No description available.

One of the main tasks for journalism is to provide people with the information they need to be able to make independent decisions that can help them improve their lives. In order to know that the media fullfils this task it is important to study how the information is received by the audience. This thesis aims to investigate if, and if so how, a selected group of people in Dar es Salaam use news media to inform themselves on problems regarding healthcare, and how they value the information on these topics.A minor field study was carried out in Dar es Salaam in April 2014. The study was limited to Dar es Salaam, the economic capital of Tanzania, because it holds the majority of the media. Three different residential areas were chosen for the study, these were Mwananyamala, which is a low-income area, Sinza, middle–income and Mikocheni, high–income. A survey questionnaire was distributed in each area, 30 in Mwananyamala, 31 in Sinza and 30 in Mikocheni, and in every area four interviews was preformed.According to the selection group there is plenty of healthcare information in the media that is useful to the audience but it is not seen to be very varied. Most information is about malaria and HIV/AIDS, which are two of the most common diseases in Tanzania, but many call for a broader reporting on health issues. Media is however a useful source of information, according to most of the respondents, and especially radio and television has a big impact since it reaches out to a large part of the population. This is a good thing as long as the information is factual and accurate, but several of the respondents believe that this is not always the case.

No abstract available.

Health Information Systems (HIS) make extensive use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The use of ICT aids in improving the quality and efficiency of healthcare services by making healthcare information available at the point of care (Goldstein, Groen, Ponkshe, and Wine, 2007). The increasing availability of healthcare data presents security and privacy issues which have not yet been fully addressed (Liu, Caelli, May, and Croll, 2008a). Healthcare organisations have to comply with the security and privacy requirements stated in laws, regulations and ethical standards, while managing healthcare information. Protecting the security and privacy of healthcare information is a very complex task (Liu, May, Caelli and Croll, 2008b). In order to simplify the complexity of providing security and privacy in HIS, appropriate information security services and mechanisms have to be implemented. Solutions at the application layer have already been implemented in HIS such as those existing in healthcare web services (Weaver et al., 2003). In addition, Discretionary Access Control (DAC) is the most commonly implemented access control model to restrict access to resources at the OS layer (Liu, Caelli, May, Croll and Henricksen, 2007a). Nevertheless, the combination of application security mechanisms and DAC at the OS layer has been stated to be insufficient in satisfying security requirements in computer systems (Loscocco et al., 1998). This thesis investigates the feasibility of implementing Security Enhanced Linux (SELinux) to enforce a Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) policy to help protect resources at the Operating System (OS) layer. SELinux provides Mandatory Access Control (MAC) mechanisms at the OS layer. These mechanisms can contain the damage from compromised applications and restrict access to resources according to the security policy implemented. The main contribution of this research is to provide a modern framework to implement and manage SELinux in HIS. The proposed framework introduces SELinux Profiles to restrict access permissions over the system resources to authorised users. The feasibility of using SELinux profiles in HIS was demonstrated through the creation of a prototype, which was submitted to various attack scenarios. The prototype was also subjected to testing during emergency scenarios, where changes to the security policies had to be made on the spot. Attack scenarios were based on vulnerabilities common at the application layer. SELinux demonstrated that it could effectively contain attacks at the application layer and provide adequate flexibility during emergency situations. However, even with the use of current tools, the development of SELinux policies can be very complex. Further research has to be made in order to simplify the management of SELinux policies and access permissions. In addition, SELinux related technologies, such as the Policy Management Server by Tresys Technologies, need to be researched in order to provide solutions at different layers of protection.

Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 2008. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 46-05, page: 2673. Adviser: Linda Lloyd. Includes bibliographical references.

