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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The Defense Response of Glycine Max to Heterodera Glycines and Macrophomina Phaseolina

Lawaju, Bisho Ram 08 December 2017 (has links)
The understanding of plant defense response in plant-pathogen interaction provides useful information to combat the disease. Soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, and charcoal rot causing fungus, Macrophomina phaseolina, are major pathogens of soybean, Glycine max, and infestation with SCN has found to aggravate the fungal disease severity. The gene expression analysis in resistant and susceptible interactions between H. glycines and G. max has identified some candidate resistance genes and signaling pathways but they are yet to be fully characterized. This dissertation aims to characterize one such gene, Conserved Oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex. The COG complex is important in structural and functional integrity of Golgi complex among eukaryotes, but very little is understood about its role in plants. This study demonstrated a defensive role of the COG complex in G. max against H. glycines. The transgenic plants for overexpression of COG genes, which were originally susceptible to the pathogen, showed reduced parasitism. In contrast, the RNA interference (RNAi) in originally resistant soybean lines showed a marked increase in parasitism. Further, these COG genes were found to be inducible by harpin elicitor molecules. In another study, the already proven resistance genes (NDR1, NPR1, EDS1 and TGA2) against H. glycines were investigated against the fungal pathogen. The transgenic plants for overexpression of these genes showed reduced disease severity, while the RNAi resulted increased severity compared to control lines. In addition, the H. glycines parasitism study and the candidate gene expression analysis in M. Phaseolina susceptible and moderately resistant G. max indicate that there are some cross communications between the defense processes of G. max to H. glycines and M. phaseolina.
2

Efeito da quitosana e da radiação UV-C no controle de Guignardia citricarpa em laranja pós-colheita / Effect of chitosan and UV-C on the control of Guignardia citricarpa on postharvest orange

