Bakgrund: Astma är en kronisk sjukdom som i dagens läge drabbar närmare 10 % av Sveriges befolkning. Då sjukdomen är av kronisk natur med i vissa fall livshotande symtom är det av stor vikt att människor med astma lär sig hantera sin sjukdom och förebygga symtomen som den medför. Faktumet att det idag fortfarande förekommer dödsfall till följd av akuta astmaanfall talar för att det finns ett behov av en ökad kunskap kring sjukdomen. Med ett vårdvetenskapligt perspektiv ses hälsa inte bara som frånvaron av sjukdom utan som en balans mellan livets olika komponenter, både biologiska och existentiella. Då upplevelsen av astma är högst individuell är det viktigt att sjuksköterskan förhåller sig till detta och strävar efter att göra patienten delaktig i sin egen hälsoprocess, utifrån hans/hennes egna förutsättningar och behov. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt har varit att beskriva faktorer som har en positiv påverkan på patientens egen förmåga att hantera sitt liv med astma. Metod: Detta är en litteraturöversikt som är baserad på 14 vetenskapliga artiklar, varav 12 med kvantitativ ansats och två med kvalitativ ansats. Samtliga finns tillgängliga på databaserna Cinahl plus with Full Text och Pubmed. Artiklarna har kvalitetsgranskats och analyserats i flera steg enligt rekommendationer för analysförfarande vid en litteraturöversikt. Resultat: I resultatet presenteras fyra kategorier som beskriver faktorer som har en positiv inverkan på patientens förmåga till egenvård och sjukdomskontroll vid diagnostiserad astma; Information och utbildning, Vårdteamet och sjuksköterskan, Beslut och ansvar samt Socialt stöd och gruppverksamhet. Diskussion: I diskussionen belyses patientens behov av relevant information, möjlighet till en god dialog med vårdpersonal samt delaktighet i de beslut som rör den egna hälsan och vikten av att dela erfarenheter med andra människor med astma som är i en liknande situation. Dessa komponenter diskuteras i relation till begreppet Empowerment som syftar till att personer som på något sätt befinner sig i en maktlös position, ska kunna få den kraft och kontroll som behövs för att övervinna känslan av vanmakt. De strategier som hade en positiv påverkan på patientens förmåga att bemästra sin sjukdom ställs i relation till denna teori, som i denna kontext handlar om att personer med astma kan få en ökad känsla av kontroll och inflytande. / Background: Asthma is a chronic disease which currently affects nearly 10% of Sweden's population. This disease is of chronic nature with sometimes life-threatening symptoms, which makes it important that people with asthma learn how to manage their condition and prevent the symptoms it brings. The fact that deaths from acute asthma attacks still occur suggests that there is a need for increased knowledge about the disease. From a caring science perspective, health is seen not only as the absence of illness but as a balance between life's various components, both biological and existential. As the experience of asthma is highly individual it is important that nurses relate to this and strive to make the patient involved in his/her own health process, based on his/her own circumstances and needs. Aim: The purpose of this literature review was to describe factors which have a positive effect on a patients’ own ability to manage their lives with asthma. Methods: This is a literature review based on 14 scientific articles, 12 of which have a quantitative approach and two with qualitative approach. All are available in the databases Cinahl Plus with Full Text, and PubMed. Articles have been quality controlled and analyzed in several steps according to the recommendations of the analysis procedure for a literature review. Results: The result presents four categories that describe the factors which have a positive effect on the patients’ ability to self-care and disease control in diagnosed asthma; information and education, and care team nurse, decision and responsibility, and social support and group activities. Discussions: The discussion highlights the patient's need for relevant information, the possibility of a dialogue with health professionals and participation in the decision making concerning their own health as well as the importance of sharing experiences with other people with asthma who’s in a similar situation. These components are discussed in relation to the concept of empowerment, aimed at people who somehow find themselves in a submissive position, to get the power and control needed to overcome the feeling of powerlessness. The strategies that had a positive effect on the patients’ ability to cope with their disease is set in relation to this theory, which in this context is about giving the person with asthma an increased sense of control and influence.