O acesso universal aos serviços de saúde e terapia antirretroviral foram importantes no aumento da sobrevida de pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS (PVHA). A incidência de comorbidades crônicas, porém, aumentou proporcionalmente. Considerando a epidemia de AIDS no RS, especialmente em Porto Alegre, é preciso investigar a sobrevida de PVHA no contexto local, especialmente entre coinfectados HIV/Tuberculose. Dados foram obtidos pelo relacionamento dos bancos SIM e SINAN 2007-2012. Foi utilizado o modelo de regressão de COX para obter o hazard ratio, o método de Kaplan-Meier para estimativas de sobrevida O banco compreendeu 1800 casos notificados em 2007. Correspondem a 60% homens, brancos em sua maioria (67%), com mediana de idade igual a 37 anos (AIQ=14), a maioria dos casos possui baixa escolaridade. Cerca de 70% adquiriu a doença via transmissão sexual. Comparados aos casos notificados por critério óbito, os óbitos totais tem maior proporção de indivíduos de raça/cor preta (46,1% e 32,5%, respectivamente) e maior freqüência de indivíduos do sexo masculino (40,0% e 27,8%, respectivamente). A proporção de dados incompletos também é maior para a escolaridade (72,1% e 68,7%, respect.), contagem de CD4+ (76% e 68%, respect.). Na análise bivariada a transmissão sanguínea, raça/cor negra e baixa escolaridade foram fatores associados a maior risco de óbito. Sexo feminino e idade acima de 30 anos foram fatores associados a menor risco de óbito por AIDS Raça/cor negra, transmissão do HIV pro via sanguínea, presença de infecção por TB e baixa escolaridade são fatores associados à mortalidade aumentada no modelo multivariado. A sobrevida média foi de 1.495 dias (IC 95% 1449 – 1550). O percentual de dados incompletos sugerem que o relacionamento dimensiona a subnotificação mas não qualifica o processo de vigilância. O Critério Óbito representa a perda de oportunidades de intervenção em eventos preveníveis e pode servir como indicador negativo da vigilância. / Universal Access to health services and antiretroviral therapy were crucial in improving the survival or people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA). The incidence of cronic comorbidities, however, have proportionally rised. Considering the AIDS epidemics in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, specifically in the city of Porto Alegre, it is important to determine the survival of PLHA in a local context, specially between individuals coinfected with TB. Data were obtained by the linkage of SIM and SINAN databases from 2007-2012. A COX regression model was used for the hazard ratios, and the Kaplan-Meier method in order to determine survival estimates. The resulting database had 1800 cases notified in 2007. Sixty percent were male, mostly of white race (67%), median age of 37 years old (IQR=14), mosto f them had low schooling. Around 70% acquired the vírus through sexual transmission. Compared to the total of cases, those notified by the death criteria have proportionally more individuals of the black race (46,1% and 32,5%, respectively) and more males (40% and 27,8%, respectively). The proportion of incomplete data is also higher for scholarity (72,1% and 68,7% respectively) and CD4+ T lymphocite cell count (76% e 68%, respectively). Blood transmission, black race and low scholarity were associated with a higher risk of death in the bivariate analysis. Female gender and age over 30 years were factors associated with a low risk of AIDS-related death. In the multivariate model black race, blood transmission of the vírus e low scholarity were factors associated with higher mortality. Mean survival was of 1495 days (95% CI 1449 – 1550). The proportion of incomplete data suggests that the linkage scales the underreporting but doesn’t qualify the surveillance process. Death criterion represents missed opportunities of interventions in preventable events, and might serve as negative indicator of the surveillance.