Rappussi-da-Silva, Maria Cristina Canale 06 February 2007 (has links)
O Brasil é o maior produtor e exportador de suco de laranja, sendo esta uma das mais importantes atividades econômicas para o país. Os frutos são afetados pela mancha preta dos citros, causada por Guignardia citricarpa, que deprecia comercialmente os frutos, provoca queda prematura e eleva o custo de produção. Medidas alternativas ao controle químico clássico vêm sendo estudadas e, neste contexto, insere-se a indução de resistência. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos in vitro da quitosana e radiação UV-C sobre o crescimento micelial, germinação e formação de apressórios por G. citricarpa e a ação destes agentes abióticos no controle da doença em laranjas pós-colheita, sob armazenamento ambiente e refrigerado, estudando-se também mecanismos de resistência ativados no tecido vegetal em resposta ao tratamento de melhor eficiência. Para tanto, foram utilizadas as concentrações de 0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 e 3,0% de quitosana e as doses de 0,52; 1,04; 3,13; 10,44 e 15,66 kJ.m-2 da radiação UV-C. A quitosana inibiu o crescimento micelial do fungo e estimulou a germinação e formação de apressórios, os quais se mostraram morfologicamente alterados. A UV-C não inibiu o crescimento micelial, porém a maior dose ocasionou o menor crescimento. Para os experimentos in vivo, laranjas foram coletadas, lavadas, sanitizadas com hipoclorito e posteriormente tratadas. As concentrações de 0,5, 1,0 e 2,0% de quitosana e a dose de 7 kJ m-2 da UV-C apresentaram melhor resultado em laranjas ?Valência? na redução dos sintomas. Análise da cor da casca dos frutos irradiados revelou que houve leve escurecimento. Os fungicidas tiabendazol e imazalil não controlaram a doença em laranjas ?Pêra Rio?, porém, obteve-se menos lesões nos frutos tratados com os fungicidas em combinação com quitosana, tanto em temperatura ambiente quanto em refrigeração. Análises da cor da casca indicaram amarelecimento e não houve alterações significativas nos teores de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH, vitamina C e ratio. Nos ensaios com quitosana, tiabendazol e UV-C, a quitosana apresentou melhor controle da doença, aplicada isoladamente ou em conjunto com o fungicida e UV-C, em temperatura ambiente ou refrigeração. A quitosana e a proteína harpina apresentaram controle semelhante e, em comparação com o ácido cítrico, a quitosana ocasionou melhor controle em laranjas ?Valência?. Para análises bioquímicas, amostras de flavedo foram homogeneizadas em de tampão acetato, com posterior centrifugação, coletando-se o sobrenadante. Para as reações enzimáticas, foram utilizados os reagentes CM-chitin-RBV, CMCurdlan- RBB, guaiacol, catecol e L-fenilalanina para quitinase, glucanase, peroxidase, polifenoloxidase e fenilalanina amônia-liase, respectivamente. Para a determinação de fenóis, amostras do flavedo foram homogeneizadas em metanol acidificado e a dosagem feita com o reagente Folin-Ciocalteau. A quitosana induziu o aumento da atividade das enzimas nas primeiras 24 h após o tratamento, sendo neste tempo detectada a maior atividade. Não houve atividade de fenilalanina amônia-liase, bem como acúmulo de fenóis. Finalmente, fica evidenciado que quitosana e a UV-C apresentaram efeito in vitro sobre G. citricarpa, porém somente a quitosana exibiu potencial no controle da mancha preta em laranja pós colheita. / Brazil is the biggest producer and exporter of orange juice, and this is one of the most important economical activities for the country. The fruits can be affected by the citrus black spot, disease caused by the fungus Guignardia citricarpa, which depreciates then commercially, causes premature fall and increases the production cost. Alternative measures to the chemical control are being studied and, in this context, resistance induction can be considered. The present work had as objective evaluate the in vitro effects of chitosan and UV-C radiation on mycelial growth, germination and apressorium formation by G. citricarpa and the action of the abiotic agents on controlling the disease on postharvest oranges, under room temperature and refrigeration storage, also studying the mechanisms of resistance in the plant tissue in response to the better treatment. The chitosan concentrations were 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5; 2.0 and 3.0% and the UVC doses were 0.52, 1.04, 3.13, 10.44 and 15.66 kJ.m-2. Chitosan inhibited mycelial growth and stimulated the germination and the apressorium formation that were morphologically abnormal. UV-C did not inhibited mycelial growth, but reduced it at the highest dose used. For the in vivo experiments, oranges were collected, sanitized with hypochlorite and treated. Chitosan concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% and the UV-C dose of 7 kJ m-2 exhibited better results in ?Valência ? oranges. Analyses of peel color of irradiated fruits revealed a light browning. The fungicides thiabendazole and imazalil did not control the disease in ?Pêra Rio ? oranges, but fewer lesions appeared on fruits treated with the fungicides in association with chitosan, under room temperature and refrigeration. Color analysis of peel indicated yellowing and no significant differences among soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH vitamin C and ratio. In the chitosan, thiabendazole and UV-C assays, there was a better control of lesion appearing by treatment with chitosan, applied alone or in association with fungicide and UV-C, at room temperature or refrigeration. Chitosan and the harpin protein were similar on the controlling of the disease and, in comparison to the citric acid, chitosan presented better control on ?Valência? oranges. For biochemical analysis, flavedo samples were homogenized in acetate buffer, centrifuged, and the supernatant collected. The reagents used were CM-chitin-RBV, CM-Curdlan-RBB, guaiacol, cathecol and L-phenylalanine for chitinase, glucanase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, respectively. For phenol determination, flavedo was homogenized in acidified methanol and the evaluation was made with Folin-Ciocalteau. Chitosan increased enzyme activities in the first 24 h after treatment, with the highest activity in that time. Activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was not detected, well as absent of phenolic compounds accumulation. Chitosan and UV-C exhibited in vitro effect on G. citricarpa, however, only chitosan showed potential on the control of black spot in postharvest oranges.
3

Efeito da quitosana e da radiação UV-C no controle de Guignardia citricarpa em laranja pós-colheita / Effect of chitosan and UV-C on the control of Guignardia citricarpa on postharvest orange

