Diploma thesis is specialized in an engineering design of mobile equipment for the surface hardening. At first, overview of methods and instruments for surface hardening is introduced. Solution to the thesis is a proposial for any eventual options of contruction, appreciation and choice of a suitable option. Subsequently, particular parts of the equipment with design and check calculations are explicated. Constructional tasks were done in the SolidWorks program. Finally, an economical analysis is described.

No description available.

As the world becomes more focused on sustainability, there is increasing pressure on steel-bearing companies to improve their energy efficiency and reduce their carbon footprint. The heat treatment process accounts for about 25% of SKF's energy consumption, and it aims to achieve decarbonized operations by 2030 and the supply chain by 2050. Therefore, improving the energy efficiency of the heat treatment process can have significant economic and environmental benefits for the company. This thesis project aimed to conduct an energy mapping of different heat treatment processes at SKF to develop a methodology and standard key performance indicator for establishing energy performance and ensuring comparability between installations and processes. Three heat treatment processes were studied: through hardening, location A; case carburizing, location B; and surface induction hardening, location C. A detailed methodology and guidelines for carrying out energy mapping were developed. A standard key performance indicator known as Specific Energy consumption in kWh/kg at a particular utilization in % was set for comparisons among different heat treatment processes. Regression analysis was used to normalize the results. On the same utilization level, case carburizing, location B consumes more energy than through hardening, location A. Surface induction hardening, location C consumes 90% less than others and is less dependent on utilization. The carbon intensity in g CO2-eq/kg for greenhouse gas scopes 1, 2 and 3 were also studied. Case carburizing, location B had the highest climate impact due to the coal-based electricity mix of the country. Hence, the future availability of renewable electricity is critical when switching from gas to electricity across factories in SKF.

The thesis dwells about methodics of processing an order in the company: Hardening shop Frydrych s.r.o. while respecting all the demands on the technological process of thermal and thermo-chemical manipulation as annealing, tempering and cementing. On the bases of the analyse and documental procedures the thesis is unraveling a concept for elimination of absences in the sphere of processing the order also as booking, invoicing and evaluating.

The mechanical behaviour of the three advanced high strength steel grades, Docol 600DP, Docol 1200M and HyTens 1000, has been experimentally investigated under various types of deformation, and material models have been developed, which account for the experimentally observed behaviour. Two extensive experimental programmes have been conducted in this work. In the first, the dual phase Docol 600DP steel and martensitic Docol 1200M steel were subjected to deformations both under linear and non-linear strain paths. Regular test specimens were made both from virgin materials, i.e. as received, and from materials pre-strained in various directions. The plastic strain hardening, as well as plastic anisotropy and its evolution during deformation of the two materials, were evaluated and modelled with a phenomenological model. In the second experimental program, the austenitic stainless HyTens 1000 steel was subjected to deformations under various proportional strain paths and strain rates. It was shown experimentally that the material is sensitive both to dynamic and static strain ageing. A phenomenological model accounting for these effects was developed, calibrated, implemented in a Finite Element software and, finally,validated. Both direct methods and inverse analyses were used in order to calibrate the parameters in the material models. The agreement between the  numerical and experimental results are in general very good. This thesis is divided into two main parts. The background, theoretical framework and mechanical experiments are presented in the rst part. In the second part, two papers are appended.

Among the commercial aluminum alloys, aluminum 319 (Al-7wt%Si-4wt%Cu) type alloys are popularly used in automobile engine parts. These alloys have good casting characteristics and excellent mechanical properties resulting from a suitable heat treatment. To get a high strength in the 319 type alloys, grain refining, reducing the porosity, solid solution hardening, and precipitation hardening are preferred. All experimental variables such as solidification condition, composition, and heat treatment are influence on the precipitation behavior; however, precipitation hardening is the most significant because excess alloying elements from supersaturated solid solution form fine particles which act as obstacles to dislocation movement. The challenges of the 319 type alloys arise due to small size of precipitate and complex aging response caused by multi components. It is important to determine the chemical composition, crystal structure, and orientation relationship as well as precipitate morphology in order to understand the precipitation behavior and strengthening mechanism. In this study, the mechanical properties and microstructure were investigated using transmission electron microscopy and three dimensional atom probe tomography. The Mn and Mg effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties are discussed with crystallographic study on the iron intermetallic phases. The microstructural evolution and nucleation study on the precipitates in the low-Si 319 type aluminum alloys are also presented with sample preparation and analysis condition of TEM and 3DAP tomography.

