This paper examines the transferability of supermarkets into developing countries by using Saudi Arabia as a case in point. Results of an empirical study comparing the grocery shopping habits of Saudi and Western expatriates are presented. The paper provides insights into the diffusion of supermarkets among the local population in Saudi Arabia and offers strategies to facilitate the diffusion process.

This study segments grocery shoppers seeking to maximize shopping value and minimize the investment of time, money, and effort. The literature lacks investigations of grocery shoppers based on shopping activities; therefore, this study aims to fill the gap. Data were obtained from 751 respondents who recently made a smart grocery shopping purchase. The cluster analysis to segment grocery shoppers yielded three types: spontaneous smart shoppers, apathetic smart shoppers, and involved smart shoppers. The segments differ across generational cohorts, consumer characteristics, postpurchase evaluations, and shopping values. Conclusions can assist marketers in tailoring their strategies for each segment.

This study examines the price differences of commonly consumed produce between farmers’ markets and grocery stores in Utah. Our first objective is to compare price differences of a basket of produce between farmers’ markets and grocery stores. We compare these price differences in terms of low-income consumer affordability and if an individual can afford a market basket of produce using a combination of Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program (FMNP) dollars and Double Up Food Bucks (DUFB) incentive dollars. Our second objective for this study is to establish the price premiums of individual produce items based on where the produce was sold, time of season, market channel (farmers’ market versus grocery store), as well as production method used (conventional versus organic). The findings from this research can inform policy makers of the affordability of farmers’ market produce and apply incentive programs more effectively. We can inform consumers of the price differences so they can maximize their food budgets. We can use the research to help producers make market strategies that can then maximize their profits.

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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Retail trade modernization in Peru has displaced the traditional retailer as the first option when it comes to shopping. Supermarkets have grown 45% during the last four years and the new convenience stores gather all competitive advantages required by the sector. Industry has adapted to the new Peruvian in order to cover the needs generated by a digital age offering solutions that give timely information, comfort and modernity when acquiring a new product. In 2017, 414,000 grocery stores were counted in Peru, which were forced to adapt and improve their services. This research project aims to come up with a solution to bring the grocery stores into the twenty-first century, and thus, to increase their gross margin and ensure their continuity. A methodology connecting the requirements of the grocery stores that invest the most in the city of Lima to the needs of the mass consumption companies by means of a platform that digitalizes ads at the point of sale driven by digital advertising is presented here. Currently, the product benefits 40 grocery stores in the city with a new customer service channel that allows to increase their sales by 20%.

Den svenska dagligvarumarknaden kännetecknas av en oligopolmarknad med hög marknadskoncentration. Marknaden domineras av tre aktörer som tillsammans utgör 90% av dagligvarumarknaden. Detta medför att kritik riktats mot dagligvarumarknaden när priserna stigit med mer än 20% i jämförelse med den generella prisökningen på 10%. Vidare har det spekulerats om dagligvarumarknadens konkurrensförhållanden har försämrats under åren.  På senare år har nya förutsättningar tillkommit på dagligvarumarknaden i Sverige, där e- handelns utveckling och den ökade tillväxten av egna märkesvaror (EMV) är två nya komponenter på marknaden. Tidigare studier och prisundersökningar har fokuserat på att utvärdera hur konkurrensen ser ut på marknaden då tillväxten av e-handel har undersökts, men utan att specifikt fokusera på egna märkesvaror och dess inflytande på konkurrensen på dagligvarumarknaden.  Information från sekundärdata visar att de tre dominerande aktörerna aktivt arbetar med att erbjuda egna onlinetjänster samt köpa in sig i nya aktörers verksamhet. Den informationen tillsammans med resultaten från en egen prisundersökning visar att e-handeln inte nödvändigtvis bidrar till ett främjande av konkurrensen på dagligvarumarknaden. Däremot bidrar e-handeln till en ökad prismedvetenhet hos konsumenter vid jämförelse av aktörers/butikens prissättning. På så sätt kan konsumenter på ett smidigt sätt prisjämföra och avgöra vilken butik som är billigast.  Vidare visar prisundersökningen att egna märkesvaror (EMV) är billigare än de klassiska varumärkena, vilket ger konsumenterna ökat utbud till lägre priser. Trots att EMV visas vara det billigare alternativet, innebär detta ett främjande av en mer vertikalt integrerad marknad, som i sin tur skapar inträdeshinder för nya aktörer. På så sätt kan slutsatsen dras att EMV bidrar till en försämrad konkurrens på dagligvarumarknaden. / The Swedish grocery market is characterized by an oligopoly market with high market concentration. The market is dominated by three players who together make up 90% of the grocery market. This means that the grocery market has been criticized when prices have risen by more than 20% compared to the general price increase of 10%. Furthermore, it has been speculated that the competitive conditions of the grocery market have deteriorated over the years.  In recent years, new conditions have emerged in the grocery market in Sweden, where the development of e-commerce and the increased growth of own-brand products (EMV) are two new components of the market. Previous studies and price surveys have focused on evaluating competition in the market when examining the growth of e-commerce, but without specifically focusing on own-brand products and their influence on competition in the grocery market.  Information from the secondary data shows that the three dominant players are actively engaged in offering their own online services and buying into the activities of new players. This information together with the results from the price survey shows that e-commerce does not necessarily contribute to the promotion of competition in the grocery market. On the other hand, e-commerce contributes to increased price awareness among consumers when comparing the pricing of operators/shops. In this way, consumers can easily compare prices and determine which store is the cheapest.  Furthermore, the price survey shows that own-brand products (EMV) are cheaper than classic brands, giving consumers more choice at lower prices. Although EMV is shown to be the cheaper option, this implies the promotion of a more vertically integrated market, which in turn creates barriers to entry for new players. Thus, it can be concluded that EMV contributes to a deterioration of competition in the grocery market.