Maria Cristina Canale Rappussi-da-Silva 06 February 2007 (has links)
O Brasil é o maior produtor e exportador de suco de laranja, sendo esta uma das mais importantes atividades econômicas para o país. Os frutos são afetados pela mancha preta dos citros, causada por Guignardia citricarpa, que deprecia comercialmente os frutos, provoca queda prematura e eleva o custo de produção. Medidas alternativas ao controle químico clássico vêm sendo estudadas e, neste contexto, insere-se a indução de resistência. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos in vitro da quitosana e radiação UV-C sobre o crescimento micelial, germinação e formação de apressórios por G. citricarpa e a ação destes agentes abióticos no controle da doença em laranjas pós-colheita, sob armazenamento ambiente e refrigerado, estudando-se também mecanismos de resistência ativados no tecido vegetal em resposta ao tratamento de melhor eficiência. Para tanto, foram utilizadas as concentrações de 0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 e 3,0% de quitosana e as doses de 0,52; 1,04; 3,13; 10,44 e 15,66 kJ.m-2 da radiação UV-C. A quitosana inibiu o crescimento micelial do fungo e estimulou a germinação e formação de apressórios, os quais se mostraram morfologicamente alterados. A UV-C não inibiu o crescimento micelial, porém a maior dose ocasionou o menor crescimento. Para os experimentos in vivo, laranjas foram coletadas, lavadas, sanitizadas com hipoclorito e posteriormente tratadas. As concentrações de 0,5, 1,0 e 2,0% de quitosana e a dose de 7 kJ m-2 da UV-C apresentaram melhor resultado em laranjas ?Valência? na redução dos sintomas. Análise da cor da casca dos frutos irradiados revelou que houve leve escurecimento. Os fungicidas tiabendazol e imazalil não controlaram a doença em laranjas ?Pêra Rio?, porém, obteve-se menos lesões nos frutos tratados com os fungicidas em combinação com quitosana, tanto em temperatura ambiente quanto em refrigeração. Análises da cor da casca indicaram amarelecimento e não houve alterações significativas nos teores de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH, vitamina C e ratio. Nos ensaios com quitosana, tiabendazol e UV-C, a quitosana apresentou melhor controle da doença, aplicada isoladamente ou em conjunto com o fungicida e UV-C, em temperatura ambiente ou refrigeração. A quitosana e a proteína harpina apresentaram controle semelhante e, em comparação com o ácido cítrico, a quitosana ocasionou melhor controle em laranjas ?Valência?. Para análises bioquímicas, amostras de flavedo foram homogeneizadas em de tampão acetato, com posterior centrifugação, coletando-se o sobrenadante. Para as reações enzimáticas, foram utilizados os reagentes CM-chitin-RBV, CMCurdlan- RBB, guaiacol, catecol e L-fenilalanina para quitinase, glucanase, peroxidase, polifenoloxidase e fenilalanina amônia-liase, respectivamente. Para a determinação de fenóis, amostras do flavedo foram homogeneizadas em metanol acidificado e a dosagem feita com o reagente Folin-Ciocalteau. A quitosana induziu o aumento da atividade das enzimas nas primeiras 24 h após o tratamento, sendo neste tempo detectada a maior atividade. Não houve atividade de fenilalanina amônia-liase, bem como acúmulo de fenóis. Finalmente, fica evidenciado que quitosana e a UV-C apresentaram efeito in vitro sobre G. citricarpa, porém somente a quitosana exibiu potencial no controle da mancha preta em laranja pós colheita. / Brazil is the biggest producer and exporter of orange juice, and this is one of the most important economical activities for the country. The fruits can be affected by the citrus black spot, disease caused by the fungus Guignardia citricarpa, which depreciates then commercially, causes premature fall and increases the production cost. Alternative measures to the chemical control are being studied and, in this context, resistance induction can be considered. The present work had as objective evaluate the in vitro effects of chitosan and UV-C radiation on mycelial growth, germination and apressorium formation by G. citricarpa and the action of the abiotic agents on controlling the disease on postharvest oranges, under room temperature and refrigeration storage, also studying the mechanisms of resistance in the plant tissue in response to the better treatment. The chitosan concentrations were 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5; 2.0 and 3.0% and the UVC doses were 0.52, 1.04, 3.13, 10.44 and 15.66 kJ.m-2. Chitosan inhibited mycelial growth and stimulated the germination and the apressorium formation that were morphologically abnormal. UV-C did not inhibited mycelial growth, but reduced it at the highest dose used. For the in vivo experiments, oranges were collected, sanitized with hypochlorite and treated. Chitosan concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% and the UV-C dose of 7 kJ m-2 exhibited better results in ?Valência ? oranges. Analyses of peel color of irradiated fruits revealed a light browning. The fungicides thiabendazole and imazalil did not control the disease in ?Pêra Rio ? oranges, but fewer lesions appeared on fruits treated with the fungicides in association with chitosan, under room temperature and refrigeration. Color analysis of peel indicated yellowing and no significant differences among soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH vitamin C and ratio. In the chitosan, thiabendazole and UV-C assays, there was a better control of lesion appearing by treatment with chitosan, applied alone or in association with fungicide and UV-C, at room temperature or refrigeration. Chitosan and the harpin protein were similar on the controlling of the disease and, in comparison to the citric acid, chitosan presented better control on ?Valência? oranges. For biochemical analysis, flavedo samples were homogenized in acetate buffer, centrifuged, and the supernatant collected. The reagents used were CM-chitin-RBV, CM-Curdlan-RBB, guaiacol, cathecol and L-phenylalanine for chitinase, glucanase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, respectively. For phenol determination, flavedo was homogenized in acidified methanol and the evaluation was made with Folin-Ciocalteau. Chitosan increased enzyme activities in the first 24 h after treatment, with the highest activity in that time. Activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was not detected, well as absent of phenolic compounds accumulation. Chitosan and UV-C exhibited in vitro effect on G. citricarpa, however, only chitosan showed potential on the control of black spot in postharvest oranges.
4

