Zur Funktionsentwicklung und Prozessoptimierung im Bereich Getreideerntetechnik werden verstärkt numerische Berechnungsverfahren wie CFD und DEM eingesetzt. Die Kopplung beider Verfahren im Allgemeinen, sowie die Simulation des Entmischungsprozesses von Korn und Nichtkornbestandteilen in der Reinigungsanlage des Mähdreschers im Speziellen, setzen hohes Prozessverständnis als auch eine strategische Vorgehensweise bei der Prozessabstraktion, der Modellierung der Partikel und der Partikelinteraktion als auch der Wechselwirkung zwischen Partikel und strömender Luft voraus. Im Vortrag wird zunächst die Notwendigkeit und der Nutzen der Simulation im Bereich Erntetechnik diskutiert. Danach erfolgt die Beschreibung der Abstraktion des Entmischungsprozesses von Korn und Nichtkornbestandteilen. Es werden numerische als auch experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Modellierung und Parametrierung der stark nicht-sphärischen biogenen Partikel beschrieben. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf der speziellen Untersuchung der Wechselwirkungen und Abhängigkeiten von Partikeleigenschaften. Anschließend werden die Ergebnisse numerischer und experimenteller Untersuchungen des Entmischungsprozesses diskutiert: In einem ersten Schritt erfolgt die Entmischung in einem kleinen, vertikal schwingenden, luftdurchströmten Behälter. Hier werden umfangreiche Parameterstudien und Sensitivitätsanalysen durchgeführt. In einem zweiten Schritt wird die Entmischung in einem in der Breite reduzierten Segment einer Mähdrescherreinigungsanlage durchgeführt. Stets erfolgt der kritische Vergleich zwischen Simulation und Experiment anhand prozessspezifischer Kenngrößen wie Kornverlust, Abscheideeffizienz, Transportgeschwindigkeit u.a. / Numerical simulation methods such as CFD and DEM are increasingly being used for function development and process optimization in the field of grain harvesting technology. The coupling of both methods in general, as well as the simulation of the separation process of grain and non-grain components in the cleaning device of a combine harvester in particular, requires a high level of process understanding as well as a strategic approach to process abstraction, modeling of the particles and particle interaction as well as the interaction between particles and moving air. The speech first discusses the necessity and benefit of simulation in the field of harvesting technology. This is followed by the description of the abstraction of the separation process of grain and non-grain components. Numerical and experimental studies on modeling and parameterization of the strongly non-spherical biogenic particles are described. Particular attention is paid to the special investigation of the interactions and dependencies of particle properties. The results of numerical and experimental investigations of the separation process are then discussed: In a first step, the separation takes place in a small, vertically oscillating, air-flooded box. Extensive parameter studies and sensitivity analyzes are carried out here. In a second step, the separation is carried out in a segment of a combine cleaning device that is reduced in width compared to real width. The critical comparison between simulation and experiment is always carried out using process-specific parameters such as grain loss, separation efficiency, transport speed, etc.