No Brasil, o exame citolÃgico de Papanicolaou à a principal estratÃgia recomendada para a prevenÃÃo do cÃncer de colo do Ãtero (CCU), orientado para as mulheres de 25 a 64 anos, realizado a cada trÃs anos, apÃs dois exames normais consecutivos realizados com um intervalo de um ano. Esta pesquisa objetivou identificar os fatores relacionados com a prÃtica inadequada do exame Papanicolaou pelas mulheres em um municÃpio do interior do CearÃ. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo transversal com abordagem quantitativa. A coleta foi no perÃodo de junho à outubro de 2013 no distrito sanitÃrio V do municÃpio de Juazeiro do Norte-CE. A amostra foi calculada atravÃs da fÃrmula para populaÃÃes finitas, perfazendo um valor de 240 mulheres, as quais foram inclusas a partir dos seguintes critÃrios: ter idade compreendida entre 20 e 59 anos; ter iniciado vida sexual e aceitar participar da pesquisa. Eram excluÃdas aquelas que nÃo estavam em plena condiÃÃo fÃsica ou mental e nÃo estavam na unidade de saÃde no momento da coleta de dados. Utilizou-se como instrumento de coleta de dados, o inquÃrito domiciliar do tipo Conhecimento, Atitude e PrÃtica, aplicado e posteriormente classificado pela pesquisadora segundo critÃrios de adequaÃÃo. Os dados obtidos foram armazenados e analisados pelo software STATA, versÃo 12.0. Os dados evidenciaram que todas as entrevistadas informaram ter ouvido falar do exame Papanicolaou, mas em 72,9% destas o conhecimento foi avaliado como inadequado. A atitude inadequada tambÃm apresentou percentuais elevados (73,3%). A prÃtica foi classificada como inadequada em 39,2% da amostra, na qual 13,3% afirmaram nunca ter se submetido ao exame, e 23,6% o realizaram hà mais de trÃs anos. ApÃs o teste de Odds Ratio ajustado, as seguintes variÃveis revelaram relevÃncia estatÃstica para a prÃtica inadequada: idade entre 20 e 29 anos (OR(IC)=2.25), estado civil solteira (OR(IC)=3.18) e conhecimento inadequado (OR(IC)=2.90). As dificuldades encontradas para a realizaÃÃo do exame Papanicolaou na unidade de saÃde, as variÃveis de maiores percentuais para a prÃtica inadequada foram: falta de material (68,1%), vergonha do profissional (27,6%) e nÃo gostar do profissional que realiza o exame (20,8%). Percebeu-se a partir desta pesquisa, a importÃncia do esclarecimento à populaÃÃo e a comunicaÃÃo efetiva por parte dos profissionais das equipes da EstratÃgia SaÃde da FamÃlia acerca da problemÃtica relacionada ao CCU e sua prevenÃÃo, assim como a garantia e apoio à continuidade do cuidado por parte dos gestores. / In Brazil, the Pap test is the primary recommended strategy for the prevention of cervical cancer (CCU) cancer, targeted at women 25-64 years old, held every three years after two consecutive normal tests performed a interval of one year. This research aimed to identify the factors related to inadequate practice of Pap smear for women examination on a city in the interior of CearÃ. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted using a quantitative approach. The collection was from June to October 2013 in the health district V of Juazeiro do Norte-CE. The sample was calculated using the formula for finite populations, totaling a value of 240 women who were included based on the following criteria: age between 20 and 59 years; have initiated sexual life and accepting participate. Excluded were those who were not in full physical or mental condition and were not at the clinic at the time of data collection. Was used as an instrument of data collection, the household survey-type Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, and subsequently applied by the researcher classified according to criteria of adequacy. Data were stored and analyzed using STATA software, version 12.0. The data showed that all respondents reported having heard of the Pap smear, but in 72.9% of the knowledge was assessed as inappropriate. Improper attitude also showed high percentage (73.3%). The practice was classified as inadequate in 39.2% of the sample, in which 13.3% reported never having undergone the examination, and 23.6% have done it for over three years. After the adjusted Odds Ratio test, the following variables showed statistical significance for appropriate practice: age between 20 and 29 years (OR (CI) = 2.25), single marital status (OR (CI) = 3.18) and inadequate knowledge (OR (CI) = 2.90). The difficulties encountered in the realization of the Pap smear in the health unit, the variables of higher percentages for inadequate practice were lack of material (68.1%), shame the professional (27.6%) and not like the professional who performs the examination (20.8%). It was realized from this research, the importance of clarifying the population and effective communication among professionals of the teams of the Family Health Strategy about the issues related to cervical cancer and its prevention, as well as warranty and support continuity of care by managers.

