Orientador: Enes Furlani Júnior / Banca: Marcelo Andreotti / Banca: Ederaldo José Chiavegato / Resumo: O objetivo foi avaliar a eficiência da calagem e gessagem para o cultivo de algodão, que foram submetidos a diferentes modos de aplicação de fertilizante na semeadura, em região de Cerrado. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Fazenda experimental de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da FE/Unesp, localizado no município de Selvíria-MS (20º22'S e 51º22'W e 335 m de altitude), num LATOSSOLO VERMELHO DISTROFÉRRICO. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4x3, sendo o primeiro fator manejo da calagem e gessagem (calagem, gessagem, calagem+gessagem, testemunha); o segundo fator foi o modo de aplicação do adubo na semeadura (sulco, à lanço, testemunha), sendo que quando foi efetuada a análise em profundidade, esta foi considerada como o terceiro fator, em um esquema 4x3x3 e as profundidades de 00-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm, com 4 repetições. Aos 85 dias após emergência (DAE) avaliou-se os teores de macronutrientes foliares das plantas. E ainda no final do ciclo da cultura determinou os componentes de produção (massa de 20 capulhos, massa de 100 sementes, % de fibra e produtividade) e análise de macronutrientes no solo em diferentes profundidades, após a colheita. A calagem proporcionou acréscimos nos teores de Ca, Mg, aumentou os valores de Soma de Bases (SB) e V% . A calagem aumentou o pH do solo, assim reduzindo os teores de Al de H+Al. O gesso não altera o pH do solo, porém a gessagem associada com adubação aplicada à lanço reduziu H+Al e Al, aumentou os valores de SB, além do teor de Ca. O teor foliar de Mg foi alterado pela calagem, sendo que a gessagem proporciona aumentos no S foliar do algodoeiro / Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the efficiency of the limestone, and gypsum in the ground tillage of cotto crop was submitted to different methods of fertilizer application in the sowing. The esperiment was developed in the experimental Farm of the São Paulo State University FE/Unesp, located in the city of Selvíria-MS (20º22' S and 51º22' W and 335 altitude m, in Dark Red Latossol with midian texture. The experiment design delineation was te completely blocks in the sysytem factorial 4 X 3 with the first factor: lamestone and gypsum application with four types; a) limestone, b) gypsum, c) limestone + gypsum and d) control. And the second factor was: a) fertilizer on the ridge, b) fertilizer moad carled, and c) control. With 4 repetition. At 85 days after sowing the leasf content of nutrients was evaluated. In the harvest, the production componets (mass of 20 bolls weight, weight of 100 seeds, % of lint and yield, and soyl analizing in different depths were colhected. It's concluded that levels of Ca, Mg, K, SB and value V% and pH in the soil and reduce Al and H+Al. Gypsum does not modify pH. The foliar levels of Mg was modified by the limestone and the gypsum provides the increase in the foliar S of the cotton plant / Mestre

Sadie Jane is a novella set in the town of Gypsum, a fictional location in rural Kentucky. The introduction covers the inspiration for the novella, which is based on Southern storytelling traditions and features the adventures of Sadie Jane, an independent octogenarian who returns to her hometown after many years. Sadie experiences the internal challenges of regrets and grief as well as the external challenges of busybodies and car thieves before finding her place in the community.

I ett parterningprojekt mellan Midroc Project Manangement (MPM) och Väsbyhem om att bygga 190 hyreslägenheter togs beslutet att mura badrummen med Webers Leca-sten istället för att bygga dem på konventionellt sätt med gips.   Denna jämförelse redovisar framförallt fördelar men även nackdelar med detta val. En förkortad entreprenadtid kan väga upp de ökade kostnader som valet att mura medför. Flertalet incitament för beställaren att välja murade badrum presenteras och backas upp av beräkningar och beskrivningar.   En lösning med murade badrum medför att det finns pengar att tjäna både för beställare och MPM. Det kräver dock en extra insats i och med ett ökat behov av planering och produktionsledning. De positiva effekterna överväger dock detta tydligt. / In a construction project to build 190 apartments ordered by Väsbyhem and built by Midroc Project Management (MPM) the decision to use Webers Leca bricks for the bathroom instead of gypsum wallboard was taken.   This comparison shows on the benefits from this decision but also presents some of the disadvantages. A shorted building time could outweigh the increased costs of bricking the walls. Several incitemen is presented and backed up with calculations and descriptions to make this decision.   The choice to brick the walls opens a possibility to make money for the orderer as for Midroc. Extra work in the planning process and production management is minor to the positive effects.