Diphenylalanine peptide (Phe-Phe or FF) is a very promising bio-material in the future wearable electronics application due to its self-assembly into nanotubes and nanoribbons with high shear piezoelectric coefficient which is comparable to traditional inorganic piezoelectric materials. In order to efficiently harvest piezoelectric response, alignment and unidirectional polarization of FF nanotubes are required. Most prior works show that there mainly two methods to achieve the alignment and unidirectional polarization. They are epitaxial growth and meniscus-driven dip-coating. However, they still have some disadvantages like low productivity or harsh conditions. In this work, we use inkjet printing technology to develop a scalable, programmable and patterns designable process for the fabrication of FF nanotubes. Most prior works use toxic solvent 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) to dissolve FF peptide. In our work, the ink only contains sustainable and ecofriendly solvent like acetic acid and ethylene glycol. In the inkjet printing process, patterns can be perfectly printed on the substrate of graphene and ethyl cellulose. The direction and length of FF nanoribbons are controllable. Aligned FF nanoribbons can be observed in the printed devices. Orthorhombic crystal structure is characterized by SEM and XRD. The piezoelectric performance of the device with aligned FF nanoribbons is much higher than the random FF based devices. The FF piezoelectric nanogenerator generates voltage, current, and power density of up to 1.49 V, 10.5 nA, and 4.4 nW/cm2, respectively, under a force of 50 N. Our results show the promising future of FF-based piezoelectric devices in self-powered and wearable electronics application. / Diphenylalanine peptide (Phe-Phe eller FF) är ett mycket lovande biomaterial i den framtida bärbara elektronikapplikationen pågrund av dess självmontering till nanorör och nanorband med hög piezoelektrisk koefficient som är jämförbar med traditionella oorganiska piezoelektriska material. För att effektivt skörda piezoelektrisk respons krävs inriktning och enkelriktad polarisering av FF-nanorör. De flesta tidigare arbeten visar att det huvudsakligen finns tvåmetoder för att uppnå inriktning och enkelriktad polarisering. De är epitaxiell tillväxt och menisk-driven dopp-beläggning. Men de har fortfarande vissa nackdelar som låg produktivitet eller svåra förhållanden. I detta arbete använder vi bläckstråleutskriftsteknik för att utveckla en skalbar, programmerbar och mönsterdesignbar process för tillverkning av FF-nanorör. De flesta tidigare verk använder giftigt lösningsmedel 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) för att lösa upp FF-peptid. I vårt arbete innehåller bläcket endast hållbara och miljövänliga lösningsmedel som ättiksyra och etylenglykol. I bläckstråleutskriftsprocessen kan mönster tryckas perfekt på substratet av grafen och etylcellulosa. Riktningen och längden på FF nanoband är kontrollerbara. Justerade FF-nanoband kan observeras i de utskrivna enheterna. Ortorhombisk kristallstruktur kännetecknas av SEM och XRD. Den piezoelektriska prestandan hos enheten med justerade FF-nanoband är mycket högre än de slumpmässiga FF-baserade enheterna. FF piezoelektriska nanogeneratorn genererar spänning, ström och effekttäthet på upp till 1,49 V, 10,5 nA respektive 4,4 nW/cm2 med en kraft på 50 N. Våra resultat visar den lovande framtiden för FF-baserade piezoelektriska enheter i sig själv -driven och bärbar elektronikapplikation.

Diphenylalanine peptide (Phe-Phe or FF) is a very promising bio-material in the future wearable electronics application due to its self-assembly into nanotubes and nanoribbons with high shear piezoelectric coefficient which is comparable to traditional inorganic piezoelectric materials. In order to efficiently harvest piezoelectric response, alignment and unidirectional polarization of FF nanotubes are required. Most prior works show that there mainly two methods to achieve the alignment and unidirectional polarization. They are epitaxial growth and meniscus-driven dipcoating. However, they still have some disadvantages like low productivity or harsh conditions. In this work, we use inkjet printing technology to develop a scalable, programmable and patterns designable process for the fabrication of FF nanotubes. Most prior works use toxic solvent 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro2-propanol (HFIP) to dissolve FF peptide. In our work, the ink only contains sustainable and ecofriendly solvent like acetic acid and ethylene glycol. In the inkjet printing process, patterns can be perfectly printed on the substrate of graphene and ethyl cellulose. The direction and length of FF nanoribbons are controllable. Aligned FF nanoribbons can be observed in the printed devices. Orthorhombic crystal structure is characterized by SEM and XRD. The piezoelectric performance of the