Sammanfattning   På uppdrag av Umeå Kommun och Vindelns Kommun tillsammans med Nenet (Norrbottens energikontor) samt med hjälp av Exergi B(y)rån genomförs energikartläggning av en bensinstation, då många tankstationer har en hög energianvändning i form av el till kylning, belysning och i förekommande fall av uppvärmning. Tankstationer är en viktig del av infrastrukturen och en central plats för många mindre orter. Att effektivisera byggnaderna och minska energianvändningen är ett sätt att säkerställa att dessa blir kvar på orten samt en del i Sveriges klimatmål. Att som företag jobba med energieffektivisering och hållbara transporter signalerar ut ett hållbarhetstänk som många gånger efterfrågas av kunderna. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att kartlägga en bensinstations energianvändning och se vilka möjliga åtgärder som finns samt väcka ett intresse hos stationens ägare kring dessa frågor. Ett annat syfte är att göra en lönsamhetskalkyl för att få ett bra underlag till beslut, hur återbetalningstiden ser ut och vad är långsiktigt bra att satsa på. Slutligen få en indikation på hur den framtida tankstationen kan komma att se ut enligt de verksamma koncernledningarna. Resultaten i kartläggningen visar en tydlig bild av en väldigt hög energianvändning på 1126 kWh/m2 och det finns stora energieffektiviseringspotentialer. Tankstationen använder komfortkyla p.g.a. värmegenerering som alstras från installationer är större än det som förloras via klimatskal, ventilation och infiltration (luftläckage). Genom att byta butiksbelysning, belysning i kylskåp och menyskyltar till LED-lampor kan internvärmen minskas samt att ventilationen optimeras, bland annat genom bättre styrning. En del av de föreslagna åtgärderna är installation av skymningsrelä/dimmer till inomhusbelysningen, rörelsedetektor i förråd, temperaturstyrning till värmekabeln i mark samt värmekabel till takrännor. Två större åtgärder som kan göras är att bygga en sluss vid ytterdörren och tilläggsisolera vinden. Det rekommenderas också att göra en stor översyn av anläggningens energisystem och modernisera samt optimera det och utnyttja synergieffekter i kyl- och värmebehov. / Abstract   This study was carried out on behalf of Umeå municipality and Vindeln municipality together with Nenet (Norrbotten Energy Agency) as well as with the help of Exergi B(y)rån to carry out the  energy mapping at a petrol station. Many petrol stations use a lot of energy due to electricity, heating, cooling and lighting. Petrol stations are an important part of the infrastructure, a central hub of today’s society. By mapping their energy the stations can become more energy efficient, save money and also save the environment. By promoting their own work on energy efficiency and by having information about sustainable transportation at the station they could and would inspire their customers. The aim of this thesis was to investigate a petrol station’s energy usage and see which measures that can be taken for efficient energy use as well as arising interest among other petrol station owners. Calculation of cost-benefits and what actions that can be taken also been included. This work also gives an indication on how future petrol stations will look like according to the owners of the stations. The result of the survey shows a clear picture of a high energy use of 1126 kWh/m2 and therefore there is a great potential of taking energy efficiency measures. The petrol station is using cooling system due to the heat generated from all installations which is higher than the heat loss which occurs through the climate shell, ventilation losses and air leakage. By switching to LED lights in the store, in refrigerators and in different signs the generated internal heat will decrease. It is important that the ventilation system is correctly optimized to prevent unnecessary losses both in heat and economically. Some of the proposed measures for energy efficiency are to install twilight relay/dimmer for inside lighting, motion sensors in the storage, using temperature control for the heating cable in the ground and roof & gutter de-icing cables. A major operation that can be done is to build an airlock in front of the entrance for the front door as well as adding extra insulation to the attic. A major overview and renewal of the building installations is recommended, taking advantage of synergy in cooling and heating demands. / Framtidens hållbara tankstationer

