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No. of bitstreams: 1 sarahdasilvamendes.pdf: 575630 bytes, checksum: ad12b2b2db4042c4e06195378407b834 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os filhotes e juvenis de quelônios não apresentam anatomicamente características sexuais secundárias visíveis, não sendo possível diferenciar o sexo através da observação da carapaça. Vários autores defendem a análise histológica como a melhor técnica para se realizar a sexagem de filhotes da espécie Caretta caretta. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar a identificação sexual de filhotes de C. caretta através da morfometria geométrica e da histomorfologia. Foram utilizados 73 filhotes natimortos, coletados em diversos ninhos ao longo da Praia da Guanabara, Anchieta, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Para a análise morfométrica, cada animal teve a carapaça fotografada. Posicionado em decúbito dorsal foram retirados o plastrão, intestino grosso, fígado e bexiga para permitir a visualização das gônadas e rins, que após fotografados foram armazenados em formalina 10% tamponada. Foram utilizados os softwares TPSUtil, TPSDig2, CoordGen, PCAGen e CVAGen para as análises morfométricas. O processamento do material seguiu as etapas convencionais da técnica histológica. Com base na análise de componentes principais (PCA), PC1 explicou 19,83% da variação na carapaça dos filhotes, enquanto PC2 explicou 14,71%. Análise de variáveis canônicas revelou que há uma tendência de dimorfismo sexual entre os filhotes, através da carapaça e que essa pode estar relacionada com o sexo dos exemplares. As gônadas estavam localizadas próximas ao hilo renal, com formato filiforme. Nos ovários foi possível observar um córtex com epitélio cúbico e bem desenvolvido, associado a uma medula desorganizada e rica em matriz intersticial. O córtex dos testículos era composto por uma fina camada de epitélio pavimentoso simples, uma medula muito bem desenvolvida e com pouca matriz intersticial, observando-se vários túbulos seminíferos, nitidamente distinguíveis. Trabalhos realizados com filhotes de tartaruga cabeçuda e outras espécies de quelônios, utilizando a morfometria geométrica, também demonstraram haver diferenças na carapaça que distinguem o sexo de filhotes recém nascidos. As características histológicas identificadas foram semelhantes às encontradas por outros autores. Outros trabalhos defendem que a análise macroscópica é suficiente para identificar o sexo de filhotes de tartarugas, o que foi demonstrado efetivamente para Dermochelys coriacea e Chelonia mydas, mas não foi efetivo para C. caretta. A morfometria geométrica se mostrou uma ferramenta útil, tendo a histomorfometria das gônadas de filhotes de C. caretta, confirmado o dimorfismo sexual apontado pela morfometria geométrica. / The hatchlings and juvenile turtles have not anatomically visible secondary sex characteristics, it is not possible to differentiate sex by viewing the carapace. Several authors advocate histological analysis as the best technique for performing sexing chicks of the species Caretta caretta. The aim of this study was to identify sex of baby C. caretta by geometric morphometrics and histomorphology. 73 stillborn pups were used, collected in different nests along the Guanabara´s, Beach Anchieta, Espírito Santo, Brazil. For morphometric analysis each animal had photographed the shell. Were positioned supine removed the plastron, large intestine, liver and bladder to allow visualization of the kidneys and gonads, photographed after they were stored in 10% buffered formalin. We used the software TPSUtil, TPSDig2, CoordGen, PCAGen CVAGen for morphometrics analysis. The histological analysis followed the steps of conventional histological technique. Based on principal component analysis (PCA), PC1 explained 19.83% of the variation in the carapace of the puppies, while PC2 explained 14.71%. Canonical analysis revealed that there is a trend of sexual dimorphism between the pups through the carapace and that this may be related to the sex of the specimens. The gonads were located near the renal hilum, with threadlike format. Ovarian cortex was possible to observe a cuboidal epithelium with well developed, associated with a disorganized medulla and interstitial-rich matrix. The cortex of the testes was composed of a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium, a very well-developed marrow and low interstitial matrix, observing several seminiferous tubules clearly distinguishable. The macroscopic analysis of gonads alone does not allow the differentiation of the sexes, thus corroborating other work done with this species and other sea turtles. Work done with baby loggerhead turtles and other species also showed significant differences in the carapace that distinguish the sex of newly hatched chicks. The histological features were similar to those identified by other authors, some argue that the macroscopic analysis is sufficient to identify the sex of pups, which has been shown to effectively Dermochelys coriacea and Chelonia mydas, but was not effective in C. caretta. Hormonal measurements were also satisfactory to sex in order to cubs C. mydas, but authors disagree on this method to other species. The geometric morphometrics has the potential to Histology is an excellent tool for choosing to sex most used so far.