A Research Report submitted to the Faculty of Health Science, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Community Dentistry Johannesburg, 2016 / Oral care for patients with HIV/AIDS plays a vital role in improving their nutritional intake, medication tolerance and effectiveness, treatment success rate, as well as quality of life. As the number of people living with HIV/AIDS increases, the possibility of oral healthcare professionals treating more patients with HIV/AIDS will increase and this will result in an increased risk of cross contamination in the dental setting. Aim was to determine the knowledge, attitude and infection control practices of undergraduate dental and oral hygiene students when managing patients with HIV/AIDS. This KAP survey was of a cross-sectional design with an analytical component conducted among 108 dental and oral hygiene students. A validated questionnaire was utilized as a study instrument of choice. A convenience sampling technique was utilized and all students in the target population formed the study sample. Results: The study sample had a mean age of 21 (20 - 23) years, with the majority being females 82 (75.93%) as opposed to 26 (24.07%) males. The average knowledge level of students regarding HIV/AIDS was approximately 55% with a standard deviation of 0.15; the median was 0.55 with a min-max value of (0.2-1.0). [Table2]. Twenty nine per cent of the students (31) had a moderate knowledge level regarding the management of HIV/AIDS patients. Just over half of the cohort, 60(55.56%) of the students had a positive attitude, 44(40.74%) had a passive attitude and 4(3.70%) students had a negative attitude. The infection control practices were of a good quality among the clinical students, with an average of 78.87% (std: 15.61%). Three quarters 53 (76%) of these students had good infection control practice and 17(24%) students had excellent infection control practices. Conclusion: The dental curriculum needs to be appropriately modified, existing learning activities and practical skills should be adapted to ensure future dental practitioners have the clinical competence, in combination with relevant knowledge to provide excellent and appropriate care to patients with HIV/AIDS or any other common transmissible diseases. / MT2017

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Rationale: Critical questions have been raised about the overcrowding of primary care services, such as community health centres (CHCs) and clinics in predominantly Xhosa-occupied areas in the Western and Eastern Cape, with clients who present with minor health ailments. Suggestions have been made about the integration and the use of the indigenous health knowledge (IHK) carried by older Xhosa women in the services as a strategy for managing minor health ailments, and as a way of encouraging appropriate health-seeking behaviour. Preliminary studies have reinforced the need for the revival of the IHK that currently is lying dormant within communities. The studies affirm that such knowledge could be an asset if integrated into, and valued by, the Western biomedical model, and could play a major role in contributing towards alleviating the problem of overcrowding in primary care (PC) services. Aim: This study primarily explored and described the IHK carried by older Xhosa women and used in the management of health problems in their home situation. Secondary recommendations were made to key stakeholders regarding the use, retainment and integration of the IHK into PC services. Method: This ethnographic, feminist and emancipatory study used qualitative methods of data collection. Thirty-six (36) older Xhosa women were purposefully selected to participate in four FGDs, to explore the IHK that they used for managing health problems in their home situation. Sixteen (16) in-depth interviews were conducted with the elite older Xhosa women and their family members to validate the findings from the four