All trans retinoic acid (atRA) has been shown to inhibit the growth of CAOV3 ovarian carcinoma cells. This results from arrest of the cell cycle during the G1 phase. G1 checkpoint is regulated by a multitude of molecules, including the retinoblastoma family of proteins, cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks), and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors. P27, a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor regulating G1 checkpoint has been shown to have elevated levels in response to atRA treatment. In these studies we investigated the role of p27 phosphorylation in mediating atRA induced growth inhibition. Our results show that atRA treatment of atRA sensitive CAOV3 cells leads to an increase in the levels of S10 phosphorylation of p27 in both nuclear and cytoplasmic cell compartments. This increase was accompanied by a decrease in the levels of skp2 protein, protein that plays a critical role in the degradation of p27. Similar results were not observed in SKOV3 cells which are not growth inhibited by atRA treatment. Finally, we demonstrated that overexpression of a mutant of p27 that cannot be phosphorylated on S10 induces a dominant negative effect on the endogenous p27 activity. This dominant negative effect reverses the atRA effect on p27 binding to CDKs, on inhibition of CDK activity, on the expression of S phase genes and ultimately on the inhibition of growth of ovarian carcinoma cells. These results suggest that hypophosphorylation of the serine10 locus of p27 might be one of the mechanisms that lead to atRA resistance of ovarian carcinoma cell. It is possible that atRA resistant ovarian tumors constitute an environment that hinders S10 phosphorylation and that by modulating the activity of the kinase(s) responsible for this event the atRA resistance can be overcome. / Microbiology and Immunology

With the dawn of metazoans, the ability of cells to communicate with each other became of paramount importance in maintaining tissue homeostasis. The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway, which plays important roles during embryogenesis and in the adult organism, signals via a heterodimeric receptor complex consisting of two type II and two type I receptors. After receptor activation through ligand binding, Smads mediate the signal from the receptor complex to the nucleus, where they orchestrate transcription. Depending on the context of activation, TGF-β can mediate a plethora of cellular responses, including proliferation, growth arrest, apoptosis and differentiation. In cancer, TGF-β can act as both as a tumor suppressor and promoter. During early stages of tumorigenesis, TGF-β prevents proliferation. However, TGF-β is also known to promote tumor progression during later stages of the disease, where it can induce differentiation of cancer cells towards a migratory phenotype. The aim of this thesis was to investigate how cells can differentiate their response upon TGF-β pathway activation. The first paper describes the role of Notch signaling in TGF-β induced growth arrest, demonstrating that TGF-β promotes Notch activity and that Notch signaling is required for prolonged TGF-β induced cell cycle arrest. In the second and third paper, we investigate the role of SIK, a member of the AMPK family of kinases, mediating signaling strength of TGF-β through degradation of the TGF-β type I receptor ALK5. While the second paper focuses on the effect of SIK on ALK5 stability and subsequent alterations in TGF-β signaling, the third paper emphasizes cooperation between SIK, Smad7 and the E3 ligase Smurf in degradation of ALK5. Finally, the fourth paper explores a novel role of SIK during TGF-β induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). SIK binds to and degrades the polarity protein Par3, leading to enhanced EMT.