device with aligned FF nanoribbons is much higher than the random FF based devices. The FF piezoelectric nanogenerator generates voltage, current, and power density of up to 1.49 V, 10.5 nA, and 4.4 nW/cm2, respectively, under a force of 50 N. Our results show the promising future of FFbased piezoelectric devices in self-powered and wearable electronics application. / Diphenylalanine peptide (Phe-Phe eller FF) är ett mycket lovande biomaterial i den framtida bärbara elektronikapplikationen på grund av dess självmontering till nanorör och nanorband med hög piezoelektrisk koefficient som är jämförbar med traditionella oorganiska piezoelektriska material. För att effektivt skörda piezoelektrisk respons krävs inriktning och enkelriktad polarisering av FFnanorör. De flesta tidigare arbeten visar att det huvudsakligen finns två metoder för att uppnå inriktning och enkelriktad polarisering. De är epitaxiell tillväxt och menisk-driven dopp-beläggning. Men de har fortfarande vissa nackdelar som låg produktivitet eller svåra förhållanden. I detta arbete använder vi bläckstråleutskriftsteknik för att utveckla en skalbar, programmerbar och mönsterdesignbar process för tillverkning av FF-nanorör. De flesta tidigare verk använder giftigt lösningsmedel 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) för att lösa upp FF-peptid. I vårt arbete innehåller bläcket endast hållbara och miljövänliga lösningsmedel som ättiksyra och etylenglykol. I bläckstråleutskriftsprocessen kan mönster tryckas perfekt på substratet av grafen och etylcellulosa. Riktningen och längden på FF nanoband är kontrollerbara. Justerade FF-nanoband kan observeras i de utskrivna enheterna. Ortorhombisk kristallstruktur kännetecknas av SEM och XRD. Den piezoelektriska prestandan hos enheten med justerade FF-nanoband är mycket högre än de slumpmässiga FF-baserade enheterna. FF piezoelektriska nanogeneratorn genererar spänning, ström och effekttäthet på upp till 1,49 V, 10,5 nA respektive 4,4 nW/cm2 med en kraft på 50 N. Våra resultat visar den lovande framtiden för FF-baserade piezoelektriska enheter i sig själv -driven och bärbar elektronikapplikation.

The project is about piezoelectric energy harvesters and piezoelectric bio-organic materials.Nowadays, various kinds of energy harvesters based on micro or nano materials are appliedinmanyelectronic applications, such as wearable devices and electricity generators. Amongthem, thepiezoelectric effect-based energy harvesters are more attractive in research and industryfields. Inrecent years, piezoelectric biomaterials become a popular option because they are availabletocouple electrical and mechanical energy in a biological, ecofriendly systemto generate electricityinreal time. Among them, γ- glycine crystals have been recently synthesized in wafer scale throughasimple polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-assisted evaporation process exhibiting good piezoelectricperformance. However, so far there are no metal-free energy-harvesting devices basedonPVA-glycine film to enable green manufacturing. In this project, we proposed the direct inkwritingorganic PEDOT:PSS electrodes and PVA-glycine-PVA piezoelectric crystals to fabricate metal-freeenergy harvesters. The output voltage reaches 1.5 V at a load resistance of 500 MΩandunderaforce of 10 N. The performance is comparable to other glycine-based devices in recent literature.Our scalable, sustainable and low-cost printing process is expected to greatly contribute tothefieldof biomaterials-based piezoelectric energy harvesting. / Projektet handlar om piezoelektriska energiskördare och piezoelektriska bioorganiska material. Nuförtiden används olika typer av energiskördare baserade på mikro- eller nanomaterial i mångaelektroniska applikationer, såsom bärbara enheter och elgeneratorer. Bland dem är de piezoelektriskaeffektbaserade energiskördarna mer attraktiva inom forsknings- och industriområden. På senare år harpiezoelektriska biomaterial blivit ett populärt alternativ eftersom de är tillgängliga för att koppla elektrisk och mekanisk energi i ett biologiskt, miljövänligt system för att generera elektricitet i realtid. Bland dem har γ-glycinkristaller nyligen syntetiserats i waferskala genom en enkel polyvinylalkohol (PVA)-assisterad förångningsprocess som uppvisar god piezoelektrisk prestanda. Än så länge finnsdet dock inga metallfria energiskördande enheter baserade på PVA-glycinfilm för att möjliggöra gröntillverkning. I detta projekt föreslog vi direkt bläckskrivande organiska PEDOT:PSS-elektroder ochPVA-glycin-PVA piezoelektriska kristaller för att tillverka metallfria energiskördare. Utspänningennår1,5 V vid en belastningsresistans på 500 MΩ och under en kraft på 10 N. Prestandan är jämförbar medandra glycinbaserade enheter i nyare litteratur. Vår skalbara, hållbara och billiga utskriftsprocess förväntas i hög grad bidra till området för biomaterialbaserad piezoelektrisk energiskörd.