A demanda por produtos mais econômicos, eficientes e menos poluentes faz com que a indústria automobilística invista em novos e melhores materiais e processos de produção. Assim, surgiu o processo de estampagem à quente chamado Press Hardening e seus produtos, os Press Hardened Steels. Esta classe de aços é capaz de produzir uma microestrutura totalmente martensítica durante o rápido resfriamento em prensa. Com o aumento da produção de peças por Press Hardening, evidenciou-se um grave problema: a suscetibilidade à fragilização por hidrogênio dos aços submetidos a esse processo. A ocorrência das chamadas fraturas retardadas induzidas por hidrogênio é relatada na literatura e uma pesquisa indica que microadições de nióbio ao aço 22MnB5 poderiam aumentar a resistência à fratura induzida por hidrogênio. Para estudar os efeitos do hidrogênio no aço 22MnB5, foram utilizadas seis diferentes composições A, C, CP, Ec, Ep e N (contém nióbio) em dois ensaios principais: ensaio de permeabilidade de hidrogênio e trincamento induzido por hidrogênio. A técnica de microdureza Vickers foi posteriormente utilizada para verificar possíveis efeitos do ensaio de permeabilidade de hidrogênio. Quatro das seis ligas receberam inicialmente o tratamento de press hardening e todas as seis apresentavam estruturas martensíticas nos ensaios de permeabilidade e trincamento. Por meio do método tlag, os parâmetros de difusão dos ensaios de permeabilidade foram calculados e comparados à literatura. As ligas CP e N apresentam os maiores valores de difusividade aparente de hidrogênio, menores valores de concentração máxima de hidrogênio e menores densidades de sítios de aprisionamento, sendo assim menos suscetíveis à fragilização por hidrogênio. Os ensaios de trincamento revelaram que as composições A, C e Ec apresentam trincas maiores do que as demais ligas, corroborando os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de permeabilidade (melhor resistência à fragilização por hidrogênio das ligas CP e N que contém Nb). Os ensaios de microdureza Vickers mostraram que não há redução na dureza após o ensaio de permeabilidade. Palavras-chave: A demanda por produtos mais econômicos, eficientes e menos poluentes faz com que a indústria automobilística invista em novos e melhores materiais e processos de produção. Assim, surgiu o processo de estampagem à quente chamado Press Hardening e seus produtos, os Press Hardened Steels. Esta classe de aços é capaz de produzir uma microestrutura totalmente martensítica durante o rápido resfriamento em prensa. Com o aumento da produção de peças por Press Hardening, evidenciou-se um grave problema: a suscetibilidade à fragilização por hidrogênio dos aços submetidos a esse processo. A ocorrência das chamadas fraturas retardadas induzidas por hidrogênio é relatada na literatura e uma pesquisa indica que microadições de nióbio ao aço 22MnB5 poderiam aumentar a resistência à fratura induzida por hidrogênio. Para estudar os efeitos do hidrogênio no aço 22MnB5, foram utilizadas seis diferentes composições A, C, CP, Ec, Ep e N (contém nióbio) em dois ensaios principais: ensaio de permeabilidade de hidrogênio e trincamento induzido por hidrogênio. A técnica de microdureza Vickers foi posteriormente utilizada para verificar possíveis efeitos do ensaio de permeabilidade de hidrogênio. Quatro das seis ligas receberam inicialmente o tratamento de press hardening e todas as seis apresentavam estruturas martensíticas nos ensaios de permeabilidade e trincamento. Por meio do método tlag, os parâmetros de difusão dos ensaios de permeabilidade foram calculados e comparados à literatura. As ligas CP e N apresentam os maiores valores de difusividade aparente de hidrogênio, menores valores de concentração máxima de hidrogênio e menores densidades de sítios de aprisionamento, sendo assim menos suscetíveis à fragilização por hidrogênio. Os ensaios de trincamento revelaram que as composições A, C e Ec apresentam trincas maiores do que as demais ligas, corroborando os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de permeabilidade (melhor resistência à fragilização por hidrogênio das ligas CP e N que contém Nb). Os ensaios de microdureza Vickers mostraram que não há redução na dureza após o ensaio de permeabilidade. / The demand for more economical, efficient and less polluting products makes the automobile industry invest in new and better materials and production processes. In this way, arose the hot stamping process called Press Hardening and its products, the Press Hardened Steels. This class of steels is capable of producing a fully martensitic microstructure during rapid cooling in the press. With the increase of the production of pieces by Press Hardening, a serious problem was evidenced: the susceptibility to the hydrogen embrittlement of the steels made by this process. The occurrence of the so-called hydrogen-induced delayed fractures is reported in the literature and a research indicates that micro-alloying of niobium to 22MnB5 steel may increase hydrogen-induced fracture resistance. In order to study the hydrogen effects on the 22MnB5 steel, were used six different compositions A, C, CP, Ec, Ep and N (which contains niobium) in two main tests: hydrogen permeation test and hydrogen induced cracking. The Vickers micro hardness technique was later used to verify possible effects of the hydrogen permeation test. Four of the six alloys received the press hardening processing and all six had martensitic structures in the permeability and induced cracking tests. By means of the tlag method, the diffusion parameters of the permeability tests were calculated and compared to the literature. The CP and N alloys present the highest values of hydrogen apparent diffusivity, lower values of maximum hydrogen concentration and lower densities of trapping sites, thus being less susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. The induced cracking tests showed that compositions A, C and Ec present higher cracks than the other alloys, corroborating the results obtained in the permeability tests (better resistance to hydrogen embrittlement of the alloys CP and N containing Nb). The Vickers microhardness tests showed that there is no reduction in hardness after the permeability test.