abstract: Clinical Decision Support (CDS) is primarily associated with alerts, reminders, order entry, rule-based invocation, diagnostic aids, and on-demand information retrieval. While valuable, these foci have been in production use for decades, and do not provide a broader, interoperable means of plugging structured clinical knowledge into live electronic health record (EHR) ecosystems for purposes of orchestrating the user experiences of patients and clinicians. To date, the gap between knowledge representation and user-facing EHR integration has been considered an “implementation concern” requiring unscalable manual human efforts and governance coordination. Drafting a questionnaire engineered to meet the specifications of the HL7 CDS Knowledge Artifact specification, for example, carries no reasonable expectation that it may be imported and deployed into a live system without significant burdens. Dramatic reduction of the time and effort gap in the research and application cycle could be revolutionary. Doing so, however, requires both a floor-to-ceiling precoordination of functional boundaries in the knowledge management lifecycle, as well as formalization of the human processes by which this occurs. This research introduces ARTAKA: Architecture for Real-Time Application of Knowledge Artifacts, as a concrete floor-to-ceiling technological blueprint for both provider heath IT (HIT) and vendor organizations to incrementally introduce value into existing systems dynamically. This is made possible by service-ization of curated knowledge artifacts, then injected into a highly scalable backend infrastructure by automated orchestration through public marketplaces. Supplementary examples of client app integration are also provided. Compilation of knowledge into platform-specific form has been left flexible, in so far as implementations comply with ARTAKA’s Context Event Service (CES) communication and Health Services Platform (HSP) Marketplace service packaging standards. Towards the goal of interoperable human processes, ARTAKA’s treatment of knowledge artifacts as a specialized form of software allows knowledge engineers to operate as a type of software engineering practice. Thus, nearly a century of software development processes, tools, policies, and lessons offer immediate benefit: in some cases, with remarkable parity. Analyses of experimentation is provided with guidelines in how choice aspects of software development life cycles (SDLCs) apply to knowledge artifact development in an ARTAKA environment. Portions of this culminating document have been further initiated with Standards Developing Organizations (SDOs) intended to ultimately produce normative standards, as have active relationships with other bodies. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biomedical Informatics 2018

p. 1-61 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-24T17:40:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 3333.pdf: 629201 bytes, checksum: 1045c2e81a35871697bfeed84c16ad43 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva(mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-05-04T17:01:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 3333.pdf: 629201 bytes, checksum: 1045c2e81a35871697bfeed84c16ad43 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-04T17:01:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3333.pdf: 629201 bytes, checksum: 1045c2e81a35871697bfeed84c16ad43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Os Sistemas de Informação em Saúde (SIS) contribuem para identificar problemas individuais e coletivos do quadro sanitário de uma população, propiciando elementos para análise da situação e subsidiando as ações. Por isto são considerados instrumentos de gestão e devem ser utilizados nas práticas de planejamento e execução das ações de vigilância sanitária (VISA) relativas à promoção, proteção e reabilitação da saúde e em sua avaliação. O estudo tem por objetivo descrever a situação da aplicação da informação em saúde no planejamento das ações de vigilância sanitária na gestão municipal. Mais especificamente identificar o grau de conhecimento dos profissionais sobre os SIS e descrever de que maneira os dados são utilizados pelos profissionais no planejamento. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, transversal e observacional, de caráter exploratório e descritivo, que apresenta abordagens quantitativas caracterizadas pela identificação dos dados existentes nos SIS e abordagens qualitativas que incluiram entrevistas com profissionais do setor e a apreciação da rede e da organização dos serviços por meio de análise documental. A análise e a interpretação dos dados são de natureza qualitativa. Os resultados apontam que os profissionais consideram o planejamento das ações de vigilância sanitária deficiente uma vez que não ocorre de maneira periódica, sistemática e uniforme com a utilização do enfoque estratégico situacional. Os entrevistados souberam definir SIS, mas demonstraram pouco conhecimento real dos vários sistemas existentes. Esses disponibilizam dados que dizem respeito à situação de saúde, entretanto a sua utilização não acontece para planejar as ações específicas de VISA, e uma das principais causas apontadas é a falta de conhecimento no manuseio destes sistemas pela equipe. / Vitória da conquista