Significant heart and liver increase in hatching and neonates has been found evident in multiple different species such as the emu, Peking Duck, and pigs. The relative mechanism behind heart growth could be tied to closing of the ductus arteriosus, however there is still a debate whether it’s significant impact in avian species. Liver and heart mass were measured at four different transition stages before and after hatching on Red junglefowls (Gallus gallus). Heart mass was found to vary between 83-170mg, with the lowest values most often found in pre pipped chickens while higher values found more often in hatchlings. The relative heart mass was found to be significant (P<0,05) across all groups except between internally pipped and externally pipped chickens. Therefore, the results can conclude that an increase in relative heart mass was found to be directly tied to age. Liver mass was found to be significant (P<0,05) but changes in mass was found to occur only between EP and hatchling stage. Further analysis on absolute heart and liver mass showed in both cases hatchlings having a higher mean mass compared to the other three stages. Both absolute liver and heart mass was found to be statistically significant (P<0,05) which indicates there are no major differences between analysis on relative or absolute mass. These findings suggest that red junglefowls follow the same growth pattern found in other precocial birds such as emu or Peking duck.

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Tesis por compendio / [ES] Las tortugas bobas son organismos de gran movilidad que ocupan hábitats extensos y diversos, lo que las expone a varias amenazas que pueden afectar negativamente a la persistencia de sus poblaciones. Delinear medidas prioritarias de conservación para esta especie es todo un reto debido a la escasez del conocimiento integrado sobre su supervivencia, uso de hábitat y exposición relativa a amenazas, especialmente durante las primeras etapas de su ciclo vital. En la cuenca occidental del mar Mediterráneo esto adquiere mayor relevancia si se contextualiza en el proceso de colonización que está teniendo lugar en la zona durante la última década. Se ha registrado un aumento en el número de nidos y hembras nidificantes, para cuya protección se han tomado medidas de gestión como la reubicación de nidos y la inclusión de neonatos en programas de "head-starting". Esta coyuntura ha ofrecido una oportunidad única para incrementar el conocimiento sobre la supervivencia, dispersión y uso de hábitat de hembras nidificantes y post-neonatos de tortuga boba. Ninguna investigación previa ha realizado un seguimiento por satélite de hembras nidificantes en el Mediterráneo occidental, ni de post-neonatos mediterráneos con tamaño inferior a 35 cm. La finalidad de esta tesis es abordar las lagunas de conocimiento mencionadas y aportar herramientas para mejorar las estrategias de planificación marina dirigidas a la conservación de la tortuga boba en el Mediterráneo. Los principales objetivos fueron: i) proporcionar las primeras estimaciones empíricas de supervivencia de post-neonatos, ii) dilucidar las rutas de dispersión y el uso de hábitat en las diferentes etapas del ciclo vital, iii) identificar áreas relevantes para su protección, iv) evaluar la eficacia de las actuales áreas marinas protegidas (AMPs) para la conservación de la tortuga boba, y v) proponer medidas de conservación basadas en el análisis espacial. Para ello, se analizaron las trayectorias de 117 tortugas seguidas vía satélite entre 2003 y 2022. Estos datos incluyen las primeras trayectorias de hembras nidificantes en España y de post-neonatos mediterráneos, que se han publicado en un repositorio. Además, se realizó la primera evaluación del uso de hábitat y de AMPs por tortugas bobas marcadas en el Mediterráneo occidental, a lo largo de su ciclo vital. Los resultados de esta tesis muestran, por primera vez, la capacidad de supervivencia y dispersión, así como uso de hábitat de post-neonatos de tortuga boba en el Mediterráneo. Los mares Jónico y de Levante se identificaron como zonas potenciales de desarrollo de post-neonatos. Por otro lado, las hembras mostraron dos comportamientos diferentes durante el periodo de inter-anidación: i) fidelidad a la zona de nidificación, o ii) comportamiento exploratorio de nidificación. Durante la etapa no reproductora, la mayoría de las hembras permanecieron alimentándose en aguas oceánicas de la cuenca argelina. Además, se registró por primera vez la reemigración de esta especie para nidificar de nuevo en España, lo que confirma que las hembras pueden mostrar un cierto grado de fidelidad al lugar de nidificación entre ciclos reproductores. La presente tesis confirma la importancia de la cuenca argelina para las tortugas bobas del Mediterráneo occidental, en particular para los juveniles y adultos. Otras zonas identificadas como importantes son el sur del mar Balear, el mar de Alborán, el canal de Sicilia, el noreste de Túnez, las aguas