archives@tulane.edu / Using newly discovered sources from Spanish and French archives, “Subjects of the King: Royalism and the Origins of the Haitian Revolution, 1763-1806,” re-examines the social, political, and cultural history of the Haitian Revolution. Specifically, I explore the royalist origins of the August 1791 slave revolts in the French colony of Saint Domingue that sparked the famous 1791-1804 Revolution. In addition to tracing the movements of multilingual border crossers of uncertain loyalty, I document a royalist counterrevolutionary movement that sought to destroy the republican ideals of the French Revolution and restore Louis XVI to the throne. The current scholarly consensus posits that important causal factors in igniting the revolts were French Republicanism and Enlightenment-era abolitionism. I do not refute these claims, but I contest their centrality, filling a historiographical void by pointing to royalism, a venerable phenomenon with African as well as European roots, as a counterintuitive emancipatory model. I show that Saint Dominguan revolutionaries were part of a long-entangled history on the shared island of Hispaniola within which African descendants acted as pivot points between the two colonies, often crossing the border and manipulating both French and Spanish institutions. In doing so, they fashioned a multifaceted royalist viewpoint that paradoxically depended on monarchical articulations of rights and freedoms. Ultimately, my study calls upon scholars to rethink the way in which the enslaved in Saint Domingue conceptualized freedom, challenging the assumption that royalism was a rigid historical counterpoint to Enlightenment ideals. / 1 / Jesus G. Ruiz

Architecture is a functional art with numerous competing requirements. What are the roles for limitations in architecture? Is it enough to simply make a "good building"? Can architecture spring solely from that which is required, or is more necessary? / Master of Architecture

Increasing modernization in military technology and methodology occurred during the beginning of the twentieth century. These changes had a direct effect on how U.S. Marines practiced military intelligence during the occupation of Haiti from 1915- 1934. The use of military intelligence had an impact on the outcome on the occupation but was not the only factor that contributed to U.S. military victories. My thesis explains that the improvement of intelligence methods used by Marines in Haiti occurred as a result of outside influence, changing circumstance in Haiti, and individual agency. Major failures had occurred that allowed resistance to grow unchecked in the Haitian countryside. With the introduction of full-time military intelligence officers and improved data documentation, the intelligence collected became more useful to Marine Corps leadership. The staff officers that assumed the roles of intelligence personnel created new forms for recording intelligence reports and made past intelligence more accessible to military command. Individual ingenuity led to the assassination of Charlemagne Peralte, the central leader of the caco revolt. This thesis discusses the intelligence innovation that occurred during the occupation of Haiti from 1915 to 1935.

In children, diarrheal disease can lead to malnutrition, poor growth, and increased risk of developing other infectious disease. With multiple cholera outbreaks, natural disasters damaging vital infrastructure, and political unrest, the health and safety of Haitians, especially children, is at risk. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationships between the outcome variable, diarrheal disease reporting in the last two weeks and predictor variable, source of drinking water, while accounting for additional characteristics such as region, type of place of residence, education level of the child’s mother, and toilet facility in the home. Demographic and Health Survey data from 2016-2017, collected from the mothers of households in Haiti, (n=10654) was requested and analyzed. To be included in the current analysis, respondents had to have answered whether they had any household diarrheal illness in the last two weeks and the type of water source they used, leaving an analytic sample size of 3,599 individuals. Characteristics of the population were described using weighted percentages and unweighted frequencies. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to examine factors associated with diarrheal disease in the last two weeks (yes/no). Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were reported. Nearly one quarter of households (24.40%) reported any diarrheal illness in the last two weeks. In the study’s final multivariate model, only region had a significant relationship with diarrheal illness. The regions of Nippes, Nord-Est, Nord-Ouest, Rest-Ouest, Sud, and Sud-Est all had lower odds of contracting diarrheal disease as compared to Aire-Metropolitaine. Children living in Sud-Est were 52.9% less likely to develop diarrheal disease in two weeks than those in Aire-Metropolitaine (OR=0.471, p=0.0061). In Rest-Ouest (OR=0.561, p=0.201), Nippes(OR=0.576, p=0.0420), and Nord-Est(OR=0.585, p=0.0327), children were 43.9%, 42.4%, and 41.5% less likely to develop diarrheal disease in the last two weeks, respectively, when compared to the Aire-Metropolitane region. Lastly, Nord-Ouest (OR=0.600 p=0.0371) and Sud (OR=0.605, p=0.0463). were both approximately 40% less likely than the reference group, Aire-Metropolitan. The statistical analyses conducted calls for multiple interventions, one of which being an assessment of infrastructure and health in the region of Aire-Metropolitaine. The capital city of Haiti, Port-au-Prince, is located in this region and has experienced many natural diseases as of late, especially earthquakes. As a result, the damaged infrastructure associated with septic lines and water sources could be impacting the quality of sanitation of water in the city. Despite the results of this study, there were limitations. The most pertinent limitation involves the cross-sectional nature of this study, which means that causality between variables cannot be established. Furthermore, only about one third of respondents answered questions related to household diarrheal illness and water source, limiting the sample size. Future research should involve inspecting prevalence of diarrheal disease over time, especially in Port-au-Prince, in order to better understand potential relationships between causative factors and diarrheal disease. In addition to this, geographic analyses examining specific areas of Port-au-Prince could be conducted in an attempt to identify areas needing additional support and infrastructure within the Aire-Metropolitaine region.

