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This thesis aims to interpret the construction of cultural identity of the Caribbean islands in Derek Walcott¡¦s The Haitian Trilogy: Henri Christophe, Drums and Colours, and The Haitian Earth. To rely on the postcolonial and cultural critics¡¦ study on mimicry, multiple voices and identity construction, I take the construction of cultural identity as a transitional process to fabricate a way to identify with the land that people live on. The colonial background and the postcolonial exploration in the Caribbean islands combined with its diverse racial components, the Caribbeans always experience the predicament in identity construction. Derek Walcott composes his writings from this complex environment and represents the identity formation through continuing observation and exploration. In Introduction, the historical context and the literary development in the Caribbean islands introduce the theme of history and cultural as the common consideration of Caribbean writers; therefore, among their writings, the construction of cultural identity situates a significant position in their writings. The Haitian Revolution plays a significant role in the cultural identity formation in the Caribbean literary writings, since it is the turning point to lead this area from colonization to postcolonial situation, and it inspires writers to review the historical incident and to rewrite the history that they, at this time, write by themselves. Derek Walcott¡¦s The Haitian Trilogy comes not from a planned writing sequel, but from spontaneously reiterative consideration of the Haitian Revolution as a means to write the history of one¡¦s own land and to construct the cultural identity from the self-articulation. Chapter Two¡XHenri Christophe examines the means of mimicry to loosen the colonial control over the colonized and furthermore subvert the colonial power. Chapter Three¡XDrums and Colours portrays the colonial and postcolonial subject relation by way of writing the colonial history and juxtaposing multiple voices of the different classes of characters. Chapter Four¡XThe Haitian Earth aims to demonstrate the struggle to free from the colonization in order to construct the cultural identity from the identification with the land rather than with the remorse of the suffering past. The conclusion collocates the above discussion about the trilogy for the transitional process of the cultural identity formation and illuminates Walcott¡¦s position on the construction of the cultural identity in the Caribbean islands and other similar areas.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-07-27T17:37:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Alex Donizete Vasconcelos - 2016.pdf: 3555804 bytes, checksum: ba2d619851f0a7b9f8c10bf2405d4fa2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-07-28T10:54:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Alex Donizete Vasconcelos - 2016.pdf: 3555804 bytes, checksum: ba2d619851f0a7b9f8c10bf2405d4fa2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-28T10:54:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Alex Donizete Vasconcelos - 2016.pdf: 3555804 bytes, checksum: ba2d619851f0a7b9f8c10bf2405d4fa2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-08 / This research was dedicated, in general terms, to establish the contours of certain identity, or, more precisely, of a long tradition of identity, that, engendered in the colonial period, characterized by a mainly negative and derogatory content of "being Haitian", that was structured and established throughout the country's history and, even today, influences in shaping the Haitians’ identities. Therefore, we look for scrutinizing the process of construction and assignment of such identities by means of the production and dissemination of an anti-Haitian discourse and ideology. For that, we carried out a discursive/ideological 'mapping' procedure, seeking, at first, to outline the contours of that Haitian identity tradition in its historiography and literature devoted to the theme, and secondly, to understand and to identify its manifestation in the media discourse produced and disseminated through the Haitian, Dominican and American newspapers, over the first ten years of the United Nations Mission for the Stabilization of Haiti (MINUSTAH) intervention, i.e., from 2004 to 2014. That way, our researches to showed, from a mapping process carried out in the nation´s historiography and literature linked to the subject, produced and reproduced in the long term - the recovery and appropriation of this tradition - their stigmas, stereotypes and practices – by the contemporary media discourse that addresses the historical, social, cultural, political or economic reality in Haiti, as well as the influence of that reality in shaping the contemporary Haitian identity. / Este trabalho de pesquisa foi dedicado, em linhas gerais, a estabelecer os contornos de dada identidade, ou, com mais acerto, de uma longa tradição de identidade, que, engendrada nos idos coloniais, caracterizada por um conteúdo predominantemente negativo e depreciativo do “ser haitiano”, estrutura-se e se estabelece ao longo da história do país, influenciando, ainda hoje, na conformação de suas identidades. Busca-se, portanto, perscrutar o processo de construção e atribuição dessas identidades por meio da produção e da disseminação de uma discursividade e de uma ideologia anti-haitianistas. Para tanto, procede-se a um ‘mapeamento’ discursivo/ideológico, procurando, por um lado, delinear os contornos dessa tradição de identidade haitiana na historiografia e na literatura dedicadas ao tema, e, por outro, perceber e identificar sua manifestação nos discursos midiáticos produzidos e disseminados por meio de jornais haitianos, dominicanos e estadunidenses, ao longo dos dez primeiros anos de intervenção da Missão das Nações Unidas para a Estabilização do Haiti (MINUSTAH), ou seja, no período de 2004 a 2014. Nossas pesquisas evidenciaram, dessa forma – a partir de um mapeamento realizado na historiografia e na literatura afeta ao tema, produzida e reproduzida na longa duração –, a retomada e a apropriação dessa tradição – de seus estigmas, estereótipos e práticas – por parte dos discursos midiáticos contemporâneos que abordam a realidade histórica, social, cultural, política ou econômica do Haiti, bem como a influência dessa na conformação das identidades haitianas contemporâneas.