Experimental Study of Three-Dimensional Turbulent Offset Jets and Wall Jets

Agelin-Chaab, Martin 19 October 2010 (has links)
An experimental study was designed to examine and document the development and structures of turbulent 3D offset jets. The generic 3D wall jets at the same Reynolds numbers was used as the basis of comparison. The experiments were performed using a high resolution particle image velocimetry technique to perform velocity measurements at three Reynolds numbers based on the jet exit diameter and velocities of 5000, 10000 and 20000 and four jet offset height ratios of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0. The measurements were performed in the streamwise/wall-normal plane from 0 to 120 jet exit diameters and in the streamwise/lateral plane from 10 to 80 jet exit diameters. The velocity data were analyzed using (i) mean velocities and one-point statistics such as turbulence intensities, Reynolds stresses, triple velocity products and some terms in the transport equations for the turbulence kinetic energy, (ii) two-point velocity correlations to study how the turbulence quantities are correlated as well as the length scale and angle of inclination of the hairpin-like vortex structures, and (iii) proper orthogonal decomposition to examine the energy distribution and the role of the large scale structures in the turbulence intensities and Reynolds shear stresses. The decay of the maximum mean velocities and spread of the jet half widths became independent of Reynolds number much earlier in the generic wall jet than the offset jets. The flow development is delayed with increasing offset heights. The decay rate and wall-normal spread rate increased with the offset heights, whereas the lateral spread rate decreased with offset heights, which is consistent with previous studies. The two-point auto-correlations and the proper orthogonal decomposition results indicate the presence of more large scale structures in the outer and self-similar regions than in the inner and developing regions. The iso-contours of the streamwise autocorrelations in the inner regions were inclined at similar angles of β = 11.2 ± 0.6 degrees, which are in good agreement with reported values in boundary layer studies. The angles decrease with increasing distance from the wall.
5