FGDs. The process of analysis and interpretation was informed by an inductive process of a combination of narrative analysis and the analysis of narratives strategies. Findings: The findings showed that the older Xhosa women possess IHK regarding the management of minor health problems within the home situation. Assessment, treatment strategies and medications were identified. Functionality and observation are mainly used to diagnose and manage illness. This approach also includes monitoring the progress, severity and recovery from illness in the patient. The findings further demonstrated that older Xhosa women were also managing illnesses that could be classified as major. They could clearly distinguish between what was health and what was illness in their village. Distance from health care services had an impact on the health-seeking behaviour of the older Xhosa women, with those closer to health care services wanting all illnesses, even those that could be classified as minor health ailments, to be managed by the health service, and those who were farther away from the hospital appearing to manage complex illnesses, and only referring clients with those illnesses to external health care services quite late. The findings further showed communication and attitudinal problems that existed between the clients and health care providers. Conclusion: Many studies have already challenged the manner in which PHC was implemented in developing countries, as it appeared to focus on the curative approach to disease and left out disease prevention and health promotion. It is within this area that the older Xhosa women appear to express the greatest concern for the health of their homes and villages. The older Xhosa women in the Eastern Cape appear to be struggling with problems of broken family units, and are left behind to struggle to keep the home together, as they lack the necessary resources to do the hard work involved with producing food and building the home and village. In the light of the promise of National Health Insurance and the revitalisation of PHC, the study proposes that the two major national health policies should take cognisance of the IHK utilised by the older Xhosa women, and that there should be a clear plan as to how the knowledge can be supported within a health care systems approach. A rural health model is proposed by the study to do this. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Rasionaal: Daar word kritiese vrae gestel oor die toeloop van mense met geringe ongesteldhede by primêre-sorg(PS)-dienste, soos gemeenskapgesondheidsentrums (GGS) en klinieke, hoofsaaklik in Xhosa-woongebiede in die Wes- en Oos-Kaap. Voorstelle is geopper dat ouer Xhosa-vroue se inheemse gesondheidskennis (IGK) by die dienste geïntegreer en benut moet word as ’n strategie om minder ernstige gesondheidsprobleme te bestuur en om mense aan te moedig om toepaslike keuses oor gesondheidshulp te maak. Voorlopige navorsing het die nodigheid bevestig dat die kundigheid wat tans onbenut in gemeenskappe lê, herontgin behoort te word. Die navorsing bevestig dat sulke kennis ’n bate kan wees indien dit as ’n gewaardeerde element by die Westerse biomediese model ingeskakel word en dat dit ’n groot rol kan speel om die druk op PS-sentrums te verlig. Doelstelling:Hierdie navorsing ondersoek en beskryf hoofsaaklik die IGK waaroor ouer Xhosa-vroue beskik en wat in die hantering van gesondheidsprobleme in hul tuisomgewing aangewend word. Aanvullende aanbevelings rakende die gebruik, behoud en integrasie van IGK by PS-dienste is aan bepalende belanghebbers voorgelê. Metode: Kwalitatiewe data-insamelingsmetodes is in hierdie etnografiese, feministiese en bevrydingsgerigte navorsing gebruik. Ses-en-dertig ouer Xhosa-vroue is spesifiek uitgesoek vir deelname aan vier fokusgroepbesprekings (FGB’s) om hul hantering van gesondheidsprobleme in hul tuisomgewing aan die hand van hul IGK te ondersoek. Sestien indringende onderhoude is met