In light of pressing challenges including climate change and energy security, urban planners are increasingly being required to make decisions that can be attributed to reductions in energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Energy mapping is an emerging approach used to make improved energy-related decisions and predict energy performance, although at the time of writing, has not been applied within a Manitoban context. Informed by promising practice utilized in other Canadian locales, this research creates an energy mapping process for use in the City of Winnipeg’s residential sector. The Ebby-Wentworth neighbourhood is analyzed to develop and test the mapping process. The process begins with determining baseline energy use for the neighbourhood, and is then compared to three development scenarios, which include the use of retrofits, and new construction on an adjacent development site. The results of applying the energy mapping approach in Winnipeg demonstrates this to be a key decision-making tool for planners looking to make informed decisions related to energy-using equipment, building and site design, and land use and infrastructure. Recommendations include: increased use of the energy mapping approach as a decision-making tool through enhanced collaboration between federal and provincial authorities, municipalities, and utilities; incorporating energy considerations into the planning and development process through revised and updated energy legislation, policy and programming; and, further refining and testing of the energy mapping process designed for this research to develop a best-practice approach for mapping energy use within the Province of Manitoba.

As energy prices increase and the effect of global warming hits the world harder, the need of reducing our energy use, and by that decreasing our environmental footprint increases. According to the International Energy Agency the energy consumption hit a new record in 2019 with 419 EJ, corresponding to 36,6 Gt of carbon dioxide emissions. The building sector accounts for 40 % of the total energy consumption. According to the International Energy Agency, energy optimizing is the main key in the transit towards a more sustainable world and energy audits, or energy mapping, is in many cases the first step towards energy optimization. Sustainable Intelligence is a company working for long term, sustainable solutions for properties all over Sweden as well as Norway, Finland, Poland, and Latvia. Property automation is the main competence of the company. Another large sector at the company is the energy sector, where energy audits, energy declarations and energy consultations are made. This report aims to analyze the energy audit process of Sustainable Intelligence and hopefully find solutions to make their work more efficient. The study includes a case study where the energy audit process of Sustainable Intelligence was implemented and analyzed. The study showed that the current method used by SI has a good structure but that there is a room for improvements.

As the world becomes more focused on sustainability, there is increasing pressure on steel-bearing companies to improve their energy efficiency and reduce their carbon footprint. The heat treatment process accounts for about 25% of SKF's energy consumption, and it aims to achieve decarbonized operations by 2030 and the supply chain by 2050. Therefore, improving the energy efficiency of the heat treatment process can have significant economic and environmental benefits for the company. This thesis project aimed to conduct an energy mapping of different heat treatment processes at SKF to develop a methodology and standard key performance indicator for establishing energy performance and ensuring comparability between installations and processes. Three heat treatment processes were studied: through hardening, location A; case carburizing, location B; and surface induction hardening, location C. A detailed methodology and guidelines for carrying out energy mapping were developed. A standard key performance indicator known as Specific Energy consumption in kWh/kg at a particular utilization in % was set for comparisons among different heat treatment processes. Regression analysis was used to normalize the results. On the same utilization level, case carburizing, location B consumes more energy than through hardening, location A. Surface induction hardening, location C consumes 90% less than others and is less dependent on utilization. The carbon intensity in g CO2-eq/kg for greenhouse gas scopes 1, 2 and 3 were also studied. Case carburizing, location B had the highest climate impact due to the coal-based electricity mix of the country. Hence, the future availability of renewable electricity is critical when switching from gas to electricity across factories in SKF.