Aproximaciones a una estrategia integrada para el control no contaminante de las podredumbres verde y azul en poscosecha de cítricos

Moscoso Ramírez, Pedro Antonio 20 December 2013 (has links)
Las podredumbres verde y azul causadas por los hongos patógenos Penicillium digitatum (Pers.: Fr.) Sacc y Penicillium italicum Wehmer, respectivamente, son las responsables de grandes pérdidas económicas en poscosecha de cítricos a nivel mundial. En España, las pudriciones de la fruta en poscosecha fluctúan del 3 al 6% durante una estación típica. Sin embargo, bajo condiciones favorables a la enfermedad, las pérdidas pueden alcanzar el 50%. Las podredumbres verde y azul son las enfermedades de poscosecha más importante de los cítricos en España, California y todas las áreas de producción caracterizadas por lluvias escasas en verano (Ecker y Eaks, 1989). Se han logrado avances importantes en estudios de resistencia adquirida sistémica (SAR) y resistencia sistémica inducida (ISR) tanto natural como artificial (Terry y Joyce, 2004; Tavallali et al., 2008). También se está avanzando en la evaluación de sustancias conocidas como GRAS (Generally Regarded as Safe), o en el uso del calor y la luz ultravioleta (Palou et al., 2008; Montesinos et al., 2009). Todos estos enfoques constituyen estrategias de control alternativo no contaminante. Sin embargo, actualmente seguimos dependiendo del uso de fungicidas químicos sintéticos convencionales para controlar las enfermedades de poscosecha de fruta fresca en general y de cítricos en particular. Asimismo, existe un incremento de la demanda de los mercados internacionales de frutas y hortalizas frescas de buena calidad e inocuas. Además, el uso de fungicidas convencionales conlleva el problema del desarrollo de resistencia en cepas de P. digitatum y P. italicum. Por otro lado, los resultados en efectividad de la mayoría de los métodos de control no contaminantes no han sido equivalentes a los obtenidos con métodos de control químico convencional. Por todo ello sigue siendo un reto la búsqueda e implementación comercial de estrategias no contaminantes efectivas para el control de las podredumbres verde y azul de los cítricos. Un importante mediador de la respuesta en la patogénesis de estos hongos es el gas etileno, ya que su biosíntesis se incrementa durante la interacción planta-patógeno o después de la aplicación de químicos inductores de resistencia. Además, la producción del etileno puede ser una señal para activar mecanismos de defensa contra patógenos como hongos, bacterias o virus (Ecker y Davis, 1987). Se han realizado estudios orientados a buscar relaciones entre el etileno y la patogenicidad de hongos causantes de enfermedades en poscosecha (Brown, 1973). Sin embargo, discrepancias en los resultados han sido observadas. El etileno es aplicado durante la desverdización de los frutos cítricos, que es una práctica comercial común realizada en muchas partes del mundo (Smilanick et al., 2006), incluyendo España, y se estima que más de 1,2 millones de toneladas de fruta de mandarina de estación temprana se desverdiza anualmente (Martínez-Jávega et al., 2007). Por lo tanto, es de importancia primordial determinar el efecto de esta práctica en la susceptibilidad y desarrollo de las podredumbres verde y azul de los frutos cítricos. Los objetivos serán los siguientes: 1) Evaluar sustancias químicas con antecedentes de potencial de inducción de resistencia para controlar las podredumbres verde y azul de poscosecha en frutos cítricos, 2) Evaluar sustancias conocidas como GRAS (General Regarded as Safe), solas o combinadas con fungicidas para controlar las podredumbres verde y azul en frutos cítricos y, 3) Determinar el efecto del desverdizado comercial con etileno sobre la incidencia y desarrollo de las podredumbres verde y azul en mandarinas y naranjas de estación temprana; así como el efecto del desverdizado comercial sobre los atributos de calidad del fruto. / Moscoso Ramírez, PA. (2013). Aproximaciones a una estrategia integrada para el control no contaminante de las podredumbres verde y azul en poscosecha de cítricos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/34626 / TESIS

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