Drywall board-based structures, a competent and cost-effective method of providing flexible partitioning assemblies in commercial and residential houses, are now widely used as walls or ceilings. However, the gypsum-based drywall that has been used in construction is not water-resistant and can create problems such as mold growth and structural defects. The aim of this study is 1) to develop a new sandwich panel with better physical and mechanical properties using locally sourced materials 2) to investigate the long-term hygrothermal performance of the new sandwich panel through using a numerical simulation. The sandwich panel is composed of two different thicknesses of kraft-paper honeycomb core bonded to two cementitious panels with silicone-based adhesive. The experimental results show that the sandwich panel with a thicker core has lower thermal conductivity and higher flexural strength compared to the gypsum-based drywall. The heat and moisture performance of two wall structures were performed using the WUFI Pro simulation program. The results of the modeling analysis present that wall assembly with gypsum-based drywall has higher water content than multilayer sandwich panel. In addition, the multilayer sandwich panel shows a 4.6% lower annual heat flow compared to the reference wall.

The following project work studies trusses and roof structures and their performance during a fire in terms of rules and requirements that needs to be considered. Determination of how resistant truss or roof construction is still heavily dependent on the subjective experience and assessment of professional. It means that nowadays stages of this defining of fire resistance of roof/truss are still in need of clarification. The load combination for accidental load is compared to the ultimate limit state during the fire and it was showed that the loads were lower. The strength of timber during the fire was calculated by the two methods. Calculations by both methods revealed that timber used in construction can withstand fire by 0 minutes. However, fire resistance of the wooden materials can be improved by different techniques that were described in this study. The biggest improvement of fire resistance can be achieved with the help of covering - gypsum boards and rockwool, or even with wooden covering if lower protection is needed. As well, many fire-retardant treatments were developed that can improve wood performance during fire by slowing down the spread of fire, by limiting the building up of smoke and other volatiles. Instead of fire-retardant treatment fire retardant paints can be used too. This study showed stages of establishing fire requirements of wooden roof structures by two examples. In this study, two calculations were performed for two different house types, a family house, and an apartment building, to compare the difference between normal load dimensioning and fire load dimensioning. In the fire load dimensioning method, two different times were considered - R30 and R60 load capacity. When calculating the normal load dimensioning, it has been shown that an unprotected truss has no fire resistance, and that the truss has a fire resistance, with respect to bearing capacity, which corresponds to R0, which means that it must be protected for the required time. / Samhällsbyggnad / Husbyggnad / Konstruktion

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / South African power stations generate large amounts of highly alkaline fly ash (FA). This waste product has a serious impact on the environment. Acid mine drainage (AMD) is another environmental problem associated with mining. AMD has high heavy metal content in addition to high SO/- concentrations. Several studies have shown that 80-90 % of SO/- can be removed when FA is codisposed with AMD rich in Fe and AI. In South Africa, many sources of contaminated mine waters have circumneutral pH and much lower concentrations of Fe and Al (unlike AMD), but are rich in Ca, Mg and SO2-4. This study evaluated sol removal from circumneutral mme water (CMW) collected from Middleburg coal mine using coal FA collected from Hendrina power station. The following parameters were investigated: the effect of the amount of FA, the effect of the final pH achieved during treatment, the effect of the initial pH of the mine water and the effect of Fe and Al on SO/- removal from mine water. The precipitation of ettringite at alkaline pH was evaluated to further reduce the SO/- concentration to below the DWAF limit for potable water. Removal of sol from mine water was found to be dependent on: the final pH achieved during treatment, the amount of FA used to treat the mine water and the presence of Fe and Al in the mine water. Treatment of CMW using different CMW:FA ratios; 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, and 2:1 resulted in 55, 60, 70 and 71 % SO/- removal respectively. Treatment of CMW to pH 8.98, 9.88, 10.21, 10.96, 11.77 and 12.35 resulted in 6, 19, 37, 45, 63 and 71 % SO/- removal respectively. When the CMW was modified by adding Fe and Al by mixing with Navigation coal mine AMD and treated to pH 10, 93 % SO/- removal was observed. Further studies were done to evaluate the effects of Fe and Al separately. Treatment of simulated Fe containing AMD (Fe-AMD) to pH 9.54, 10.2, 11.8, and 12.1 resulted in 47, 52,65, and 68 % SO/- removal respectively. When Al containing AMD was treated to pH 9.46, 10.3, 11.5 and 12 percentage SO/- removal of 39, 51,55 and 67 % was observed respectively. Ion chromatography (IC), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission (ICP-AES) analysis of the product water, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry analysis of FA and solid residues collected after treatment of mine water complemented with PHREEQC thermodynamic modelling have shown that the mechanism of S042 - removal from mine water depends on the composition of the mine water. The sol- removal mechanism from CMW was observed to depend on gypsum precipitation. On the other hand sol- removal from mine water containing Fe and Al was dependent on the precipitation of gypsum and Fe and Al oxyhydroxysulphates. The oxyhydroxysulphates predicted by PHREEQC as likely to precipitate were alunite, basaluminite, ettringite, jarosites and jurbanite. Treatment of CMW with FA to pH 12.35 removed sol- from 4655 ppm to approximately 1500 ppm. Addition of amorphous AI(OH)3 to CMW that was treated to pH greater than 12 with FA was found to further reduce the sol concentration to 500 ppm which was slightly above the threshold for potable water of 400 ppm. The further decrease of sol concentration from 1500 to 500 ppm was due to ettringite precipitation. Mine water treatment using FA was found to successfully remove all the major elements such as Fe, AI, Mn and Mg to below the DWAF limit for drinking water. The removal of the major elements was found to be pH dependent. Fe and Al were removed at pH 4-7, while Mn and Mg were removed at pH 9 and 11 respectively. The process water from FA treatment followed by gypsum seeding and addition of AI(OH)3 had high concentration of Ca, Cr, Mo and B and a pH of greater than 12. The pH of the process water from FA treatment followed by gypsum seeding and addition of AI(OH)3 was reduced by reacting the process water with CO2 to 7.06. The process water from the carbonation process contained trace elements such as Cr, Mo and B above the DWAF effluent limit for domestic use. Carbonation of the process water reduced the water hardness from 5553 ppm to 317 ppm due to CaC03 precipitation, thereby reducing the Ca concentration from 2224 ppm to 126 ppm.