O acesso universal aos serviços de saúde e terapia antirretroviral foram importantes no aumento da sobrevida de pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS (PVHA). A incidência de comorbidades crônicas, porém, aumentou proporcionalmente. Considerando a epidemia de AIDS no RS, especialmente em Porto Alegre, é preciso investigar a sobrevida de PVHA no contexto local, especialmente entre coinfectados HIV/Tuberculose. Dados foram obtidos pelo relacionamento dos bancos SIM e SINAN 2007-2012. Foi utilizado o modelo de regressão de COX para obter o hazard ratio, o método de Kaplan-Meier para estimativas de sobrevida O banco compreendeu 1800 casos notificados em 2007. Correspondem a 60% homens, brancos em sua maioria (67%), com mediana de idade igual a 37 anos (AIQ=14), a maioria dos casos possui baixa escolaridade. Cerca de 70% adquiriu a doença via transmissão sexual. Comparados aos casos notificados por critério óbito, os óbitos totais tem maior proporção de indivíduos de raça/cor preta (46,1% e 32,5%, respectivamente) e maior freqüência de indivíduos do sexo masculino (40,0% e 27,8%, respectivamente). A proporção de dados incompletos também é maior para a escolaridade (72,1% e 68,7%, respect.), contagem de CD4+ (76% e 68%, respect.). Na análise bivariada a transmissão sanguínea, raça/cor negra e baixa escolaridade foram fatores associados a maior risco de óbito. Sexo feminino e idade acima de 30 anos foram fatores associados a menor risco de óbito por AIDS Raça/cor negra, transmissão do HIV pro via sanguínea, presença de infecção por TB e baixa escolaridade são fatores associados à mortalidade aumentada no modelo multivariado. A sobrevida média foi de 1.495 dias (IC 95% 1449 – 1550). O percentual de dados incompletos sugerem que o relacionamento dimensiona a subnotificação mas não qualifica o processo de vigilância. O Critério Óbito representa a perda de oportunidades de intervenção em eventos preveníveis e pode servir como indicador negativo da vigilância. / Universal Access to health services and antiretroviral therapy were crucial in improving the survival or people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA). The incidence of cronic comorbidities, however, have proportionally rised. Considering the AIDS epidemics in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, specifically in the city of Porto Alegre, it is important to determine the survival of PLHA in a local context, specially between individuals coinfected with TB. Data were obtained by the linkage of SIM and SINAN databases from 2007-2012. A COX regression model was used for the hazard ratios, and the Kaplan-Meier method in order to determine survival estimates. The resulting database had 1800 cases notified in 2007. Sixty percent were male, mostly of white race (67%), median age of 37 years old (IQR=14), mosto f them had low schooling. Around 70% acquired the vírus through sexual transmission. Compared to the total of cases, those notified by the death criteria have proportionally more individuals of the black race (46,1% and 32,5%, respectively) and more males (40% and 27,8%, respectively). The proportion of incomplete data is also higher for scholarity (72,1% and 68,7% respectively) and CD4+ T lymphocite cell count (76% e 68%, respectively). Blood transmission, black race and low scholarity were associated with a higher risk of death in the bivariate analysis. Female gender and age over 30 years were factors associated with a low risk of AIDS-related death. In the multivariate model black race, blood transmission of the vírus e low scholarity were factors associated with higher mortality. Mean survival was of 1495 days (95% CI 1449 – 1550). The proportion of incomplete data suggests that the linkage scales the underreporting but doesn’t qualify the surveillance process. Death criterion represents missed opportunities of interventions in preventable events, and might serve as negative indicator of the surveillance.

Nurses are often the first members of the health care team with whom patients interact. The initial impression of the nurses’ receptiveness to the patients’ needs influences the patients’ views of their overall care. Researchers have suggested that understanding communication between individuals can provide the human link, or social element, to the successful implementation and use of electronic health records, including documentation (Lanham, Leykum, & McDaniel, 2012). Zadvinskis, Chipps, and Yen (2014) identified that the helpful features of bedside documentation systems were offset by the mismatch between the system and nurse’s workflow. The purpose of this micro-ethnography study was to explore the culture of nurse-patient interaction associated with electronic documentation at the bedside. Data were collected through passive participant observation, audio-taping of the nurse-patient interactions, and informal and semi-structured interviews with the nurses. A total of twenty-six observations were conducted on three nursing units at an urban healthcare facility in New England. These three units were occupied by similar patient populations and all patients required cardiac monitoring. Three themes consistently emerged from qualitative data analysis: the nurses paused during verbal communication, the nurses played a game of tag between the patient and the computer, and the nurses performed automatic or machine-like actions. The participants described these themes in the informal and semi-structured interviews. The nurses’ actions were observed during passive participant observation, and the audio-taped interactions supported these themes. Understanding the adaptation of caregiving necessitated by bedside electronic documentation will have a positive impact on developing systems that interface seamlessly with the nurses’ workflow and encourage patients’ active participation in their care.