de Malta, el mar Tirreno y el mar Jónico, según la etapa vital. El análisis de la distribución espacial de la tortuga boba también ha revelado que la distribución y cobertura actuales de las AMPs mediterráneas no contribuyen a alcanzar los objetivos de conservación para esta especie. Los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis contribuyen al conocimiento de la supervivencia y uso espacial de la tortuga boba a lo largo de su ciclo vital en el mar Mediterráneo. / [CA] Les tortugues babaues són organismes de gran mobilitat que ocupen hàbitats extensos i diversos, la qual cosa les exposa a diverses amenaces que poden afectar negativament la persistència de les seues poblacions. Delinear mesures prioritàries de conservació per a aquesta espècie és tot un repte degut a l'escassetat del coneixement integrat sobre la seua supervivència, ús d'hàbitat i exposició relativa a amenaces, especialment durant les primeres etapes del seu cicle vital. En la conca occidental de la mar Mediterrània això adquireix major rellevància si es contextualitza en el procés de colonització que està tenint lloc en la zona durant l'última dècada. S'ha registrat un augment en el nombre de nius i femelles nidificants, per a la protecció de les quals s'han pres mesures de gestió com la reubicació de nius i la inclusió de nounats en programes de "*head-*starting". Aquesta conjuntura ha oferit una oportunitat única per a incrementar el coneixement sobre la supervivència, dispersió i ús d'hàbitat de femelles nidificants i post-nounats de tortuga babaua. Cap investigació prèvia ha realitzat un seguiment per satèl·lit de femelles nidificants en el Mediterrani occidental, ni de post-nounats mediterranis amb grandària inferior a 35 cm. La finalitat d'aquesta tesi és abordar les llacunes de coneixement esmentades i aportar eines per a millorar les estratègies de planificació marina dirigides a la conservació de la tortuga babaua al Mediterrani. Els principals objectius van ser: i) proporcionar les primeres estimacions empíriques de supervivència de post-nounats, *ii) dilucidar les rutes de dispersió i l'ús d'hàbitat en les diferents etapes del cicle vital, *iii) identificar àrees rellevants per a la seua protecció, *iv) avaluar l'eficàcia de les actuals àrees marines protegides (*AMPs) per a la conservació de la tortuga babaua, i *v) proposar mesures de conservació basades en l'anàlisi espacial. Per a això, es van analitzar les trajectòries de 117 tortugues seguides via satèl·lit entre 2003 i 2022. Aquestes dades inclouen les primeres trajectòries de femelles nidificants a Espanya i de post-nounats mediterranis, que s'han publicat en un repositori. A més, es va realitzar la primera avaluació de l'ús d'hàbitat i de *AMPs per tortugues babaues marcades en el Mediterrani occidental, al llarg del seu cicle vital. Els resultats d'aquesta tesi mostren, per primera vegada, la capacitat de supervivència i dispersió, així com ús d'hàbitat de post-nounats de tortuga babaua al Mediterrani. Les mars Jònic i de Llevant es van identificar com a zones potencials de desenvolupament de post-nounats. D'altra banda, les femelles van mostrar dos comportaments diferents durant el període de *inter-implantació: i) fidelitat a la zona de nidificació, o *ii) comportament exploratori de nidificació. Durant l'etapa no reproductora, la majoria de les femelles van romandre alimentant-se en aigües oceàniques de la conca algeriana. A més, es va registrar per primera vegada la reemigració d'aquesta espècie per a nidificar de nou a Espanya, la qual cosa confirma que les femelles poden mostrar un cert grau de fidelitat al lloc de nidificació entre cicles reproductors. La present tesi confirma la importància de la conca algeriana per a les tortugues babaues del Mediterrani occidental, en particular per als juvenils i adults. Altres zones identificades com a importants són el sud de la mar Balear, la mar d'Alborán, el canal de Sicília, el nord-est de Tunísia, les aigües de Malta, la mar Tirrena i la mar Jònica, segons l'etapa vital. L'anàlisi de la distribució espacial de la tortuga babaua també ha revelat que la distribució i cobertura actuals de les *AMPs mediterrànies no contribueixen a aconseguir els objectius de conservació per a aquesta espècie. Els resultats obtinguts en aquesta tesi contribueixen al coneixement de la supervivència i ús espacial de la tortuga babaua al llarg del seu cicle vital en la mar Mediterrània. / [EN] Loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) are highly mobile organisms, which occupy diverse habitats that often span large distances, exposing them to threats that can negatively impact the ability of their populations to persist. Delineating conservation priority measures for this species is challenging since integrated knowledge on survival, habitat use and the relative exposure to threats remains scarce, especially during the early life stages. In the western Mediterranean basin this is particularly relevant when considering the current colonization