This thesis aims to enhance the light ramp of Rottne Industri AB's harvester. To achieve this, various theories and methodologies were applied throughout the project. By employing a systematic product development process, the authors were able to minimize manufacturing costs while incorporating additional features for improved functionality. The newly developed design resulted in several significant improvements. The height of the light ramp was reduced by 15%, which not only aligns with the project’s goals but also contributes to better integration with the machine's overall structure. The manufacturing costs have been lowered, making the production process more economical and efficient. Furthermore, the lighting coverage has been enhanced to provide better illumination of the nearby area that is surrounding the harvester, thereby increasing visibility and safety for the operator. Overall, the project successfully met all the set objectives, delivering a more efficient, cost-effective, and functional light ramp design for Rottne Industri AB’s harvester.

La récupération d'énergie par élément piézoélectrique est une technique prometteuse pour les futurs systèmes électroniques nomades autoalimentés. L'objet de ce travail est d’analyser des approches simples et agiles d’optimisation de la puissance produite par un générateur piézoélectrique. D'abord le problème de l’optimisation de l’impédance de charge d’un générateur piézoélectrique sismique est posé. Une analyse du schéma équivalent global de ce générateur a été menée sur la base du schéma de Mason. Il est démontré que la puissance extraite avec une charge complexe adaptée puisse être constante quelle que soit la fréquence et que de plus elle est égale à la puissance extraite avec la charge résistive adaptée du même système sans pertes. Il est montré toutefois que la sensibilité de cette adaptation à la valeur de la réactance de la charge la rend difficilement réaliste pour une application pratique. Une autre solution pour améliorer l’énergie extraite est de considérer un réseau de générateurs positionnés en différents endroits d’une structure. Des simulations sont proposées dans une configuration de récupération d’énergie de type directe sur une plaque encastrée. Les générateurs piézoélectriques, associés à la technique SSHI, ont été reliés selon différentes configurations. Les résultats attestent que l’énergie produite ne dépend pas de façon critique de la manière dont sont connectés les éléments. Toutefois l’utilisation d’un seul circuit SSHI pour l’ensemble du réseau dégrade l’énergie extraite du fait des interactions entre les trop nombreuses commutations. Enfin une nouvelle approche non-linéaire est étudiée qui permet l’optimisation de l’énergie extraite tout en gardant une grande simplicité et des possibilités d’auto alimentation. Cette technique appelée S3H pour « Synchronized Serial Switch Harvesting » n’utilise pas d’inductance et consiste en un simple interrupteur en série avec l’élément piézoélectrique. La puissance récupérée est le double de celle extraite par les méthodes conventionnelles et reste totalement invariante sur une large gamme de résistances de charge. / Piezoelectric energy harvesting is a promising technique for battery-less miniature electronic devices. The object of this work is to evaluate simple and robust approaches to optimize the extracted power. First, a lightweight equivalent circuit derived from the Mason equivalent circuit is proposed. It’s a comprehensive circuit, which is suitable for piezoelectric seismic energy harvester investigation and power optimization. The optimal charge impedance for both the resistive load and complex load are given and analyzed. When complex load type can be implemented, the power output is constant at any excitation frequency with constant acceleration excitation. This power output is exactly the maximum power that can be extracted with matched resistive load without losses. However, this wide bandwidth optimization is not practical due to the high sensitivity the reactive component mismatch. Another approach to improve power extraction is the capability to implement a network of piezoelectric generators harvesting on various frequency nodes and different locations on a host structure. Simulations are conducted in the case of direct harvesting on a planar structure excited by a force pulse. These distributed harvesters, equipped with nonlinear technique SSHI (Synchronized Switching Harvesting on Inductor) devices, were connected in parallel, series, independently and other complex forms. The comparison results showed that the energy output didn’t depend on the storage capacitor connection method. However, only one set of SSHI circuit for a whole distributed harvesters system degrades the energy scavenging capability due to switching conflict. Finally a novel non-linear approach is proposed to allow optimization of the extracted energy while keeping simplicity and standalone capability. This circuit named S3H for “ Synchronized Serial Switch Harvesting” does not rely on any inductor and is constructed with a simple switch. The power harvested is more than twice the conventional technique one on a wide band of resistive load.

