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The thesis starts with the study of a Miao village in China, which is known as the center of the Miao culture. In Miao settlement landscape history, there is one feature that can be found in many cultures. The Fengshui Lin, also known as the Sacred Grove, protects the village. The ancient songs and tales of Miao show that the Fengshui Lin can be seen as the spirits of the ancestors (Wang, X. 2015). Since ancient times, Miao people have a tradition of respect for nature, and Fengshui Lin is the most important landscape element for them. It is not only part of the natural flexible border, but also associated with many social activities. Sacred groves are created and evolved through human acts and the long span of human history (Jackson J. B. 1980). They play an important role in many different cultures around the world. Sacred groves may reflect the culture of society as settings for specific functions, or serve as objects of worship for people to purify their souls and refresh their spirits. In burial grounds, there also are sacred groves which could be a place for praying and commemorating. Since sacred groves are seen as spirits of life, it is necessary to think about the relationship between sacred groves and burial grounds. The thesis focuses on the issue of what is sacred? How to make a grove sacred or create a sacred grove in burial grounds? What kind of scenario for the design? With the inspiration of the Fengshui Lin in Miao village, the project aims to create a sacred space with trees for people who lost their family or friends in local communities. My thesis addressed these questions through a design project for sacred groves in the local parks of Arlington, Virginia. With design criteria derived from case studies and literature review, my goal is to create neighborhood cemeteries in the local parks to bring people closer to life as well as death and to let people get the experience of mortality. / Master of Landscape Architecture / In many ancient societies, sacred groves were an essential aspect of life. In some cases, these groves encompass a large territory; in other cases they may be a few trees. These groves originated in the time following the introduction of agriculture. When societies evolving, sacred groves became not a piece of nature, but an institution that depending on custom, agriculture, and even the cycles of life. Sacred groves are a legacy for everyone. These sacred groves may reflect the culture of society, they are not merely symbols but dynamic and complex landscapes created as settings for specific functions. These sacred groves serve not only as totems of worship, but as moments or places where people purify their souls. Sacred groves surrounding or covering burial grounds have existed widely throughout the world (Tuan, Y. 1977). In many burial sites, sacred groves dominate the landscape. They serve the spiritual needs of the living as well as keep alive memories of the dead. This thesis will discuss the method to make a grove sacred and develop a landscape to provide an opportunity for people to get a sense of their life and culture. The concept is to reinstate the connection between burial grounds and neighborhoods by creating neighborhood cemeteries in the local parks of Arlington, Virginia. Through thoughtful site selection and design, sacred groves can hold precious information about the history of communities for generations.

With the publication of his tract Christian Devotedness in 1825, Anthony Morris Groves joined a growing network of Protestants in the United Kingdom who aspired to follow the teaching of Christ and the example of his apostles in a more literal fashion than was common in the churches of their day. Seceding from the Anglican communion in 1828, he adopted a consciously non-denominational identity. With little interest in buildings, services, finances, organisation, training or ceremony, he developed an essentially primitivist ecclesiology, regarding the principles and practice of the early churches in the New Testament as a model to be followed by every generation. A number of Groves's closest friends became leading figures in circles soon to be known as Brethren, or Plymouth Brethren. After leaving Britain in 1829, his ongoing influence in this movement was mediated largely through his brother-in-law George Mtiller, and is reflected in the principles adopted by the latter in his church leadership and in his support of missionaries for more than half a century. One of those influenced by Miiller was the young Hudson Taylor, whose financial support during his early years came almost entirely from Groves's personal friends among the Brethren. It was overseas that Groves himself spent most of his adult life, and in India that we see the clearest practical outworking of his ecclesiology in a cross-cultural context. Identifying weaknesses in existing missionary institutions, he offered an alternative strategy for appointing missionaries, creating churches, maintaining practical unity and stimulating indigenous leadership. His missiological ideas stand in contrast to the consensus of his day, and also to the methods of indigenisation advocated some fourteen years later by Henry Venn and Rufus Anderson. Indeed, he might be described as the first major primitivist among mission strategists, and as such was an early forerunner of Roland Alien. Groves encouraged young Indian Christians to ignore Western church tradition and to follow, as closely as possible, the teaching and practice of Christ and his apostles. He advocated the liberty of indigenous Christians to take responsibility without reference to foreign organisations, the freedom of missionaries and Indian believers to seek guidance and provision directly from God, the sending of evangelists by congregations, the gathering of converts into new congregations, the development of local leadership in the course of active Christian service, and the partnership of industrialist and evangelist in frugal living "by faith" for the extension of the gospel. He viewed education, commerce and medicine as aids to evangelising rather than civilising. Above all, Groves wished to simplify the missionary task of the Church. Where his contemporaries envisaged the creation by one institution (a foreign mission) of another institution (a national church), he drew no distinction between mission and church. And rather than projecting an eventual shift from foreign government, support and propagation to self-government, support and propagation, he would start with no organised government, support or propagation at all, expecting these to develop naturally as local believers helped one another develop their own spiritual abilities and ministries. With no organisation to oversee, no buildings to maintain, no salaries to pay, his emphasis from the start was on the freedom of local converts to meet together without foreign supervision, and to preach the gospel to their own people without being trained, authorised or paid to do so. The influence of Groves on his own and subsequent generations has been seriously underrated. This may be attributable partly to the opposition he encountered during his own lifetime, partly to the commercial failures that clouded his final years, and partly to the inaccessibility of his own writings and works about him. Described twenty years ago as a "neglected missiologist", and largely unknown today, his significance might seem somewhat negligible, but to Groves we can trace back ideas that stimulated the birth of a new generation of missions following what have been called "faith principles". These included Brethren initiatives in many countries in addition to numerous interdenominational "faith missions" inspired by the example of Hudson Taylor. With some justification, Groves has been called the "father of faith missions". Nevertheless, his idea of using the New Testament as a practical manual of missionary methods was taken up with greatest effect not by Anglo-American missionaries but by the leaders of some remarkable indigenous movements. Notable among these was his own disciple John Christian Arulappan and, at a later date, Bakht Singh and Watchman Nee, all of whom had direct or indirect links with him. Our research concludes that the primitivist missiology of Anthony Norris Groves exerted a significant radical influence on Protestant mission in the nineteenth century, and indeed to the present day, for his ideas find many points of contact with current missiological thinking.