The aim of this study is to explore how residents of northern Sweden's consumer behavior regarding groceries has changed during a time of high inflation. As a result of the recent COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the war in Ukraine, the Swedish economy currently suffers from high inflation. The inflation rate in December of 2022 was at 12.3%, which is the highest rate in the country since the financial crisis in the early 1990s. Moreover, When Russia invaded Ukraine, supply disruptions returned, causing an especially great disturbance in the energy supply which further increased inflation. An evident consequence of this, is the spike in food prices, and subsequently also changes in consumer behavior.  The purpose of the study is to expand the existing pool of empirical understanding of consumer behavior regarding groceries in the context of high inflation. The objective is to understand the internal and external factors, individual values and experiences that underlie changed consumer behaviors and purchasing decisions in the context of high food inflation among residents of northern Sweden. The goal is not to create generalizable results that can be applied to the different occupational groups. Instead, the aim was to identify patterns and themes among these respondents in their respective contexts.  The results show that consumer behavior has changed in several different ways. Some of the respondents have become more restrictive, others have increased their spendings on food, and others have changed their grocery shopping habits. Based on the analysis of the empirical findings, which were partly understood with existing consumer behavior theories, conclusions were drawn, and the research questions were answered. Thereon, implications and future research suggestions are presented.

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Background: Grocery stores in the retail industry, which are forms of Small and medium-sized enterprises, are particularly vulnerable to changes in the economic environment. This thesis examines how grocery store managers handle their financial management decision-making process in response to uncertainty. 2022 has been a year of unprecedented uncertainty with unforeseen events that affected the Swedish economy. Therefore, these uncertain events in 2022 present an exceptional opportunity to delve into this subject of study.  Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to analyze how managers of grocery stores handle the financial management decision-making process regarding financing, investing, and profit distribution when faced with uncertainty.  Method: This thesis builds upon qualitative data and aims to formulate a theory concerning the decision-making process under uncertainty within grocery stores by employing an inductive reasoning approach. The study utilizes primary descriptive data gathered from interviews and information from academic articles, books, and authorized websites. To ensure objectivity in the analysis, the role of the researchers was carefully considered. Semi-structured interviews served as the primary method for data collection, and a theoretical framework was established at the outset of the research to guide the analysis and structural organization of the data. During the data analysis phase, a theory-driven thematic analysis methodology was employed.  Conclusion: This thesis concludes that managers of grocery stores handled their financial management decision-making process regarding financing, investing, and profit distribution when faced with uncertainty in different ways. The thesis demonstrated caution in financing by cutting costs and amortizing loans. Additionally, managers employed strategies of reprioritizing and choosing long-term investments to ensure financial stability. At the same time, profit distribution was limited due to increased expenses, leading managers to redirect profits for the survival of the grocery store. Overall, this research highlights the dynamic nature of financial management’s decision-making process and the need for adaptive strategies in the face of uncertainty.

This study used personal interviews with Turkish female grocery shoppers to determine their shopping behaviors and attitudes. The sample was divided into two groups: deliberate and nondeliberate shoppers. The two groups were then compared in terms of their sociodemographic characteristics, importance placed on patronage motives, purchase location of selected grocery products, and their attitudinal orientations. Results are outlined and implications discussed.