Ces travaux de thèse portent sur le développement de nouveaux systèmes piézoélectriques récupérateurs d’énergie à partir de vibrations mécaniques environnementales. L’objectif recherché est d’apporter des solutions à certaines contraintes fortes liées à la miniaturisation de ces systèmes, en vue de leur intégration en technologie MEMS. Les 2 axes majeurs suivis lors de ces travaux sont :(i) la nanostructuration par porosification du substrat silicium. Ce procédé permet de créer des zones fonctionnalisées possédant des propriétés locales de masse volumique et de rigidité plus faibles que celles du substrat silicium. Ceci permet d’une part d’améliorer le coefficient de couplage électromécanique global de la structure et, d’autre part, de maintenir la fréquence de résonance du mode fonctionnel dans une gamme fréquentielle basse (< que 1KHz) compatible avec le spectre de nombreuses sources vibratoires usuelles. Une série de modélisation par éléments finis d’un convertisseur type (poutre avec masse sismique) a établi les paramètres dimensionnels optimaux de la zone nanostructurée. L’efficacité de ce procédé de nanostructuration localisée a ensuite été évaluée expérimentalement sur des membranes en silicium. Il a été observé une réduction de la fréquence de résonance du mode fondamental, tout en minimisant les pertes par un choix judicieux de l’emplacement et de la largeur de la zone poreuse. (ii) Le développement de dispositifs récupérateurs à sensibilité multidirectionnelle. Ces dispositifs permettent de récupérer l’énergie quel que soit la direction de la sollicitation externe. Ils exploitent 3 modes propres distincts de flexion sollicités chacun par une composante particulière (ax, ay ou az) du vecteur accélération caractéristique de la sollicitation. Ces dispositifs basés sur une structure planaire de type double poutres orthogonales avec masse sismique centrale sont facilement intégrables et peuvent être déclinés de l’échelle centimétrique à l’échelle millimétrique en utilisant dans ce cas les technologies de type MEMS. Un modèle analytique simple a d’abord mis à jour les mécanismes énergétiques qui permettent d’obtenir une quantité d’énergie constante lorsque le dispositif est soumis à un vecteur sollicitation de direction quelconque. L’optimisation du coefficient de couplage électromécanique de chaque mode fonctionnel, ainsi que l’ajustement de leur fréquence de résonance ont été obtenu à l’aide d’un modèle à éléments finis. L’ensemble de ces résultats théoriques a été expérimentalement validé à l’aide de prototypes centimétriques. / This thesis work focuses on the development of new piezoelectric energy recovery systems from environmental mechanical vibration. The goal is to provide solutions to some strong constraints on the miniaturization of these systems, their integration in MEMS technology. The 2 major lines followed in this work are: (i) the nanostructuring by porosification silicon substrate. This method allows to create functionalized areas having local properties of density and lower rigidity than those of the silicon substrate. This allows on the one hand to improve the overall electromechanical coupling coefficient of the structure and, secondly, to maintain the resonant frequency of the operational mode in a low frequency range (< 1KHz) compatible with the spectrum of Many conventional vibratory sources. A series of finite element modeling of a type converter (beam with seismic mass) established the optimum dimensional parameters of nanostructured area. The effectiveness of this localized nanostructuring method was then evaluated experimentally on silicon membranes. It was observed a reduction of the resonance frequency of the fundamental mode, while minimizing losses by a judicious choice of the location and the width of the porous zone. (Ii) The development of recovery devices multidirectional sensitivity. These devices allow to recover energy regardless of the direction of the external load. They use 3 different eigenmodes bending each solicited by a particular component (ax, ay and az) vector solicitation characteristic acceleration. These devices based on a planar structure type double orthogonal beams with central seismic mass can be easily integrated and can be broken down to centimeter scale at the millimeter scale using in this case the MEMS technologies. A simple analytical model was first updated energy mechanisms that enable a constant amount of energy when the device is subjected to a bias vector in any direction. The optimization of the electromechanical coupling coefficient of each functional mode, and the adjustment of their resonance frequency were obtained using a finite element model. All these theoretical results has been experimentally validated using centimeter prototypes.