<p>3D scene reconstruction based on single-view images is an ill-posed problem since most 3D information has been lost during the projection process from the 3D world coordinates to the 2D pixel coordinates. To estimate the portion of an object from a single-view requires either the use of priori information such as the geometric shape of the object, or training based techniques that learn from existing portion sizes distribution. In this thesis, we present a single-view based technique for food portion size estimation.</p><p><br></p> <p>Dietary assessment, the process of determining what someone eats during the course of a day, provides valuable insights for mounting intervention programs for prevention of many chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes and heart diseases. Measuring accurate dietary intake is considered to be an open research problem in the nutrition and health fields. We have developed a mobile dietary assessment system, the Technology Assisted Dietary Assessment^TM (TADA^TM) system to automatically determine the food types and energy consumed by a user using image analysis techniques.</p><p><br></p><p>In this thesis we focus on the use of a single image for food portion size estimation to reduce a user’s burden from having to take multiple images of their meal. We define portion size estimation as the process of determining how much food (or food energy/nutrient) is present in the food image. In addition to estimating food energy/nutrient, food portion estimation could also be estimating food volumes (in cm³) or weights (in grams), as they are directly related to food energy/nutrient. Food portion estimation is a challenging problem as food preparation and consumption process can pose large variations in food shapes and appearances.</p><p><br></p><p>As single-view based 3D reconstruction is in general an ill-posed problem, we investigate the use of geometric models such as the shape of a container that can help to partially recover 3D parameters of food items in the scene. We compare the performance of portion estimation technique based on 3D geometric models to techniques using depth maps. We have shown that more accurate estimation can be obtained by using geometric models for objects whose 3D shape are well defined. To further improve the food estimation accuracy we investigate the use of food portions co-occurrence patterns. The food portion co-occurrence patterns can be estimated from food image dataset we collected from dietary studies using the mobile Food Record^TM (mFR^TM) system we developed. Co-occurrence patterns is used as prior knowledge to refine portion estimation results. We have been shown that the portion estimation accuracy has been improved when incorporating the co-occurrence patterns as contextual information.</p><p><br></p><p>In addition to food portion estimation techniques that are based on geometric models, we also investigate the use deep learning approach. In the geometric model based approach, we have focused on estimation food volumes. However, food volumes are not the final results that directly show food energy/nutrient consumed. Therefore, instead of developing food portion estimation techniques that lead to an intermediate results (food volumes), we present a food portion estimation method to directly estimate food energy (kilocalories) from food images using Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). We introduce the concept of an “energy distribution” for each food image. To train the GAN, we design a food image dataset based on ground truth food labels and segmentation masks for each food image as well as energy information associated with the food image. Our goal is to learn the mapping of the food image to the food energy. We then estimate food energy based on the estimated energy distribution image. Based on the estimated energy distribution image, we use a Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to estimate the numeric values of food energy presented in the eating scene.</p><p><br></p>

With new energy directives in place, the Swedish Social Service (SSS) stands before the challenge how to reduce the energy demand in its locales. It is a complex matter, as the locales are rented from various property owners and it becomes a question of how to reduce the operational electricity and influence the property owners to work more with energy efficiency. This thesis takes a balanced research approach in three parts. Firstly a qualitative part in form of interviews with personnel at the SSS and its property owners, secondly a quantitative part of descriptive nature in form of energy statistics and thirdly a literature review of Energy Management (EM) Supply Chain Management(SCM), Green Supply Chain Management(GSCM) and Enviromental Performance Indicators (EPI). This in order to be able to give normative recommendations of how the SSS should act to reduce its energy consumption in its locales and provide new insights on how EM, SCM, GSCM and EPI can be applied in effect. The results show that the Swedish Social Service should act in the following areas to control its energy efficiency: statistics and follow-up, locale strategy and operational electricity. To get efficient statistical material the SSS should update their registers of property owners, update guidelines for energy statistics reporting and continue with the same collection method for data (e-mail survey) to get continuity. The literature review and interviews show that a segmentation of suppliers (property owners) based on factors like area in property, good relations, area of local and energy performance indicators should be useful as to know how to distribute resources to enable energy efficiency. Finally, the study shows that various locales has high rates of idling loads and have a energy saving potential of 10-15%.

Byggnaden i undersökningen stod färdig i oktober 2016 och är belägen på Kvarnvägen 31 i Gemla. Syftet är att kartlägga energianvändningen och fastställa huruvida installation av solfångare är gynnsam. Målet är att kartlägga energiåtgången, redovisa förbättringsåtgärder och analysera de tekniska installationerna. Undersökningens metoder bestod av studiebesök, platsbesök, ritningsstudie och en okulärbesiktning med värmekamera. För att kartlägga och identifiera energiåtgången har modulering av klimatskal och installationer gjorts i VIP-Energy. Resultatet av energikartläggningen blev samma som den projekterade. Framtagen energideklaration gav byggnaden energiklass B. Att ha solfångare installerad visade sig vara teoretiskt energi- och kostnadseffektiv om de är kopplade enligt förslag. Det befintliga ventilationssystemet i byggnaden är teoretiskt fördelaktig för både avrostning och föruppvärmning. Förbättringsförslagen är att justera solfångarvinklen samt att koppla om värmetillförseln som erhålls av solfångarna. / The building in this survey was completed in October 2016 and is located at Kvarnvägen 31 in Gemla. The purpose of the study is to map the energy consumption and determine whether the installation of solar collectors is beneficial or not. The goal is to map the energy use in the building, report improvement measures and analyse the technical installations. The qualitative methods consisted of a study visit, site visits, review of drawings and an ocular survey of the building with a thermal camera. In order to calculate and analyse the building´s energy use, modelling of the building envelope components and technical installations were performed in VIP-Energy. The results of the energy survey shows that the calculated energy use for the building is similar to the projected energy use and the energy declaration places the building in energy class B. Many factors are of significant importance in optimizing solar collectors such as inclination angle, orientation and installation type. Having solar collectors installed proved to be beneficial both in terms of energy and cost if they are connected as proposed. HSB FTX is theoretically advantageous for both preheating of supply air and defrosting of the building's ventilation system. The enhancement proposals are to adjust the inclination angle of the solar collectors and to reconnect the heat input obtained from the solar collectors.

