Le support de la mobilité dans les protocoles réseaux existants est devenu primordial, à cause du nombre croissant d'utilisateurs de terminaux mobiles désirant garder une connexion constante au réseau, tout en se déplaçant librement à travers des segments de réseaux d'accès sans fil hétérogènes. Le protocole de routage dominant dans les architectures réseaux filaires est IP "Internet protocole". Ce protocole est en passe de dominer aussi le mode des réseaux sans fils. Ainsi, il est naturel d'introduire des mécanismes de gestion de mobilité basés sur IP, dont un processus de handover (passage d'une point d'accès radio à une autre point) efficace et flexible afin de garantir aux utilisateurs une qualité de service minimale de transmission des donnés. En effet, un handover inefficace génère de la latence, de la gigue et des pertes de paquets. La transmission des données est affectée et dégrade la qualité de services de l'application utilisant les services du réseau. Dans cette thèse, nous examinons et analysons d'abord la complexité et l'efficacité des principales techniques de handover et de gestion de mobilité basée sur IP. Les résultats de cette analyse seront ensuite exploités pour présenter finalement notre proposition de soft handover basé sur IPv6. Cette solution permettra l'extension de mobile IPv6 avec une gestion efficace, transparente et locale du multihoming. Bien sur la duplication des flux est bidirectionnel entre le réseau et le mobile et permet un changement de point d'accès au réseau sans perte de données. Nous analysons ensuite les performances de notre approche à travers des résultats de simulations. Ces simulations sont effectuées dans un simulateur développé par notre équipe nommé Gemini2. Cette partie inclut également une comparaison des performances par rapport au fast handover bicasting et Mobile IPv6 basique. Finalement, le dernier chapitre de la thèse inclut notre expérience de l'implémentation d'un prototype mobile multi interfaces et un testbed mobile IPv6 soft handover. Cette implémentation a comme but principal la validation de nos travaux. Ce banc de test nous permettra, en plus, d'analyser les performances du soft handover dans des conditions réelles et avec différents types d'applications et de flux multimédia.

<p>Adaptive antenna arrays have a great importance in reduction of the effect of interference and increase the capacity for the mobile satellite communication. Interference and multipath fading remain a main problem for reception of signals. These two problems obviously affect the overall capacity.  Adaptive antenna arrays in the handheld mobile apparatus will be the solution for the above two problems.</p><p> </p><p>Satellite mobile communication is one of the growing fields in the communication area where terrestrial infrastructures are unable or ineffective to supply. Maritime, aeronautical and land mobile are some of the applications. During natural disasters where ground services are stopped, mobile satellite communications has great importance. Following the hurricane season, the Asian Tsunami and the devastating Haiti earthquake, mobile satellite communications had played a great role to fill the communication gaps.  The satellites can be tracked automatically by adaptive antenna array when it moves in its orbital plane.</p><p> </p><p>In this thesis the methods that how the adaptive antenna array combats interferers is presented and simulated using MATLAB software. The performance of the adaptive antenna array is evaluated by simulating the directivity pattern of the antenna and Mean Square Error (MSE) graph for different scenario like Signal to Interference Noise ratio (SINR), number of iterations, antenna array elements and convergence factor (μ), assuming the signals are coming from different Direction of Arrival (DOA).</p><p> </p><p> </p>

This thesis addresses handoff issues in a WCDMA system with space-time block coded transmit antenna diversity. Soft handoff has traditionally been used in CDMA systems because of its ability to provide an improved link performance due to the inherent macro diversity. Next generation systems will incorporate transmit diversity schemes employing several transmit antennas at the base station. These schemes have been shown to improve downlink transmission performance especially capacity and quality. This research investigates the possibility that the diversity obtained through soft handoff can be compensated for by the diversity obtained in a transmit diversity system with hard handoff. We analyze the system for two performance measures, namely, the probability of bit error and the outage probability, in order to determine whether the improvement in link performance, as a result of transmit diversity in a system with hard handoffs obviates the need for soft handoffs.