No description available.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Les micro-ARNs (miRNAs) sont des ARNs de 20-22 nucléotides, transcrits à partir du génome, dont la fonction est de réguler l’expression génique en s’appariant à des ARNm cibles, inhibant ainsi leur traduction et/ou entrainant leur dégradation. Dans les cancers, l’expression des miRNAs est fortement dérégulée. Une majorité de miRNAs est diminuée dans les tissus tumoraux par rapport aux tissus normaux, et un lien causal a été décrit entre inhibition globale des miRNAs et tumorigenèse. Par ailleurs, des miRNAs agissant comme des suppresseurs de tumeurs et d’autres comme des oncogènes ont été décrits. Dans ce contexte impliquant de plus en plus les miRNAs dans les pathologies néoplasiques, l’objectif de ce travail était d’étudier le rôle de la voie miRNA dans la biologie des cellules tumorales. Afin d’identifier des cellules tumorales dépendant de miRNAs oncogènes endogènes pour survivre ou proliférer, nous avons développé une stratégie d’inhibition globale de la biogenèse des miRNAs en ciblant Drosha ou DGCR8, les deux composants du microprocesseur, complexe nucléaire de maturation des miRNAs. Cette stratégie nous a permis d’identifier des lignées cellulaires tumorales dans lesquelles l’inhibition du microprocesseur conduit à un phénotype d’arrêt de prolifération durable. Nous avons mis à profit cette dépendance à la voie miRNA pour réaliser un crible positif de complémentation du défaut de prolifération observé grâce à l’expression de miRNAs individuels. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence des miRNAs capables de soutenir individuellement la prolifération de ces cellules tumorales. Cette stratégie nous a également permis de montrer des différences fonctionnelles entre miRNAs homologues ou de la même famille. La recherche des cibles régulées par ces miRNAs nous a permis d’élaborer des hypothèses concernant les cibles potentiellement impliquées dans le phénotype observé. Nous avons ainsi démontré la participation du suppresseur de tumeur PTEN à l’arrêt de prolifération induit par l’inhibition du microprocesseur. La stratégie d’inhibition globale de la voie miRNA suivie d’une complémentation phénotypique par des miRNAs individuels permet de s’affranchir de la grande redondance de séquence et de fonction des miRNAs et devrait pouvoir s’appliquer d’une manière plus générale à l’étude d’autres processus régulés par les miRNAs. / MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 20-22 nucleotides RNAs, transcribed from the genome, which regulate gene expression by base-pairing to target mRNAs, thus inhibiting their translation and/or leading to their degradation. In cancers, miRNAs expression is strongly deregulated. A majority of miRNAs is diminished in tumoral tissues compared to normal tissues, and a causal link has been established between global inhibition of the miRNA pathway and tumorigenesis. In addition, miRNAs acting like tumor suppressors or oncogenes have been described. In this context of growing evidences implicating miRNAs in neoplasic diseases, this work aimed to investigate the role played by miRNA pathway in the biology of tumoral cells. In order to identify tumoral cells depending on endogenous oncogenic miRNAs to proliferate or survive, we developed a strategy of global inhibition of miRNAs biogenesis by targeting Drosha or DGCR8, the two components of the “microprocessor”, the nuclear miRNA maturation complex. This strategy allowed us to identify tumoral cell lines in which microprocessor inhibition led to a sustained growth arrest. We took advantage of this miRNA pathway dependency to screen for individual miRNAs able to complement the observed growth defect. This complementation screen allowed us to identify individual miRNAs able to sustain growth in those tumoral cells. This strategy also highlighted functional differences between homologous miRNAs or between miRNAs from the same family. The search for targets regulated by those miRNAs allowed us to develop hypothesis concerning the potential targets involved in the observed phenotype. By using this approach, we demonstrated that the tumor suppressor PTEN was involved in the growth arrest induced by microprocessor inhibition. The strategy of global miRNA pathway inhibition followed by phenotypic complementation by individual miRNAs allows overcoming the high sequence and function redundancy of miRNAs. We thus think it could be applied more generally to the study of other cellular processes regulated by miRNAs.

No description available.

No description available.