Im Rahmen der Neugestaltung des Innenhofes an der Fachschule für Gartenbau in Dresden-Pillnitz wurde eine Freianlage mit unterschiedlichen Bepflanzungstypen hergestellt und drei Jahre gesichtet. Der Pflegeaufwand ging in diesen drei Jahren deutlich zurück. Ein Großteil der Bepflanzungen ist für anspruchsvollere, halböffentliche und öffentliche Außenanlagen attraktiv.

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Smart devices have become one of the fundamental communication and computing devices in people's everyday lives over the past decade. Their various sensors and wireless connectivity have paved the way for a new application area called mobile crowdsensing where sensing services are provided by using the sensor outputs collected from smart devices. A mobile crowdsensing system's service quality heavily depends on the participation of smart device users who probably expect to be compensated in return for their participation. Therefore, mobile crowdsensing applications need incentive mechanisms to motivate such people into participating. In this thesis, we first defined a reverse auction based incentive mechanism for a representative mobile crowdsensing system. Then, we integrated the Vickrey-Clarke- Groves mechanism into the initial incentive mechanism so as to investigate whether truthful bidding would become the dominant strategy in the resulting incentive mechanism. We demonstrated by theoretical analysis that overbidding was the dominant strategy in the base incentive mechanism, whereas truthful bidding was the dominant strategy in the derived incentive mechanism when the VCG mechanism was applicable. Finally, we conducted simulations of both incentive mechanisms in order to measure the fairness of service prices and the fairness of cumulative participant earnings using Jain's fairness index. We observed that both the fairness of service prices and the fairness of cumulative participant earnings were generally better in the derived incentive mechanism when the VCG mechanism was applied. We also found that at least 70% of service requests had fair prices, while between 5% and 85% of participants had fair cumulative earnings in both incentive mechanisms.

Im Rahmen der Neugestaltung des Innenhofes an der Fachschule für Gartenbau in Dresden-Pillnitz wurde eine Freianlage mit unterschiedlichen Bepflanzungstypen hergestellt und drei Jahre gesichtet. Der Pflegeaufwand ging in diesen drei Jahren deutlich zurück. Ein Großteil der Bepflanzungen ist für anspruchsvollere, halböffentliche und öffentliche Außenanlagen attraktiv.

No description available.