die elite- ouer Xhosa-vroue en hul gesinslede gevoer om die bevindings van die vier besprekings te bevestig. Die proses van ontleding en vertolking is gerig deur ’n induktiewe proses wat ’n kombinasie van narratiewe ontleding en die ontleding van narratiewe strategieë behels het. Bevindings: Die bevindings wys dat ouer Xhosa-vroue IGK het rakende die hantering van minder ernstige gesondheidsprobleme in die tuisomgewing. Evalueringsmetodes, behandelingstrategieë en medikasie is uitgewys. Kwale word hoofsaaklik volgens funksionaliteit en waarneming gediagnoseer en hanteer. Die werkwyse sluit in dat pasiënte se vordering, die erns van hul siekte en hul herstel gemoniteer word. Die bevindings wys verder dat ouer Xhosa-vroue ook siektetoestande hanteer wat as ernstig geklassifiseer kan word. Hulle kan duidelik tussen gesondheid en siekte in hul gemeenskap onderskei. Die afstand vanaf gesondheidsorgdienste speel ’n rol in die gedrag van ouer Xhosa-vroue wat keuses oor gesondheidshulp betref; diegene wat na aan ʼn gesondheidsorgsentrum woon, verkies dat die gesondheidsdienste alle siektes - selfs dié wat as minder ernstige gesondheidskwale geklassifiseer kan word - moet hanteer, terwyl diegene wat verder van ’n hospitaal woon, klaarblyklik self komplekse siektetoestande behandel en eers op ’n gevorderde stadium sulke kliënte na eksterne gesondheidsorgdienste verwys. Die bevindings het ook probleme rakende kommunikasie en houdingsingesteldheid tussen kliënte en gesondheidsdiensverskaffers uitgewys. Gevolgtrekking: Verskeie ondersoeke het al die manier waarop PG-sorg in ontwikkelende lande toegepas word, bevraagteken, aangesien die benadering oënskynlik op genesing fokus terwyl dit siektevoorkoming en gesondheidsvoorligting verontagsaam. Dis oor hierdie aspek dat die ouer Xhosa-vroue skynbaar die grootste kommer oor die welstand van hul huishoudings en gemeenskappe het. Die ouer Xhosa-vroue in die Oos-Kaap het klaarblyklik met dieselfde probleme van gebroke gesinne as dié in die Wes-Kaap te kampe, en word dikwels alleen agtergelaat om die huishouding te laat oorleef. Hulle kry swaar om sonder die nodige hulpbronne die harde werk te doen om voedsel te produseer en om huishoudings en die gemeenskap op te bou. In die lig van die vooruitsigte wat nasionale gesondheidsversekering en vernuwing van die PGS inhou, stel hierdie navorsingsprojek voor dat bogenoemde twee hoofelemente van die nasionale gesondheidsorgbeleid aandag skenk aan die IGK wat ouer Xhosa-vroue toepas, asook dat ’n duidelike plan uitgewerk word oor hoe hierdie kennis binne die benadering tot gesondheidsorg ondersteun kan word. Die navorsings stel ’n model vir plattelandse gesondheidsorg voor om dié doelstellings te verwesenlik.

No description available.

L'hypertension artérielle (HTA) est un problème de santé sérieux qui affecte 22% des canadiens et dont les complications sont nombreuses. Ces complications peuvent être diminuées par un diagnostic précoce et un traitement efficace et plusieurs auteurs affirment que l'exactitude de la mesure de la pression artérielle (PA) est la pierre angulaire pour établir le diagnostic et assurer un suivi adéquat. Quoique cette mesure soit réalisée très fréquemment, des études réalisées ailleurs qu'au Québec indiquent que les connaissances des infirmières à l'égard de la mesure de la PA sont insuffisantes pour des éléments reconnus comme ayant une influence significative sur les résultats de la mesure de la PA. À notre connaissance, aucune étude concernant les connaissances des infirmières n'a été publiée au Canada. Cette étude a donc pour but de décrire les connaissances théoriques et pratiques des infirmières pour la mesure de la PA en regard des recommandations du Programme éducatif canadien pour le contrôle de l'hypertension artérielle (2004) et comparer les relations entre ces variables. Une enquête par questionnaire auto administré pour décrire les connaissances théoriques ainsi qu'une observation directe par