process taking place in the area within the last decade. During recent years, records on nesting females and clutches have increased and, when possible, management measures such as nest relocation and head-starting programs have been undertaken. This offers a unique opportunity to fill in the knowledge gaps on survival, dispersal routes and habitat use of loggerhead nesting females and post-hatchlings. No research prior to this thesis has satellite-tracked nesting and post-nesting females in the western Mediterranean, nor Mediterranean post-hatchlings smaller than 35 cm. The present thesis aims to address the aforementioned knowledge gaps and enhance marine planning strategies for loggerhead conservation in the Mediterranean Sea. The main objectives were: i) to provide the first empirical survival estimates for head-started post-hatchlings, ii) to elucidate the dispersal routes and habitat use at different life stages, iii) to identify areas that should be considered for protection, iv) to assess the effectiveness of current marine protected areas (MPAs) and other protection measures for loggerhead conservation, and v) to propose spatial conservation measures based on research findings. To achieve these objectives, trajectories of 117 turtles satellite-tracked between 2003 and 2022 were analyzed. This dataset includes the first tracking data of nesting and post-nesting females in Spain and Mediterranean post-hatchlings, which have been made publicly available in a data repository. Moreover, the first assessment of habitat use and the use of MPAs for loggerhead sea turtles tracked from western Mediterranean thorough their life cycle was conducted. The outcomes of this thesis revealed, for the first time, the capability of survival and dispersal, as well as the habitat use of post-hatchlings in the Mediterranean Sea. The Ionian and Levant Seas were identified as potential developmental areas for post-hatchlings. Nesting females exhibited three different behaviours during the inter-nesting period: i) some degree of fidelity to a nesting area, ii) an exploratory nesting behavior, or iii) movement towards oceanic waters after tagging. In addition, the first-time remigration of this species to nest in Spain was recorded, confirming that females show some degree of nest site fidelity between breeding cycles. During the non-breeding stage, females remained in most cases foraging in oceanic waters of the Algerian basin. The present thesis has validated the significance of the Algerian basin for loggerhead sea turtles satellite-tracked from the western Mediterranean, particularly for juveniles and adults. In addition, other important areas inhabited by the loggerhead turtles were identified in the southern Balearic Sea, the Alboran Sea, the Sicilian Channel, the Northeast Tunisia, Maltese waters, the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ionian Sea, depending on the life stage. The analysis of the spatial distribution of the loggerhead sea turtle has also revealed that the current distribution and coverage of Mediterranean MPAs are not effective in achieving this species' conservation goals. Outcomes from the present thesis significantly enhance our understanding of the survival and spatial use of the loggerhead sea turtle throughout its life cycle in the Mediterranean Sea. / I would like to express my gratitude to the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports of Spain for the opportunity to develop this thesis under the predoctoral training grant [FPU15/01823], MEC, Spain. Satellite tagging conducted in the Valencia region was supported by the “Servicio de Vida Silvestre de la Generalitat Valenciana”. Additionally, I am thankful for the support received from the contracts: “Seguimiento mediante marcaje satelital de 10 crías de tortuga boba (Caretta caretta) nacidas en 2016 en el litoral valenciano" and "Marcaje satelital y seguimiento de hembras reproductoras de tortuga boba (Caretta caretta) ante episodios de anidación en las playas del Mediterráneo peninsular y Baleares en 2019", both contracts in the framework of the project "LIFE IP-PAF INTEMARES [LIFE15 IPE ES 012] "Gestión integrada, innovadora y participativa de la Red Natura 2000 en el medio marino español”, coordinated by the Biodiversity Foundation. Similarly, I would like to mention and thank the support received from the contract "Marcaje satelital y seguimiento de hembras reproductoras de tortuga boba (Caretta caretta) ante eventos de anidación en el litoral español" funded by the "Ministerio de Transición Ecológica y Reto Demográfico", Spain. The results of Chapter 6 "Marine protected areas and loggerhead turtles in the Mediterranean Sea" are also part of action C2.2 of the project LIFE IP INTEMARES. / Abalo Morla, S. (2023). Habitat use and distribution of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) in the Mediterranean Sea: Implications for marine planning strategies [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/199233 / Compendio