Conditions which promote reversible growth arrest, such as hypoxia and high cell density, lead to activation of a diverse network of proteins known as growth arrest specific (GAS) genes. Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), a lipid chaperone involved in the regulation of metabolic and inflammatory responses, has been shown to be part of the GAS program. While the induction of FABP4 in oxygen-deprived environments is well characterized, its functionality and regulation in such conditions remains unclear. In this study, we describe how mis-expression of FABP4 affects cell viability and survival within low oxygen conditions. Loss of FABP4 using shRNA was shown to be associated with a significant increase in oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, a reduction in lipid droplet formation and a greater incidence of apoptosis. Hypoxia-mediated expression of FABP4 was also found to be positively correlated with cellular levels of C/EBP-beta, an essential activator of p20K in quiescence. FABP4 and p20K are both lipocalins that have been shown to share similar induction patterns and ability to assist in the maintenance of lipid trafficking in cellular stress circumstances. Unexpectedly, the depletion of FABP4 or p20K results in loss of the other in limited oxygen concentrations. This occurs independently of disruption to the broad GAS gene program, suggesting the two proteins may be co-regulated in a shared hypoxic-signalling pathway. C/EBP-beta appears to be the transcriptional activator shared by FABP4 and p20K in quiescence, and the three may be part of an intricate system to sense and respond to reactive oxygen species and lipid radicals. However, the forced expression of either FABP4 or p20K when the other is repressed only moderately restores cell survival through alleviating oxidative stress, indicating the two are both necessary for optimal response to hypoxia. In all, these studies suggest that analogous to the p20K lipocalin, FABP4 plays a critical role in lipid homeostasis and cell survival in conditions of limited oxygen concentrations, and its stimulation is dependent on C/EBP-beta activity. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / A study investigating the role of FABP4 and p20K in conditions of reversible growth arrest with an emphasis on cell survival, lipid homeostasis and mitigating the effects of oxidative stress, and regulation of the two lipocalins by C/EBP-beta.

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is present in elevated proportions and numbers in dental bacterial biofilms of patients with localized aggressive periodontitis. This variant of periodontal disease, occurring in adolescents and young adults, is characterized by rapid and severe destruction of the connective tissues and bone supporting the teeth, eventually culminating in tooth loss. The cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) is a newly discovered bacterial protein toxin, uniquely present in A. actinomycetemcomitans among all known to-date oral bacterial species. The Cdt has the capacity to inhibit mammalian cell growth, but its putative role in the pathogenesis of the disease is unclear. The aim of this in vitro work has been to study the effects of A. actinomycetemcomitans on periodontal connective tissue cell cultures, and to evaluate the possible involvement of its Cdt. A. actinomycetemcomitans inhibited the proliferation of gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts, as a result of a combined arrest at the G1 and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. This growth inhibition was non-lethal and the cells remained metabolically active, although their DNA synthesis was reduced. The intoxicated cells exhibited increased size and irregular structure, characterized by distension and elongation. This cellular enlargement occurred in both G1 and G2/M phase arrested cells. The Cdt of A. actinomycetemcomitans was responsible for the observed growth inhibition, as well as the concomitant morphological alterations. The possible induction of inflammatory cytokines related to bone resorption was investigated in response to A. actinomycetemcomitans, and the involvement of Cdt was evaluated. Extensive focus was given to the study of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression, a membrane-bound ligand that signals osteoclast progenitors to differentiate and fuse into mature osteoclasts, activating bone resorption. It was demonstrated that A. actinomycetemcomitans induced RANKL mRNA and protein expression in the cells studied, but did not affect the expression of its decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin. This induction was solely attributed to its Cdt, as demonstrated by the use of a cdt-knockout A. actinomycetemcomitans strain, purified recombinant Cdt, and antibodies blocking the Cdt. In addition, this event was not mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines known to stimulate RANKL. Interleukin-6 mRNA and protein expression were also enhanced by A. actinomycetemcomitans, but Cdt had limited involvement in this enhancement. In conclusion, two distinct mechanisms by which A. actinomycetemcomitans Cdt may be involved in the pathogenesis of localized aggressive periodontitis are proposed. Firstly, the growth arrest of the resident fibroblasts may impair the physiological connective tissue remodelling equilibrium and lead to connective tissue attachment loss. Secondly, the induction of RANKL by these cells, residing in the proximity of the alveolar bone, may locally stimulate osteoclastogenesis and promote alveolar bone resorption. This work also provides further insights to the understanding of Cdt mechanisms of action, contributing to the global characterization of the toxin’s virulence.