Oil Jet Cavitation Peening in Air (OPA) is capable of inducing compressive residual stress in standard aerospace materials. This paper demonstrates the process capabilities of OPA on Al 2024-T3. Specifically, changes in the workpiece residual stress, microhardness, mass loss and surface roughness are investigated as a function of the control parameters for the system. Additionally, the paper identifies a method to monitor the process in situ through the use of high frequency acoustic emission sensors. The results indicate the OPA process is capable of generating residual stresses comparable to those of standard shot peening, up to 60% of the yield strength of the material, at similar depths, around 300 µm. Finally, the acoustic emission signal may be utilized to monitor the process, specifically in predicting the microhardness and mass loss of the system.

Το αντικείμενο της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η ανάπτυξη μεθοδολογίας προσδιορισμού της κατανομής της σκληρότητας και του βάθους διείσδυσης της σκλήρυνσης που προκαλείται σε ένα εξάρτημα το οποίο έχει υποστεί Σκλήρυνση μέσω Λείανσης (Grind-Hardening). Η διεργασία Σκλήρυνσης μέσω Λείανσης είναι μία νέα επιφανειακή θερμική κατεργασία η οποία χρησιμοποιεί την θερμότητα που αναπτύσσεται στην ζώνη λείανσης για την θερμική κατεργασία του κομματιού. Η παρούσα διατριβή επικεντρώνεται στην ανάπτυξη μαθηματικών μοντέλων ικανών να προβλέψουν τα διάφορα χαρακτηριστικά της διεργασίας (δηλ. τη τοπογραφία της επιφάνειας του λειαντικού τροχού, τις δυνάμεις κατεργασίας, την παραγωγή και τον επιμερισμό της θερμότητας και την θερμοκρασιακή κατανομή). Τα μοντέλα αυτά συνδυαζόμενα επιτρέπουν τον προσδιορισμό της κατανομής σκληρότητας και του βάθος δι-είσδυσης της σκλήρυνσης συναρτήσει των παραμέτρων της διεργασίας και των χαρακτηριστικών του λειαντικού τροχού που χρησιμοποιείται. Παράλληλα, η εφαρμογή των μοντέλων αυτών οδηγεί σε χρήσιμα συμπεράσματα σχετικά με τα όρια εφαρμογής της διεργασίας. Μετά την επιβεβαίωση των θεωρητικών προβλέψεων, εξάχθηκε βάση δεδομένων υπολογισμού του βάθους διείσδυσης της σκλήρυνσης συναρτήσει της ροής θερμότητας στο κομμάτι και των παραμέτρων της διεργασίας. Η μεθοδολογία που αναπτύχθηκε εφαρμόστηκε για την περίπτωση σκλήρυνσης οδηγών κύλισης (raceway). Το σημαντικότερο συμπέρασμα που προκύπτει από την συγκεκριμένη διατριβή είναι ότι η διεργασία σκλήρυνσης μέσω λείανσης μπορεί να θεωρηθεί αρκετά «ώριμη» ούτως ώστε να μπορεί να εισαχθεί στην βιομηχανική πρακτική για την επιφανειακή σκλήρυνση εξαρτημάτων. Τα διάφορα χαρακτηριστικά της διεργασίας μπορούν να προβλεφθούν ενώ τέθηκαν οι βάσεις δημιουργίας ενός συστήματος παρακολούθησης και προγραμματισμού της διεργασίας. / The objective of the present study is the development of a methodology capable of predicting the hardness distribution and the hardness penetration within a grind-hardened workpiece. Grind-hardening is a novel-alternative surface hardening process that utilizes the heat generated in the grinding zone for the heat treatment of the workpiece material. The present work has employed analytical and numerical modeling techniques for describing the characteristics and output of the process, i.e. the topography of the grinding wheel, the process induced forces, the heat generation and partition and the temperature distribution within the work-piece. These models when coupled allow the estimation of the hardness distribution and the hardness penetration depth as a function of the process parameters and the characteristics of the grinding wheel. Additionally, through the process modeling, the process limitations are identified. After proving the validity of the theoretical predictions, the coupled models were utilized for the extraction of a data base providing the hardness penetration depth as a function of the heat flow entering the workpiece and the process parameters. The developed methodology was used for programming the grind-hardening of raceways. The main conclusion of this work is that grind-hardening process can be nowadays introduced in the industrial practice. The methodology developed, allows the prediction of the process outcome and can be used in the future for setting up an on-line monitoring system and / or develop an off-line process programming system.

19 Dec 2004. / Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "IS-T 1983" Fei Tang. 12/19/2004. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.