This qualitative study investigated perceived barriers to the incorporation of Haitian immigrants in Florida into local politics and government. The theoretical framework for this study was Marschall and Mikulska's theory of minority political incorporation to better understand the political ambition of Haitian immigrants to emerge as candidates and voters toward achieving electoral success and a substantive representation. The research question addressed the lived experiences and perceptions of Haitian immigrants related to barriers to their political mobilization at district, state, and federal levels. A phenomenological study design was used with open-ended interviews of 10 Haitian Americans who lived in Florida for at least 3 years. Data were analyzed through a six phase thematic analysis, were categorized into themes and subthemes and were later coded to determine which ones best expressed the challenges that Haitian immigrants were facing. Results indicated immigration statuses, language, and poor knowledge of Haitian immigrants of U.S. politics as well as poor leadership and the absence of a communication platform as factors hindering the incorporation of Haitian immigrants into local politics and governments. Haitian-American leaders could benefit from the results of this study as they may develop a cohesive framework for citizenship drives, voter registration, community outreach, and literacy programs. The positive social change implications from this research include the view that Haitian immigrants are not a burden on the U.S. economy, but a potentially mature and attractive minority group with political value to U.S. lawmakers, district, state and presidential candidates.

This dissertation focuses on the experiences of Haitians living in France who are active in organizations seeking to benefit Haiti. Focusing on “hometown associations”—collectives formed by members of the diaspora who are generally from the same town, that engage in activities and projects for the benefit of their home country—my main question is how do a group of Haitians, committed to transnational engagement between France and Haiti, manage the challenges, pressures, and expectations in being a “diaspora” in light of the category’s increasing institutionalization? Previous research has examined the impact of hometown associations in nations such as Mexico, but I sought to understand their importance in the context of personal, national, and international agendas, agendas that often neutralize or undermine the purpose of hometown associations. Despite increasing attention by national and international policy makers citing diasporas as integral to the survival and growth of struggling nations, my research shows that there is little support given to such collectivities, especially in the case of the Haitian diaspora. I argue that diaspora as a category has become more institutionalized, and as a result is inhibiting progressive, grassroots change more that it empowers. My research hopes to highlight this trend so that policy makers and humanitarians can take a step back to better identify the future of diaspora as a geopolitical force for change in countries like Haiti, and gauge whether it can still function under the weight of its signification. / text

Contemporary population displacement trends are impacting cities located in developing countries in unprecedented ways. This scenario is reflected in the Mexican border town of Tijuana, which from May 2016 to January of 2017, experienced the massive arrival of Haitians seeking asylum in the United States. My thesis addresses the Haitians’ patterns of displacement and the actors involved in their migratory processes including governmental and non-governmental authorities in Mexico and the United States. Because of the complexity of displacement today, I argue that in order to comprehend patterns and responses to displacement, it is necessary to use a multi-scalar global perspective that addresses the relationship between time and space as well as the relationship between politics and power. Furthermore, I argue that the Haitians' arrival to the U.S.-Mexico border is an illustration of crisis migration, which views displacement as the result of a combination of social, political, economic, and environmental crises.