Récepteurs récupérateurs d’énergie sans fil (WPR) détiennent un avenir prometteur pour la génération d'énergie électrique continue afin d’alimenter complètement ou partiellement les circuits compris dans les systèmes de communication sans fil. Applications importantes telles que l'identification par radiofréquence (RFID) et les réseaux de capteurs sans fils (WSN) fonctionnant aux bandes de fréquences UHF et SHF sont apparues, nécessitant un important effort sur la conception de WPRs d’haute efficacité pour étendre la distance de fonctionnement ou de la durée de vie de ces applications portables. Dans ce contexte, les redresseurs intégrés et les antennes sont d'un intérêt particulier, car ils sont responsables pour la tâche de conversion d'énergie. Ce travail de thèse vise à faire progresser l'étatde l'art à travers de la conception et réalisation de WPRs d’haute efficacité, dès l'antenne jusqu’au stockage de la puissance DC convertie, en explorant les défis d’interconnexion avec leur pleine intégration sur PCBs. / Wireless Powered Receivers (WPR) hold a promising future for generating a small amount ofelectrical DC energy to drive full or partial circuits in wirelessly communicating electronic devices.Important applications such as RFIDs and WSNs operating at UHF and SHF bands have emerged,requiring a significant effort on the design of high efficient WPRs to extend the operating range or thelifetime of these portable applications. In this context, integrated rectifiers and antennas are of aparticular interest, since they are responsible for the energy conversion task. This thesis work aims tofurther the state-of-the-art throughout the design and realization of high efficient WPRs from the antennaup to the storage of the converted DC power, exploring the interfacing challenges with their fullyintegration into PCBs.

Orientador: Michael John Brennan / Abstract: The advances in microelectromechanical systems to power supply devices for monitoring the structural integrity, mainly for applications in remote areas or with difficult access, have made energy harvesting from ambient vibration a highly researched topic. Although several electromechanical mechanisms have been proposed for applications in a variety of fields, harvesting energy from railway track vibrations is relatively new, and only a small amount of research is ongoing in this topic. This thesis aims to determine the factors that govern the sleeper vertical vibration induced by a passing train, develop a methodology to emulate this vibration in a laboratory-based system and to derive a model of a load resistance attached to a linear electromagnetic transducer to determine the optimum energy harvested. The study shows the importance of knowing the vibration behaviour of the sleeper in order to tune the energy harvester to the correct excitation frequency. A comparison between piezoelectric and electromagnetic transducers is performed using a two-port network model to determine which transducer performs better for low frequency vibration. To emulate sleeper vibration due to a passing train using an electrodynamic shaker, a compensator filter is designed to remove the system dynamics. An analytical investigation into the energy dissipated by a load resistance attached to an electromagnetic transducer when subject to a time-limited base excitation, which may include the transie... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Resumo: Avanços em sistemas micro eletromecânico para fornecer energia à dispositivos para monitoramento de integridade estrutural, principalmente para aplicações em áreas remotas ou de difícil acesso, fez de extração de energia a partir de vibrações contidas no ambiente um tópico de pesquisa em destaque. Apesar de que diversos mecanismos eletromecânicos já foram propostos em uma variedade de aplicações, extração de energia à partir de vibrações em linhas férreas é, relativamente, novo e somente algumas pesquisas estão sendo realizadas sobre esse tópico. Esta Tese busca determinar os fatores que governam a vibração vertical do dormente induzida devido a passagem de um trem, desenvolver uma metodologia para emular esta vibração em um sistema em laboratório e derivar um modelo para um transdutor linear eletromagnético com uma carga resistiva acoplada. O estudo mostrou a importância de conhecer o comportamento vibracional do dormente de modo a sintonizar o extrator de energia com a frequência correta de excitação. Uma comparação entre transdutores piezoelétrico e eletromagnético é realizado utilizando um modelo quadripolo para determinar qual transdutor tem um melhor desempenho para vibrações em baixa frequência. Para emular a vibração do dormente devido a passagem de um trem em um agitador eletrodinâmico, um filtro compensador é projetado para remover a dinâmica do sistema. Uma investigação analítica da energia dissipada pela carga resistiva acoplada à um transdutor eletromagnético qua... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

This research, done as part of the mechanical engineering program at Linnaeus University in partnership with Rottne Industri AB, aims to improve safety in forest industri. It focuses on designing a user-friendly emergency exit system for harvester cabins. Driven by strict safety rules and societal expectations, the goal is to craft an exit that allows quick evacuation during emergencies and fits well with forest machinery safety standards.