The purpose of this report is to investigate how Örebrobostäder (ÖBO) can decrease their energy use in the residential area of Oxhagen. Oxhagen is as mentioned a residential area located west from Örebro center and have about 690 apartments in different sizes. ÖBO needs to do this survey because they obey from the law of energy mapping in large companies, this law is produced from the EU directive, energy efficiency directive with its purpose to reduce the energy using in the country so the imported energy decreases. Energy statistics have been handed from ÖBO, this energy data has been analyzed and the data have been put in respective calculations, using Excel. Also, a model of a real estate has been made in the simulation program IDA ICE, in this simulation program energy calculations are made. There has also been a technical inspection of the reference real estate. The result shows that the biggest decrease in energy will happen with a decrease in the heating of the building. It also shows that a change of windows can reduce energy use significantly. Therefor the conclusion is that a combination of heat decrease, and window change can make an enormous difference in energy using for the reference real estate and the combination can also apply on other real estate in the area Oxhagen.

The pulp and paper industry is the most energy intensive industry in Sweden. Most of the energy usedaims to supply the large amount of heat to the production processes that is required to produce pulp andpaper . By increasing the energy efficiency of paper mills, there is great potential to reduce productioncosts and reduce its environmental impact. This project involves mapping, analyzing and investigation ofmeasures that can contribute to increased thermal efficiency of an internal heating network at Holmen’spaper mill, Braviken. The heating network, called VVG, utilises excess heat from the pulp and paperproduction and supplies heat to production processes and premises at the factory. When the heat demandof the VVG-system exceeds the available recovered heat, heat from live steam is transferred. This projectaim at identifying measures with potential to reduce demand of live steam supply. The project started bymapping the entire VVG-system to identify which consumers are included and how it is connected. Thenthe consumers were studied and data was collected to determine their power and energy demands. Basedon the mapping and collected data, proposals for measures that have the potential to increase thermalenergy efficiency were noted which in turn can reduce the need for live steam supply. The measures havebeen focused on reducing the return temperature of the VVG-system and reducing the heat demand of thesystem. Reduced return temperatures are achieved by more efficient use of the existing heat flow. Thisleads to increased heat recovery potential which means that more excess heat can be utilised.The proposed measures that were identified as having potential to contribute to reduction of the returntemperatures of the VVG-system are as follow: • Utilising return flows with high flow rates and high temperatures to provide other consumers inVVG with heat. This allows the hot flow to be used instead of going directly into the return line. • Eliminate short circuits in the system where the supply line goes directly into the return line. Thesewere detected in the forms of three-way valves and flows through consumers that were not running. The proposed measures that have been identified as having the potential to contribute to reduction of theheating demand of the VVG are as follows: • Turning off flows passing through consumers that are not in use to reduce unnecessary temperaturedrops which will result in decreased power losses. • Preheating via residual flows at consumers where raw water tempered circuits is heated. As theraw water is cold during large parts of the year, a lot of heat can be saved by preheating it with aflow of lower energy quality than VVG. • Shut down the VVG flow through heat exchangers in the heat recovery system when the heatrecovery process not are running to avoid negative heat transfer. By implementing these measures, large improvements regarding the thermal efficiency of the VVG-system can be achieved at Holmen Paper Braviken. How much the return temperatures decrease and howmuch the heat recovery potential increases with the proposed measures has not been quantified during thisproject. However, the measures aimed at lowering the heat demand in the VVG-system can be quantifiedto contribute to an predicted energy saving of at least 2.8 GWh annually, but the investigations of themeasures indicates that significantly larger energy savings can be achieved. To ensure the potential of theproposed measures to contribute to the reduction of the demand for live steam supply, Holmen needs tocarry out further studies of the VVG system where this work is intended to form the basis for their furtherwork.