échantillonnage exhaustif pour décrire les connaissances pratiques ont été utilisées pour un premier échantillon de 50 infirmières. Une enquête postale transversale par échantillonnage aléatoire a été utilisée pour décrire les connaissances théoriques auprès d'un deuxième échantillon de 307 infirmières. Les outils ont été testés pour leur validité et leur fidélité dans le cadre de cette étude. L'étude a été approuvée par le comité d'éthique du centre de recherche clinique du CHUS. Les résultats quant aux données sociodémographiques démontrent que les infirmières ayant participé à l'une ou l'autre partie de l'étude sont semblables aux autres infirmières du Québec à l'égard du genre, de l'âge, du type d'emploi et de l'expérience. Elles sont toutefois statistiquement différentes pour le niveau de formation. Le score obtenu par les infirmières des deux échantillons pour le questionnaire sur les connaissances théoriques est de moins de 60%. On peut donc conclure qu'il existe des lacunes importantes en regard des connaissances théoriques acquises. Par ailleurs, ces infirmières croient dans de très fortes proportions posséder les connaissances théoriques et pratiques nécessaires à une mesure exacte de la PA. Pour les connaissances pratiques, le score global des infirmières est de 38%. Force est de croire que malgré le processus de mise à jour annuel et d'implantation des recommandations canadiennes, les connaissances pratiques des infirmières ne sont pas équivalentes au contenu de ces recommandations. Les infirmières qui détiennent un niveau de formation supérieur, celles qui ont lu les recommandations et celles qui ont suivi une formation continue sur la mesure de la PA obtiennent de résultats légèrement supérieurs aux autres infirmières. Considérant la fréquence avec laquelle les infirmières mesurent la PA et l'impact que peut avoir une mesure inexacte, il est important d'entreprendre dès maintenant des actions concrètes pour améliorer cette situation en mettant en place des formations continues régulières sur le sujet et en s'assurant que les programmes de formation initiale incluent une formation théorique et pratique fondée sur les recommandations en vigueur. Il semble également crucial de stimuler l'implantation des recommandations du PECH auprès des infirmières et d'évaluer l'impact de ces mesures par la suite.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine infant oral health knowledge and readiness of expectant mothers to incorporate preventive oral health behaviors for their infants. Methods: The study used a prospective cohort design to examine the effect of prenatal education and motivational counseling with expectant mothers about infant oral health care readiness. Participants were all enrolled in a prenatal care program called Centering Pregnancy offered by VCU’s Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. They all completed a pre-survey questionnaire, followed by a motivational counseling intervention, and then completed a post-survey questionnaire. Results: A sample of 30 pregnant women completed the pre- and post-survey. The participants were predominantly white (60%) who had finished college (67%) with an average age of 28.8 years. Based on the analysis of the readiness (RAPIDD scale) responses, the participants showed an improvement in their value for dental health with a p-value illustrating a significant overall change between the pre and post surveys (p < .02). The results for the knowledge portion of the survey demonstrated an increase in their infant oral health education, showing a significant change across time (p < .0001). The results to the last portion of the pre and post survey illustrated that the participants learned at what age to establish a dental home for their infant. Conclusion: This study has shown that with the proper educational tools parents are able to accept and improve their knowledge related to infant oral health and the prevention of early childhood caries.