Future Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) with high carrier frequencies and wide channels need a dense deployment of Access Points (APs) to provide good performance. In densely deployed WLANs associations of stations and handovers need to be managed more intelligently than today. This dissertation studies when and how a station should perform a handover and to which AP from a theoretical and a practical perspective. We formulate and solve optimization problems that allow to compute the optimal AP for each station in normal WLANs and WLANs connected via a wireless mesh backhaul. Moreover, we propose to use software defined networks and the OpenFlow protocol to optimize station associations, handovers and traffic rates. Furthermore, we develop new mechanisms to estimate the quality  of a link  between a station and an AP. Those mechanisms allow optimization algorithms to make better decisions about when to initiate a handover. Since handovers in today’s WLANs are slow and may disturb real-time applications such as video streaming, a faster procedure is developed in this thesis. Evaluation results from wireless testbeds and network simulations show that our architectures and algorithms significantly increase the performance of WLANs, while they are backward compatible at the same time.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva hur överrapporteringen fungerar mellan ambulanssjuksköterskor i Uppsala län och sjuksköterskor på akutmottagningen på Akademiska sjukhuset i Uppsala från mottagande sjuksköterskors perspektiv. Metod: Empirisk deskriptiv tvärsnittsstudie med kvantitativ ansats. 60 enkäter delades ut varav 33 besvarades. Det gav en svarsfrekvens på 55 %. Resultat: Sjuksköterskorna på akutmottagningen har delade meningar kring hur överrapporteringen fungerar med ambulanssjuksköterskorna. Majoriteten anser att överrapporteringen med dess riktlinjer kan förbättras och förtydligas. Likaså användandet av SBAR, som de flesta menar används delvis. Den faktorn som uppges påverka sjuksköterskorna mest vid mottagandet av en patient är arbetsbelastningen. Hög arbetsbelastning leder till stress vilket gör det svårt att fokusera på rapporten. Samtliga anser att deras fortsatta omhändertagande av patienten i någon grad blir påverkade av ambulanssjuksköterskornas bedömning. Slutsats: Bland sjuksköterskorna på akutmottagningen finns en önskan om att förbättra och förtydliga överrapporteringen och de riktlinjer och verktyg som föreligger som grund för överrapporteringen, till exempel SBAR. / Objective: To describe how the handover of a patient functions between ambulance nurses in Uppsala and nurses at the Emergency Department at Akademiska hospital in Uppsala from the perspective of the recipient nurses. Method: Empirical descriptive cross- sectional study with quantitative approach. 60 surveys were shared of which 33 were completed. The response rate was 55 %. Results: The nurses at the Emergency Department have different opinions about how the handover of a patient from the ambulance nurses functions. The majority find it necessary for the handover- process with its guidelines to be improved and explained. SBAR is partly used and the majority believe that the use of SBAR should be improved too. The key factor that has the most impact on the nurses during the handover- process is the work load. High workload leads to stress which makes it difficult to focus on the report. All nurses believe that their subsequent nursing to some extent is influenced by the assessments of the ambulance nurses. Conclusion: The nurses at the Emergency Department request an improved and explained handover- process and guidelines, for example SBAR.

Effective communication among clinicians is critical for patient safety. This multi-site observational study analyzes inter-clinician communication and interaction with information technology, with a focus on the critical process of patient transfer from the Emergency Department to General Internal Medicine. The study provides insight into clinician workflow, evaluates current hospital communication systems, and identifies key issues affecting communication. It suggests opportunities for improvement: • extending the role of the electronic patient record, • rendering it available on a mobile platform, • developing an improved paging system. It also identifies design trade-offs to be negotiated: • synchronous communication vs. reducing interruptions, • notification of patient status vs. reducing interruptions, • portability vs. screen size of mobile devices, • speed vs. quality of handovers, • information privacy vs. accessibility. The results inform the potential development of an intervention meeting seven principles: interconnectivity, context awareness, accessibility, redundancy, user customization, security, and intuitive user interfaces.

Effective communication among clinicians is critical for patient safety. This multi-site observational study analyzes inter-clinician communication and interaction with information technology, with a focus on the critical process of patient transfer from the Emergency Department to General Internal Medicine. The study provides insight into clinician workflow, evaluates current hospital communication systems, and identifies key issues affecting communication. It suggests opportunities for improvement: • extending the role of the electronic patient record, • rendering it available on a mobile platform, • developing an improved paging system. It also identifies design trade-offs to be negotiated: • synchronous communication vs. reducing interruptions, • notification of patient status vs. reducing interruptions, • portability vs. screen size of mobile devices, • speed vs. quality of handovers, • information privacy vs. accessibility. The results inform the potential development of an intervention meeting seven principles: interconnectivity, context awareness, accessibility, redundancy, user customization, security, and intuitive user interfaces.