I denna rapport har ett projekt utförts tillsammans med Gränges AB. Projektet behandlade en energianalys av deras två oxyfuel-smältugnar för smältning av aluminium. Aluminiumsmältan består till stor del av återvunnet skrot, denna metod kallas omsmältning. Ett omsmältverk kräver enorma mängder energi och därför är en minimering av ugnarnas energiförbrukning önskvärd. Smältugnarna har liknande uppbyggnad där den stora skillnaden är deras smältkapacitet, 25 ton respektive 45 ton. Trots sina likheter påvisas en skillnad i energiförbrukning mellan ugnarna vilket även skapar ett intresse för en jämförelse av ugnarna. Med en historisk datamängd som innehöll mätvärden på ett flertal parametrar togs energiförbrukningar för varje smältcykel fram. Vid jämförelser användes energiförbrukning i enheten kWh/ton. Smältcyklarnas energiförbrukning sattes in ett histogram för jämförelse mellan ugnarna. En energibalans för vardera ugn gjordes och gav förståelse var de stora förlusterna sker. Energibalansen gavs av brännarnas totalt förbrukade energi, avgasförluster, väggförluster, askaförluster, sumpförluster, nyttiga energin till aluminiet och övriga förluster. I övriga förluster inkluderades förluster vid dörröppning vilket också beräknades. Ytterligare undersöktes parametrarna dörröppningstid, sumpvikt, körningstid och vikt på tungt aluminium individuellt för att fastställa vad som påverkar energiförbrukningen mest. Detta genom att jämföra smältcyklar där endast en parameter varierar. Parametern dörröppningstid undersöktes på en djupare nivå då denna parameter kan minimeras. Resultaten påvisade att ena ugnen hade mer oregelbunden energiförbrukning än den andra vilket berodde på att den tillverkar en större variation av aluminiumlegeringar och har tillgång till en förvärmningsugn. De största förlusterna var avgasförlusterna, sumpförlusterna och övriga förluster. En stor del av övriga förluster var förluster vid dörröppning. Väggförlusterna var märkbara och askaförlusterna var minimala. Undersökning av dörröppningstid visade att dörröppningstiden påverkade energiförbrukningen markant. / A project has been carried out together with Gränges AB which treated an energy analysis of their two oxyfuel furnaces for aluminium melting. The aluminium melt largely consists of recycled scrap and this method is called secondary melting. These secondary melting plants consumes a huge amount of energy and that is why a minimization of the furnace’s energy consumption is needed. The two furnaces have similar construction, and the main difference is their melting capacity, 25 and 45 tonnes respectively. Despite their similarities a difference in energy consumption is shown which creates an interest for a comparison of the furnaces. With a collection of earlier measurement data of several parameters the energy consumption of every melting cycle could be calculated. For comparisons of energy consumptions, the unit kWh/tonne was used. The energy consumption of every melting cycle was placed in a histogram for simple comparison. An energy balance of each furnace was done which gave understanding of their major losses. The energy balance consisted of the total used energy from the burners, the flue gas losses, the wall losses, the dross losses, the slag losses, the useful energy output for aluminium and the miscellaneous heat losses. One part of the miscellaneous heat losses is the losses from door opening which also was accounted to. Furthermore, the parameters door opening duration, slag weight, the melting cycle duration and heavy aluminium weight was examined individually to understand its impact on the furnace energy consumption. This was done by comparing the melting cycles consumed energy when only one of the parameters varied. The parameter door opening duration was examined more profound because it is a parameter that can be minimized. The results showed that one of the furnaces had more irregular energy consumption. This was due to this furnace producing a higher variety of aluminium alloys and utilizing a preheating furnace. The major energy losses were flue gas losses, the slag losses, and the miscellaneous losses. The door opening duration was a major part of the miscellaneous losses. The wall losses were noticeable, and the dross losses were minimal. The examination of the parameter door opening duration showed that this parameter largely affected the furnace consumed energy.