This study assessed the tumor size at the time of first presentation of Haitian breast cancer patients compared to Non-Haitian Black and White patient populations of a large safety net hospital as an objective measure of diagnosis and treatment delay. Studies have shown that race and ethnicity have an influence in determining the breast cancer stage, treatment, and mortality rates. However, when we looked at the rates of breast cancer, screening among Black subgroups, such as Haitian women, was assessed and remained unclear because national studies do not differentiate Haitians from other Black populations. Two population-based studies that investigated breast cancer screening among Haitian women suggest that screening rates among Haitian women are lower than that of White and Black women. For this reason, many studies are diagnosed at later stages. This study to aimed to improved patient education. In this IRB approved retrospective study used the hospital electronic medical records and the cancer registry of breast cancer patients treated between 2013-2015. Female and male patients with primary breast cancer treated with surgery, complete imaging and medical data sets were included; patients with recurrent breast cancer or incomplete data sets were excluded. Demographics/race/ethnicity, tumor type and stage, receptor status, onco-type, proliferation rate as well as tumor size by radiology and pathology were recorded. vii Statistical analysis using ANOVA, T-test, U-test and Kruskal-Wallis, compared mean and median tumor sizes. In this study only tumor size was analyzed and reported. The results show 57/125 (45.6%) Haitian Black patients, 27/125 (21.6%) Non-Hispanic White, 41/125 (32.8%), Non-Haitian Black were included in the initial analysis of this study. The mean tumor size of Haitian Black (mean=3.09 cm, SD 2.91; median=2.3cm) was significantly larger compared to Black (mean=2.07cm, SD=1.77; median=1.6cm; p=0.022) or White (mean=1.88, SD=1.26; median=1.4; p = 0.008) patients. There was no significant difference in tumor size between Non-Haitian Black and White patients. Haitian Breast Cancer patients present with significantly larger tumors when compared to other patient populations. Improved patient education and intensified out-reach programs are needed to counteract this marked delay in initial diagnosis and treatment. Education and socio-economic differences must be further evaluated and all possible cofactors are needed to determine the most effective interaction to counteract this disparity.

Cancer screening is useful for improving survival rates and treatment outcomes, which is why there are screening recommendations for the most prevalent types of cancer. Despite gains in the reduction of cancer-related mortality rate worldwide in the past few years, the Haitian community continues to experience high mortality rates due to cancer. The prevalence of prostate cancer in the Haitian population is among the highest worldwide at 767 per 100,000, with a mortality rate of 403 per 100,000. One of the causes may be the low prostate cancer screening rate in the Haitian community; however, no studies have been focused on an association between demographic factors within this community and the low prostate cancer screening rate. This study's purpose was to address this gap through a cross-sectional quantitative design using the health belief model as a theoretical framework and a convenience sample of 282 Haitian males. The rate of prostate cancer screening among Haitian immigrants living in Brooklyn was examined based on the demographic variables of age, income, and education. Participants' perceptions regarding prostate cancer screening were also evaluated based on the same variables. Loglinear, and binary logistic regression were used for data analysis. Although education was found to be the strongest and only significant predictor variable for prostate cancer screening participation within the target population, no conclusion could be drawn regarding the effect of the select variables on the participants' perceptions on prostate cancer screening. The implications for this study include increased knowledge for public health promotion initiatives and for those in the Haitian community working to reduce the morbidity and mortality rates due to prostate cancer.

Tuberculosis (TB) kills 1.7 million people each year, and 1/3rd of the world's population is estimated to have latent TB. It was once the deadliest disease in the United States but is now relatively rare and, if treated properly, it is curable. Migrants from TB-endemic countries, such as Haiti, are one source of TB transmission to the US, and the prevalence of TB remains high and is increasing in Little Haiti, Florida. Data on the knowledge and perceptions of Haitian immigrants and Haitian Americans about TB is inadequate. The purpose of this qualitative research was to study the TB-related knowledge, beliefs, and perceptions of Haitian Americans and Haitian immigrants living in Miami, FL. The health belief model formed the theoretical framework of this study. Thirty male and female Haitian American and Haitian immigrants were interviewed. Phenomenological research was used, and open coding was conducted to analyze the data. Results showed that a large majority of the participants in this sample were knowledgeable about the nature of TB - its spread, symptoms, seriousness, and how to get information about it, but many were concerned about the social stigma attached to having the disease. Recommendations include the development of outreach, education and prevention programs through doctors and other health care professionals, as well as religious and community leaders, in order to increase awareness of the disease, enhance access to treatment, minimize stigma and reduce the incidence of the disease.