductivity increased linearly. In the phase transition zone between +5 ºC and -10ºC, as temperature decreased, thermal conductivity increased sharply during the transition from water to ice. When the substrate was frozen, thermal conductivity varied exponentially with substrate moisture content prior to freezing. Power functions were found between thermal conductivity and temperature (when shifted up by +10.001ºC). Two equally sized, green roof test cells were constructed and tested to compare various roof configurations including a bare roof, varying media thickness for a green roof, and vegetation. The results show that compared with the bare roof, there is a 75% reduction in the interior temperature amplitude for the green roof with 150mm thick substrate. When a sedum mat was added, there’s a 20% reduction in the amplitude of the inner temperature as compared with the cell without sedum mat. / Graduate

This final thesis is a project of sports center in Brno Líšeň. This building has two floors and it is without basement. Building has irregularly-shaped floor plan. Main entrance is to ground floor. Hall with reception has no celling and it is opened up to celling of second floor. There is dominating flush facade in hall. Entrance to sanitary facilities and gym is from hall, next entrance from here is to wellness and office. Gym has higher celling height than others. This part forms ground part of building. There is staircase to second floor in the hall. In second floor there are some rooms for group physical excercising with lector. In second floor are next sanitary facilities Entrance to terrace is through gallery in second floor. Struktural system is created of sand lime blocks KM Beta. Sports center is roofed with flat roof, part of this is extensive green roof.