Esta pesquisa teve por objeto o estudo de conhecimentos, crenças, opiniões e conduta relacionados à AIDS, de estudantes do segundo grau de escolas estaduais do município de São Paulo. Pretendeu-se oferecer subsídios para órgãos governamentais das áreas de educação e saúde interessados na temática. A amostra foi não-probabilística, constituída de 1068 estudantes de primeiras e terceiras séries do segundo grau de escolas estaduais pertencentes à Divisão Regional de Ensino-3. Realizou-se um \"survey\" analítico, aplicando-se questionário estruturado, como instrumento de medida. O questionário, auto-aplicável, foi elaborado a partir de pesquisa exploratória. Algumas variáveis independentes foram selecionadas: sexo, idade, escolaridade e ocupação dos pais, se teve ou não relação sexual, idade da primeira relação sexual, número de relações nos últimos 30 dias, parceiro sexual e fontes de informação mais importantes sobre a AIDS. Os resultados revelaram que 98,5 por cento dos respondentes declararam que a AIDS pode ser evitada, tendo a maioria manifestado conhecimento razoável sobre formas de transmissão. Contudo, 53,5 por cento opinaram que a doação de sangue pode ser um meio de transmitir o HIV e 50,6 por cento manifestaram receio da proximidade física de doente de AIDS. Apenas 37,0 por cento declararam conhecer bem o modo de colocar e retirar a camisinha. A maioria dos jovens (94,4 por cento ) concordou não ser destino da pessoa ter AIDS. Evidenciou-se baixo nível de percepção da suscetibilidade pessoal à AIDS. Cerca de 55,0 por cento declararam certo grau de descrença na camisinha como meio de evitar a AIDS. A fidelidade do homem e da mulher foram fatores considerados importantes para evitar a AIDS, para cerca de 86 por cento . Os respondentes manifestaram alto grau de preocupação se tivessem relação sexual inesperada sem usar camisinha (75,5 por cento ), porém, 67 por cento não usam, ou raramente usam camisinha. O uso da camisinha associou-se, de forma significativa, às opiniões dos respondentes referentes a considerarem ser a camisinha incômoda, interferir no prazer da mulher, estragar o \"clima\" e diminuir a vontade de fazer sexo. Concluiu-se que, embora os respondentes tivessem revelado conhecimentos sobre alguns aspectos da transmissão e prevenção da AIDS, declararam descrença quanto à camisinha e objeções ao seu uso; não costumam usar ou portar o preservativo; embora considerando a AIDS uma doença grave, não se consideraram em risco de contrair essa doença; dispensam o uso de camisinha na condição de namoro \"fixo\", ou quando julgam conhecer bem o parceiro. Sugere-se enfatizar as ações educativas para prevenção da AIDS e a realização de pesquisas de fatores humanos para melhor conhecimento da realidade. / This research had as its object the study of AIDS - related knowledges, beliefs, opinions and behaviour among high school students in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. It was intended to offer subsidies to govermental organizations in educational and health fields. An analytical survey was performed in a convenience sample of 1068 first and third high school graders in nine schools of the São Paulo State Educational system - Setor 3. By means o f a preliminary study, a self-administered structured questionnaire had been accomphished. Some independent variables were selected: sex, age, parents\' educational background and profession, wheter or not they had had sexual intercourse, age at which they had their first one, number of intercourses during the last 30 days, sexual partner and main information sources on AIDS. The results revealed that 90.5 per cent of the respondents declared that AIDS can be avoided, and that the majority has reasonable knowledge regarding ways of transmission. However, 53.5 per cent stated that blood transfusion could be a mean of HIV transmission, and 50.6 per cent showed fear at the physical proximity of AIDS patients. Only 37.0 per cent declared that they knew how to use a condom. The majority of them (94.4 per cent ) agreed about one not to be predestined to AIDS. It became clear that there existed a low level of perception on personal suscetibility towards AIDS. About 55.0 per cent distrusted condoms as a method to avoid AIDS. The faithfulness of men and women was considered an important factor in the prevention o f AIDS (avout 86.0 per cent ). The respondents showed a high level of concern towards casual sex intercourses without the use of condoms (75.5 per cent ), but 67.0 per cent do not, or rarely, use them. A significant association was found between condom use and the following opinions: discomfort from condom use; interference with the women\'s pleasure; spoiling the sexual athmosphere and causing desire decrease. It was concluded that, apart from the fact the respondents showed knowledge on some aspects of the transmission and prevention of AIDS, disbelief as to the use of the condom and objections to it\'s use do exist. They do not wear or carry condoms with them. Although they consider AIDS to be a serious disease, they do not consider themselves to be at risk of contracting this infection. They stop using condoms when they have a \"fixed\" relationship or when their partner is well known. Educational actions to prevent AIDS and the performance of studies on human factors to improveknowledge as to the reality are suggested.

O Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil (SUS) proporciona a incorporação de muitas tecnologias na área médica e, por conseguinte, pode estar exercendo um papel indireto na produção de conhecimento que não está sendo considerado como uma de suas qualidades. Objetivo: analisar se a incorporação de tecnologias pelo Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil, mais especificamente fármacos, está associada a um aumento da produção de conhecimento científico nacional sobre estas tecnologias. Material e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo onde foram selecionados alguns fármacos distribuídos pelo Ministério da Saúde. Utilizando o PubMed analisou-se a produção de conhecimento no Brasil e em outros países do mundo sobre estas tecnologias. Comparou-se a posição do Brasil no ranking da produção científica mundial nos 3 anos antes da incorporação dos fármacos pelo SUS com a posição do Brasil no 4º, 5º e 6º anos após a incorporação destas tecnologias. Esta comparação foi feita utilizando teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon. Resultados: a posição do Brasil no ranking da produção científica das tecnologias farmacológicas melhora para 70 das 90 tecnologias avaliadas. A posição geral média do Brasil passa de 68º para 45º após a incorporação (p < 0,0001). Conclusão: a incorporação de tecnologias farmacológicas pelo SUS está associada a um aumento da produção de conhecimento nacional sobre estas tecnologias / The Brazilian National Health System (SUS) is responsible for the incorporation of many health technologies, and thus, it could be having an indirect function in the scientific production that has not been considered as one of its qualities. Objective: to evaluate if the technologies incorporation by SUS is associated with an increment in national scientific production about those technologies. Material and methods: This is a descriptive study where it was selected some medications (pharmacologic technologies) that are offered by SUS. The PubMed database was used for the search of Brazilian and other countries scientific production about these technologies. The Brazilian international ranking position in the 3 years before SUS incorporation was compared with the position in the 4th, 5th and 6th years after the incorporation. Wilcoxon nonparametric test was used to perform this comparison. Results: the Brazilian international ranking position improves for 70 of the 90 technologies evaluated. The mean Brazilian ranking position went from 68th to 45th after incorporation (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: the incorporation of pharmacologic technologies by SUS is associated with an increment in the national knowledge production about these technologies

O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar a compreensão de um texto sobre Hanseniase, por diferentes grupos ligados à enfermagem, constituidos por docentes, enfermeiras, estudantes de enfermagem e pessoal auxiliar de enfermagem. A Metodologia utilizada foi capaz de extrair o conteúdo quantitativo e qualitativo existente nos textos recontadps por escrito, pela população, após ouvir o referido texto gravado. Duas formas de análise foram aplicadas: recodificação e recuperação das frases recontadas, que geraram por sua vez, os \"textos médios\", representativos da compreensão do texto original pelos grupos. Essa análise foi facilitada não somente pela presença do jargão ou sub-linguagem existente dentro de um contexto específico, mas pelo conhecimento da estrutura informacional do texto utilizado. Para estudar a forma de organização da informação decodificada pelo entrevistado, foi utilizada a Teoria dos Grafos. Os resultados encontrados apontaram o grupo de docentes como aquele que decodificou de maneira mais completa o texto apresentado, em contraposição com o grupo pessoal auxiliar de enfermagem, que apresentou a decodificação mais pobre. Os \"textos Medios\" apresentados pelos grupos de estudantes e de enfermeiras, refletiram a experiência vivenciada na prática por esses grupos. Com o auxílio do computador, a metodologia aqui adotada para recupeção do conteúdo e estrutura de textos, mostrou uma nova forma de análise da linguagem até então inexeqüível pelos métodos convencionais. / The present paper studied how different elements of the nursing staff decoded a text about Hanseniasis. The tape of the text was played to teachers, students, nurses and technicians. After this, they recalled the text by written, pointed out its theme (subject) and rheme (what is said about the theme) and constructed the graph of the recalled joining the recalled phrases. Two different techniques - phrase recoding and recovering - were used to obtain the most frequent phrases used by each population. Then, these frequent phlrases were used to construct \"Mean texts\" representing the understanding of the text by the different experimental groups. This analysis was facilitated by both the previous knowledge of the original text structure as well as by the jargon or specialized language used by the oursing staff. The results showed that the understaoding of text was different for each experimental group reflecting the both knowledge and experience of shared by each population.