La estandarización del esquema de acceso radio para los futuros sistemas de telecomunicación está a punto de ser una realidad. En el calendario propuesto por ITU para llevar a cabo la elaboración del estándar, se prevé que las primeras versiones de las especificaciones técnicas puedan estar disponibles a principios del año 2000. Pero la llegada de la tercera generación, conocida bajo el concepto IMT-2000 dentro de ITU y como UMTS en el ámbito europeo, no estsupeditada únicamente a la incorporación del nuevo sistema de acceso radio, sino que existe una marcada tendencia de migración de los sistemas móviles actuales hacia la provisión de los diferentes servicios y prestaciones ambicionados en el sistema IMT-2000/UMTS.Por tanto, el sistema IMT-2000/UMTS se plantea como una convergencia de diferentes sistemas y nuevas tecnologías que, paulatinamente, van armonizando sus características para poder llegar a conseguir una única plataforma global de telecomunicaciones. Y una de las directrices seguidas en dicha convergencia es la adopción de las denominadas técnicas de transmisión en modo paquete en sustitución de las actuales soluciones basadas en conmutación de circuitos. Algunos de los argumentos esgrimidos a favor de la incorporación de mecanismos de transmisión en modo paquete son los siguientes:* La posibilidad de realizar un uso más eficiente de los recursos radio disponibles. La asignación fija durante el transcurso de toda una conexión puede resultar completamente ineficiente para servicios a ráfagas o con tasas de transmisión fluctuantes.* Mayor flexibilidad a la hora de integrar tráfico de diferente naturaleza, como por ejemplo, voz, datos, deñales de vídeo, etc.* La mayor imbricación de las tecnologías de la información (IT), orientadas a paquetes, en las tecnologías de telecomunicaciones.* La integración paulatina de las redes de acceso móviles a una plataforma.

Överrapportering är en process då patientspecifik informa­tion förmedlas till sjuksköterskan i början av ett pass. Över­lämnande sjuksköterska formar innehållet i överrapporter­ingen efter det behov som framkommer under överrapporter­ingen. Kvaliteten i vården återspeglas av vårdkvalitet utifrån vårdindikatorer och patientens tillfredsställelse. Brister i över­­rapportering kan leda till skada eller till och med död för patienten, då information i överrapporteringen exempelvis är inkomplett. Syftet med studien var att belysa överrapporter­ingen mellan sjuksköterskor relaterat till kvalitet i vården. Studien utfördes som en litteraturstudie där resultatet grund­as på femton artiklar. Resultatet belyser överrapporter­ingen i tre kategorier nämligen tillvägagångs­sätt i över­rapporter­ing, överrapporteringens innehåll relaterat till kvalitet och prakt­iska och sociala aspekter på över­rapport­er­­­ing. Över­rapport­er­­ingen innehåller betydelsefull information som sjuk­sköter­skan använder i sitt arbete. Brister i överrapporter­ingen kan därför inverka i vårdarbetet och påverka kvaliteten på vården. Ett behov av ytterligare forskn­­ing på området är önskvärt, då det finns fler forskningsfrågor att utveckla. Över­rapporter­ingen bör även belysas i utbild­ningen till sjuksköterska, då detta skapar möjligheter för förändring i omvårdnadsarbetet. / Handover is a process where patient specific information is given at the beginning of each shift. The nurse that delivers the handover forms the content depending of the need that emerges during the course of the handover. Care quality is reflected by the quality of health care that emerges from care indicators and patient satisfaction. Deficiencies in handovers can lead to injury or even death for the patient when for example the information in the handover is incomplete. The aim of this study was to explore handovers between nurses related to the quality of care. The study was conducted as a literature review and the result is based on fifteen articles. The result illustrates handover in three categories, procedures in the handover, handover content related to quality and practical and social aspects of handover. Handover contains significant components that the nurse´s use in their line of work. Deficiencies in handovers may therefor affect nursing care and the quality of care. Further research in this area is needed, because the research is not well developed. Handovers should be highlighted in nurse education, because it creates opportunities for changes in nursing practice.

Adaptive antenna arrays have a great importance in reduction of the effect of interference and increase the capacity for the mobile satellite communication. Interference and multipath fading remain a main problem for reception of signals. These two problems obviously affect the overall capacity.  Adaptive antenna arrays in the handheld mobile apparatus will be the solution for the above two problems.   Satellite mobile communication is one of the growing fields in the communication area where terrestrial infrastructures are unable or ineffective to supply. Maritime, aeronautical and land mobile are some of the applications. During natural disasters where ground services are stopped, mobile satellite communications has great importance. Following the hurricane season, the Asian Tsunami and the devastating Haiti earthquake, mobile satellite communications had played a great role to fill the communication gaps.  The satellites can be tracked automatically by adaptive antenna array when it moves in its orbital plane.   In this thesis the methods that how the adaptive antenna array combats interferers is presented and simulated using MATLAB software. The performance of the adaptive antenna array is evaluated by simulating the directivity pattern of the antenna and Mean Square Error (MSE) graph for different scenario like Signal to Interference Noise ratio (SINR), number of iterations, antenna array elements and convergence factor (μ), assuming the signals are coming from different Direction of Arrival (DOA).