By paying attention to the habitual register of politics this dissertation has sought to contribute to the theoretical literature on democratic citizenship. More precisely, I offer a more complex account the moral psychology of political agency presumed by the turn to ethics within democratic theory. The central question of this dissertation is how do citizens come to feel empowered to act on their convictions in politics? Political theorists often celebrate civic action as spontaneity and willfulness, and at the same time lament the agency-foreclosing complexity and fragmentation of late-modern politics. Drawing out this tension in Michel Foucault’s analysis of docility and transgression I argue that a middle path between disembodied autonomy and docile passivity is articulated in the moral psychology found in William James’s account of habit. The study makes this case by looking at three episodes of the foreclosure and recovery of action in James’s thinking: his engagement with Darwinian science and his nervous breakdown in the 1870’s and 80’s; his critique of democratic docility and debate on strenuousness with Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American war; and the cynical adaptation of James’s psychology by the democratic realism of Walter Lippmann in the 1920’s. In each case I argue that James’s lively account of habit as a force of unruly spontaneity functions as a therapy of action against feelings of powerlessness, docility, and incompetence constrain democratic conviction. The result is at once a novel continuation of the American tradition of democratic individualism and a contribution to the contemporary debates on the democratic ethics of self-making.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Community Medicine, 1988. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 215-236).

Issued also as Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Minnesota. / Bibliography: p. 390-396.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1965. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: 3 l. at end.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-102).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

"This report is submitted in partial requirement for the award of the Master of Public Health at the University of Queensland" Thesis (M.P.H.) - University of Queensland, 2004. / Includes bibliography.

RESUMO Introdução. O tabaco é, mundialmente, uma relevante causa prevenível de morte. O hábito de fumar, na maioria das vezes, estabelece-se na adolescência. Considerando-se a prevalência de tabagismo e o potencial de seu crescimento, entre os jovens brasileiros, justifica-se o presente estudo que visa a embasar programas abrangentes de controle do tabagismo. Objetivo. Identificar fatores associados ao tabagismo em estudantes de 13 a 15 anos de idade, nas capitais dos três estados da Região Sul do Brasil. Métodos. Foram utilizados dados secundários provenientes do Inquérito de Tabagismo em Escolares, relativos a Curitiba, Florianópolis e Porto Alegre, em 2002 e 2004. A população compreendeu adolescentes de 13 a 15 anos, cursando as 7a. e 8a. séries, do ensino fundamental, e primeira, do ensino médio, de escolas públicas e privadas. Coletou-se a informação por meio de um questionário auto-aplicável e anônimo. Consideraram-se tabagistas os que informaram ter fumado em um ou mais dias, nos últimos trinta dias. Para análise, foram estimados proporções ponderadas e os respectivos intervalos com 95% de confiança e aplicadas técnicas de regressão logística múltipla por meio do programa computacional SPSS?, para detectar os principais fatores associados ao vício de fumar. O nível de significância adotado foi de 10% (? <= 0,10). Resultados. A prevalência de fumantes entre esses escolares variou de 10,7% em Florianópolis a 17,7% em Porto Alegre e foi sempre mais elevada, entre as meninas. Observou-se, nas três capitais, que as proporções entre estudantes fumantes foram maiores na presença de pai fumante, mãe fumante ou ambos fumantes, amigo fumante, exposição à fumaça ambiental em casa e fora de casa, de possuidores de objetos com o logotipo de marca de cigarros e que receberam mais freqüentemente oferta gratuita de cigarros, comparativamente às dos não fumantes. Conclusões. Entre escolares residentes nas capitais do Sul do Brasil, a prevalência de tabagismo é elevada, e os fatores comuns associados ao tabagismo, estatisticamente significantes, foram possuir indivíduos fumantes como melhores amigos e estar exposto à fumaça ambiental, fora de casa. / ABSTRACT Introduction. Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide and adolescents are at a great risk to initiate the smoking habit. The prevalence of tobacco use and its potential growth among Brazilian school youth justify this work, which intends to subside a comprehensive tobacco control program. Objective. To identify relevant factors associated with the tobacco use among students aged 13 to 15 years, in the capital cities of the three States of the Brazilian South Region. Methods. Sample data was obtained in the Global Youth Tobacco Survey, related to Curitiba, PR, Florianópolis, SC, and Porto Alegre, RS, in 2002 and 2004. Adolescents 13 to 15 years, attending the 7th, the 8th grades and the 1st grade of highschool of private and public schools, have composed the study population. Data was collected through an anonymous and self-administered questionnaire. Those who smoked at least one day within the last 30 days were considered smokers. For the statistical analysis of the results, weighted proportions and their respective confidence intervals of 95%, as well as multinomial logistic regression model were applied through the SPSS?, a computer statistical program. The level of significance adopted was 10% (? <= 0.10). The smoking prevalence among the students varied from 10.7% in Florianópolis, SC, to 17.7% in Porto Alegre, RS, and was higher among girls. In the three capitals, the proportion of smokers was higher among those whose mother, father, both parents or best friends had the smoking habit; also, the occurrence of smokers was higher among students exposed to tobacco smoke environment (at home or outside); the same situation was detected among the students who owned objects with a cigarette brand logo, or if more often were offered free cigarettes. Conclusions. Among school youths living in the three capitals of the states of the South of Brazil, it was estimated high prevalence of smokers and the factors statistically associated with the tobacco use were presence of best peer friends addicted to the smoking habit and environmental exposition to the smoke outside home.

According to the Bruntland Commission, sustainable development requires consumers in industrialized nations to reduce significantly their consumption of resources. This research brings a new perspective to the reduction of discretionary consumption, using both theoretical and empirical approaches. Demarketing programs have often been unable to achieve sustained reductions in consumption. It is argued here that they have incorrectly treated demand reduction as a variation on the usual marketing problem of building demand, when it is (1) more complex than typical marketing problems, and (2) essentially similar to clinical habit change problems. The dissertation reviews the literature on habits and automated processes, introduces the concept of “habit-like” behavior, and argues that reducing discretionary consumption can often be framed as a habit-change problem. The Prochaska and DiClemente (1984) Revolving Door Model of Behavior Change (RDM) describes how people change habitual behaviors in clinical situations. Study 1, an energy conservation (cold water laundry washing) survey (n=340), using a decisional balance framework, indicated that the RDM generalizes to demarketing situations and that it is consumers’ perceptions of the importance of disadvantages, not advantages, that influence consumption reductions. The research develops new theory to explain habit-like behavior changes. Based on previous theory and findings on automated processes, it is proposed that changing habit-like behavior proceeds in three steps: de-automation, volitional behavior change, and consolidation. Study 2 was a laboratory experiment (n= 117) in which two demarketing approaches (the traditional approach and the habit-change approach) competed in two situations (when the consumption behavior targeted for change was under volitional control, and when it was habit-like). Contrary to expectations, a persuasive message supplemented by limited practice of the new behavior was more effective when the old behavior was volitional than when it was habit-like, suggesting that the disadvantages of changing are more evident to people whose behavior is habit-like. There are two important practical implications: that (1) segmentation based on the RDM stages of change may be more powerful than other approaches; and (2) it is more important to address disadvantages of reducing consumption than to emphasize advantages. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

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