Studies on the effects of immigration are becoming more important as the number of immigrants into the United States continues to grow. This study was implemented in order to discover the infant feeding practices and beliefs of Haitians living in Central Florida. A food frequency card sort and interview were conducted with thirty-four Haitian mothers. Mothers were asked to identify which foods they fed their children. Foods pictured on the cards included a majority of Haitian staple foods, some of which are primary to the American diet as well. Low food feeding frequencies were generally attributed to lack of access to foods or lack of funds. Inexpensive foods, such as rice and beans, which are staples to the Haitian diet, remain prevalent in infant feeding among Haitians living in the United States. However, more American starches like potatoes and cereals are replacing other Haitian staples, such as yams and yuca. This study suggests that dietary acculturation among Haitian Americans is occurring, but not rapidly in this population. Furthermore, women did not express a strong relationship between beliefs about particular foods and infant health.

Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses. / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-02

Restavek, French for "one who stays with", is a word used to describe child slaves in Haiti. These children are given away by their parents at a young age because of financial hardships or for hopes of life in the urban areas to be better than life in the rural areas. The Restaveks, far from their family and anyone they know, end up as slaves without access to education, healthcare, and sometimes food. As a result, many of these children suffer from malnutrition, abuse, and illnesses. The majority of Restaveks are young girls. In the communities, they are shunned and seen as the outcasts or burdens on society. This paper presents Restaveks, an empowerment education curriculum, and the Haitian education system as a whole in order to create a week-long unit plan to empower and encourage these children. The goal of this curriculum is to empower 8-12 year old Restavek girls to assist them in creating a positive self-image and to allow them to work toward a better life. By providing education and empowerment to these girls, the system of slavery could be ended, and all people would be seen as equals.

No description available.

ABSTRACTIn the last decade, celebrities’ philanthropic activism has emerged into the global phenomena. In order to raise the awareness about the global problems and suffering of others, as well as increase public funding of humanitarian organizations, celebrity figures are becoming ever more representative for the humanitarianism issues between the global North and South. Whereas celebrity interventions were previously considered to be important for media studies only, growing body of academic research admits it significance for the international development studies and global issues of communication. Through analysis of the most prominent researchers in the field of celebritized involvement in the global development, as well as independent discourse and semiotic analysis, this thesis proves the emergence of celebrities as new global actors of the development. The main objective of this paper is to both evaluate and debate on how celebritized humanitarians are depicted in the media in comparison to Haitians in immediate aftermath of earthquake in 2010. The results show that despite good intentions, the analysis shows that the images, which are being manifested by the celebrities within the North-South relations, are heavily criticized for inhibiting the development of Haiti and expanding the global inequality. Nevertheless, celebrities are not acting in own interests only and are suppose to present themselves in accordance to political forces and societal frames of reality of the global North.

Introdução: O estudo analisou de que forma as principais organizações humanitárias atuam na Promoção da Saúde no Haiti. A pesquisa esteve focada em três instituições de grande porte, selecionadas a partir do relatório da Global Genebra (2015), consultoria filantrópica reconhecida mundialmente na avaliação de organizações de ajuda humanitária, que são, segundo o documento, (1) Comitê Internacional da Cruz Vermelha, (2) Médicos sem Fronteiras e (3) Partners in Health. Buscou-se compreender de que forma essas entidades estão inseridas no contexto da globalização neoliberal, que remonta à mercantilização da saúde e ao enfraquecimento do Estado, e de que maneira se relacionam com a pluralidade de atores sociais em saúde. Objetivos: O objetivo geral desta pesquisa consistiu em analisar de que forma as maiores organizações de ajuda humanitária atuam na Promoção da Saúde do Haiti, pela perspectiva dos princípios da Equidade, da Intersetorialidade, da Participação Social e da Sustentabilidade. Ademais, investigou-se se há evidências de posturas imperialistas nas ações das entidades humanitárias, unificadas sob o conceito de neoneocolonialismo neste estudo. Além disso, averiguou-se se é possível identificar transformações em longo prazo na comunidade haitiana, a partir da intervenção das três organizações selecionadas como representantes da atuação humanitária. Método: A tese assumiu base qualitativa e a coleta de dados foi realizada por revisão da literatura acadêmica, análise documental dos materiais fornecidos pelas próprias instituições, pelo governo haitiano e por organizações intermediárias, além de entrevistas com 15 colaboradores, incluindo dirigentes, das organizações. Resultados: Ao se considerar o aparato teórico e as entrevistas, constatou-se que as organizações aplicam os princípios da Promoção da Saúde de maneira incipiente e fragmentada, carecendo de um modelo estruturado e capaz de modificar o cenário haitiano em longo prazo. Em meio a lacunas e contradições, contudo, as organizações também trazem benefícios à comunidade haitiana e são reconhecidas pela população, principalmente ao se considerar as limitações do sistema de saúde haitiano. / The present study aimed to analyze how the main humanitarian organizations develops Health Promotion in Haiti, considering the current context of globalization and neoliberalism. The research was focused on three large institutions, selected from the Global Geneva Report (2015), worldwide philanthropic consultancy recognized in the evaluation of humanitarian aid organizations, which are (1) International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), (2) Doctors Without Borders (MSF) and (3) Partners in Health (PIH). The method used was a qualitative basis and the data collection was done by reviewing the academic literature. Documents were provided by the institutions, by the Haitian government and by intermediary organizations, especially on the internet. Furthermore, interviews were conducted with leaders and workers of the organizations. Therefore, from the perspective of Equity, Intersectoriality, Social Participation and Sustainability - which are among the principles of Health Promotion -, the main objective of the study was to analyze the existence of imperialist aspects in the actions of humanitarian organizations (pratice denominated neoneocolonialism in the study) and if there is a real transformation in the Haitian scenario, especially in long term, ideia aligned with the idea of Health Promotion. Considering the theoretical scope and interviews, it was verified that, although the organizations bring positive results to the Haitian community and its importance be recognized by the population, there are still essential gaps to guarantee permanence of actions in the country and to mitigate imperialism in Haiti.