Acaricidas que interferem na respiração celular, especialmente na produção de energia (ATP), tem sido um importante componente em programas de manejo da resistência a acaricidas. Basicamente esses acaricidas interferem na fosforilação oxidativa ou no transporte de elétrons na mitocôndria pela inibição ou disrupção de algum processo específico. Esse grupo de acaricidas tem sido um dos mais utilizados para o controle de Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) na cultura dos citros no Brasil. No entanto, há poucos estudos sobre a suscetibilidade e possíveis relações de resistência cruzada para os acaricidas inibidores da respiração celular em B. phoenicis. Sendo assim, o objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi entender a situação da resistência de B. phoenicis a esses acaricidas para o estabelecimento de estratégias de manejo da resistência. Foram conduzidos estudo para avaliar (a) a variabilidade na suscetibilidade de populações de B. phoenicis coletadas em pomares de citros aos acaricidas cyhexatin, azocyclotin, propargite e enxofre; (b) as relações de resistência cruzada entre propargite e os acaricidas azocyclotin, cyhexatin, dinocap, pyridaben e enxofre; e (c) o custo adaptativo associado à resistência de B. phoenicis a propargite em condições de laboratório. O método de bioensaio adotado foi o de contato residual para a caracterização da suscetibilidade de B. phoenicis a esses acaricidas. O monitoramento da suscetibilidade a esses acaricidas em diferentes populações de B. phoenicis B. phoenicis foi realizado com concentrações diagnósticas baseadas na concentração letal 95 (CL95) de cada acaricida. Para verificar a presença de resistência cruzada entre propargite e demais acaricidas, as respostas de concentração-mortalidade das linhagens suscetível (S) e resistente ao propargite (Propargite-R) foram caracterizadas para cyhexatin, azocyclotin, dinocap, pyridaben e enxofre. O custo adaptativo associado à resistência de B. phoenicis a propargite foi avaliado mediante comparação de parâmetros biológicos das linhagens S e Propargite-R mantidas em frutos de laranja a 25 ± 1 °C e fotofase de 14 h. Foram verificadas diferenças significativas na sobrevivência de populações de B. phoenicis nas concentrações diagnósticas testadas para cyhexatin (de 16,3 a 80,5%), azocyclotin (de 3,0 a 15,0%), propargite (de 1,0 a 71,6%) e enxofre (de 9,0 a 82,6%). Uma baixa intensidade de resistência cruzada foi verificada entre propargite e os acaricidas azocyclotin (1,8 vezes), cyhexatin (4,6 vezes), dinocap (3,5 vezes) e pyridaben (3,5 vezes). Por outro lado, a intensidade de resistência cruzada a enxofre (> 111 vezes) foi bastante alta. Não foi verificada presença de custo adaptativo associado à resistência de B. phoenicis a propargite, baseado nos parâmetros biológicos avaliados. Portanto, o uso desses acaricidas também deve ser feito de maneira criteriosa em programas de manejo da resistência de B. phoenicis a acaricidas. / Acaricides that affect the cellular respiration process, specifically in the energy production (ATP), have been an important component in acaricide resistance management programs. Basically, these acaricides interfere in the oxidative phosphorilation or electron transportation in the mitochondria, by inhibiting or disrupting some specific process. This group of acaricide plays an important role in the control of Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) in citrus groves in Brazil. However, there are only few studies on the susceptibility and possible crossresistance to the acaricides that are inhibitors of cellular respiration in B. phoenicis . Then, the major objective of this work was to collect data to implement strategies to manage the resistance of B. phoenicis to these acaricides. Studies were conducted to evaluate (a) the variability in the susceptibility among B. phoenicis populations collected from citrus groves to the acaricides cyhexatin, azocyclotin, propargite and sulphur; (b) cross-resistance relationships between propargite and the acaricides azocyclotin, cyhexatin, dinocap, pyridaben and sulphur; and (c) the fitness cost associated with propargite resistance in B. phoenicis under laboratory conditions. A residual-type contact bioassay was used to characterize the susceptibility of B. phoenicis to these acaricides. The monitoring of the susceptibility to these acaricides in different B. phoenicis populations was conducted with diagnostic concentrations based on lethal concentration 95 (LC95) of each acaricide. The cross-resistance between propargite and other acaricides was evaluated by characterizing the concentration-mortality responses of susceptible (S) and propargite-resistant (Propargite-R) strains to cyhexatin, azocyclotin, dinocap, pyridaben and sulphur. The fitness cost associated with B. phoenicis resistance to propargite was evaluated by measuring the biological parameters of S and Propargite-R strains on citrus fruits at 25 ± 1 °C and fotophase of 14 h. Significant differences in the susceptibility of B. phoenicis were detected at diagnostic concentration of cyhexatin (survivorship from 16.3 to 80.5%), azocyclotin (from 3.0 to 15.0%), propargite (from 1.0 a 71.6%) and sulphur (from 9.0 to 82.6%). A low intensity of crossresistance was detected between propargite and the acaricides azocyclotin (1.8-fold), cyhexatin (4.6-fold), dinocap (3.5-fold) and pyridaben (3.5-fold). On the other hand, the intensity of crossresistance to sulphur (> 111-fold) was very high. There was no fitness cost associated with B. phoenicis resistance to propargite, based on biological parameters evaluated. Therefore, the use of these acaricides should also be done very carefully in resistance management of B. phoenicis to acaricides.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 310-330) / Microfiche. / xiii, 330 leaves, bound ill., maps 29 cm