La notoriété du plâtre de Paris dépasse les frontières de la France, son utilisation pour le moulage, la sculpture, les décors architecturaux associés aux productions artistiques françaises lui donnèrent ses lettres de noblesse. Le plâtre est avant toute chose un des matériaux les plus utilisé dans la construction francilienne, et l’un des plus visibles. La moitié des bâtiments parisiens et une grande partie du bâti historique d’Île-de-France offrent encore à la vue du passant des façades enduites en plâtre, datant d’entre le XVIIe siècle et le milieu du XXe siècle. Cependant, les enduits de plâtre sont confondus avec des enduits de ciment ou de chaux, sont appelés à tort plâtre-et-chaux et sont parfois recouverts de peintures épaisses qui brouillent leur observation. De ce fait, les enduits, souvent qualifiés d’ouvrages constructifs mineurs, sont peu étudiés et le plâtre reste un matériau encore ignoré malgré un regain d’intérêt de la part des chercheurs sur les matériaux « pauvres » tels que la chaux ou la terre. Les enduits au plâtre ont pourtant une valeur autre qu’historique et technique. L’esthétique de leur riche ornementation qui cisèle les parements d’ombre et de lumière, mais également leurs couleurs et leurs textures, participent pour beaucoup aux ambiances urbaines. Cette étude se propose d’explorer le déclin de l’utilisation du plâtre en façade à travers l’analyse d’un corpus de soixante édifices soit une centaines de façades décrites et intégrées à une base de données et à un Système d’Information Géographique (SIG). Les enduits observés couvrent trois siècles, de l’âge d’or de la pratique au XVIIe siècle jusqu’à la disparition des savoir-faire suite aux grands conflits du XXe siècle, en passant par les changements drastiques dans la fabrication des matériaux lors de la révolution industrielle. La lecture des traités de construction, des journaux, des brevets d’invention et l’étude de devis de maçonnerie et de procès-verbaux d’experts du bâtiment complètent la recherche de terrain par une étude historique. De 1667 aux années 1980, l’usage du plâtre en extérieur est décortiqué à travers l’évolution de l’extraction, de la fabrication, de la mise en œuvre du plâtre et de la conception des façades. La thèse explore comment, de matériau incontournable à la construction, le plâtre est peu à peu relégué aux décors intérieurs au fur et à mesure de l’altération de sa qualité et de la disparition des savoir-faire locaux. / Plaster of Paris’ notoriety exceeds France’s national borders, its use in moulding, sculpture, architectural ornaments in French artistic production built its reputation. Beyond plaster for moulding, gypsum plaster is one of the most used materials for building construction in the Paris area, and one the most obvious one. In fact, half of Paris ancient buildings and a large part of historical buildings in the region Ilede-France have facades covered with gypsum-based renders and ornaments. However, gypsum renders are still mistaken with lime or cement renders, people call them gypsum-and-lime renders and most of them are covered by thick layers of recent paints, making their observation difficult. Renders are often qualified as minor items in the construction field and are not studied much, while external gypsum plaster is still mostly ignored even though there is a renewal for this kind of materials thanks to wider studies on the uses of earth and lime. Gypsum renders, though, have historical and technical values, but are also aesthetically pleasing. Their rich ornamentation carves facades with lights and shadows, colors and textures. The skin of the buildings shapes the urban atmosphere.Our study will explore the rise and fall of external gypsum renders through the analysis of sixty buildings and one hundred facades which have been put into a database and a Geographical Information System (GIS). The studied facades have been built and rendered over three centuries, from the golden age of the seventeenth century to the loss of know-how in the second half of the twentieth century. The period of the industrial revolution is carefully analyzed as the industrial sector experienced drastic changes in the process of making plaster. This fieldwork is completed with historical research based upon the readings of construction treatises, newspapers, invention patents, building cost estimates and building experts’ statements from various centuries. The use of external gypsum renders is analyzed from 1667 until 1980, through the evolution of the extraction, production and execution processes as well as building conception. This report expresses how gypsum plaster was an essential material for construction and slowly became a fragile one, only good to use in decoration and internal works, as its legendary good quality deteriorated and local know-how disappeared.

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