Prostitucija egzistuojanti nuo pirmykščių laikų savyje talpina socialinį neteisingumą, išnaudojimą ir pažeidžiamas žmogaus teises, todėl socialinis darbas būdamas anti-engėjiška praktika, privalo imtis iniciatyvos. Darbe remiamasi interpretuojamąja – konstruktyvistine ontologija, kuri teigia, kad socialiniai reiškiniai neegzistuoja savaime, jie yra sukonstruoti ir įtakoti kitų. Prostitucijos fenomenas sąlygotas stereotipų, pasmerkimo ir visuotinės stigmatizacijos, dažnai šios nuostatos trukdo į reiškinį pažvelgti iš esmės. Pripažįstama, kad prostituciją sukuria paklausa, tačiau apie ją nekalbama, tai tarsi nematoma prostitucijos pusė, kuri palikta užribyje. Nėra aiškios informacijos, kokia ši paklausa ir kas sąlygoja jos egzistavimą, todėl siekiant kalbėti apie tuos, kurie perka seksą ir išlaiko sekso industriją, šio darbo tikslas – atskleisti vyrų, perkančių seksą, naratyvus projektuojant socialinio darbo intervencijos kryptis. Keliami tyrimo klausimai: kaip sekso pirkimo reiškinį aiškina perkantieji seksą? Kaip sekso pirkimas yra susijęs su hegemoninio vyriškumo nuostatomis? Kokios galimos socialinio darbo intervencijos kryptys sekso pirkimo kontekste? Siekiant atskleisti vyrų, perkančių seksą naratyvus buvo pasitelktas kokybinis naratyvinis tyrimas. Remiamasi subjektyvistine – interpretuojamąja epistemologija. Pasirinkta tyrimo dalyvių trianguliacija, kuri padėjo gauti tikslesnius duomenis iš reiškinio vidaus (interviu su sekso pirkėjais) ir išorės (interviu su policijos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Prostitution has existed since primeval times. This phenomenon contains the social injustice, exploitation and violations of human rights. Social work, as an anti-oppressive practice, must take action. The paper is based on interpretative – constructivist ontology, which proposes that social phenomena do not exist in spite of themselves, but they are designed and influenced by others. Prostitution is conditioned by stereotypes, stigmatization and universal condemnation and often this approach doesn`t let to look at the very core of this phenomenon. It is recognized that prostitution is created by demand but it is not discussed in public. It is like an invisible side of prostitution, which is left behind. There is no clear information what the demand is and what determines its existence, so there is a need to discuss those who buy sex and support sex industry. The aim of this paper is to reveal narratives of men who buy sex with the purpose to design directions of social work based on these narratives. The questions the research raises are is: How the phenomenon of sex-purchase is explained by the buyers themselves? What are the possible directions of social work intervention in the context of the sex-purchase? In order to reveal the narratives of men who buy sex, qualitative narrative study was chosen. The research is based on subjectivist - interpretative epistemology. Triangulation of research participants was chosen, which helped to get more accurate data from inside of... [to full text]

Individual’s existential ambivalence has according to Jacques Derrida, one of the foremost proponents of post-structuralism, led to a continuous demand for structure (Cooper, 1989). Categories, used as structural tools, are however often hierarchically organized, where one category is more preferable than the other, also referred to as binary oppositions. Alternative categories and/ or references will appear when adopting a deconstruction process, which is crucial in order to invoke change and development (Cooper, 1989; Markkula et al., 2011; Marion, 2006). The aim of present research is trying to identify if Derrida’s theory of undecidable transfer of features (Agger, 1991; Cooper, 1989; Livingston, 2010; Bates, 2005) is applicable in fashion, more specifically fast- and slow fashion, and if the two categories are susceptible to a merge. Deconstructionism and Derrida’s theory of undecidable was furthermore applied as the theoretical framework throughout the study. Present research has been executed with an interpretive methodological approach and through a poststructural epistemological outlook (Hudson & Ozanne, 1988; Eriksson & Kovalainen, 2016). Data was derived through two focus group interviews, involving seven informants at a time, with Autodriving as a visual research tool (Heisley & Levy, 1991) and open-ended questions as a complementing instrument (Eriksson & Kovalainen, 2016). A thematic analysis was furthermore applied when revisiting the data and analysing its content. The findings finally suggest that a merge between fast- and slow fashion is executable, which furthermore also legitimises Derrida’s theory of undecidability. This study has however only begun the deconstruction process and does therefore encourage future researchers to continue investigating the theory of undecidability (Agger, 1991; Cooper, 1989; Livingston, 2010; Bates, 2005) not only in fashion, but also within other institutions.

Using secondary analysis of in-depth interviews of men with schizophrenia (N=59), in this thesis I explore the interplay between the performance of hegemonic masculinity and the treatment career of men with serious mental illness (SMI), and in doing so begin a conversation about how mental health providers can better address issues of masculinity. My findings are that significant barriers to masculinity performance are caused by the diagnosis and treatment of SMI, leading to roll loss, subsequent stress, and strategic modification of masculinity performance to attain hegemonic complicity. I identify six emergent themes and three masculinities within the data, and offer a theoretical framework with recommendations for application and future research.

Diploma thesis "TV Lifestyle Magazines : Phenomenon of Masculinity, Makeover and Success" mostly deals with the concepts of life-style, taste, makeover a masculinity and their factual manifestation in particular television shows. In its theoretical part the thesis defines fundamental themes and concepts based on literature, especially according to Pierre Bourdieu, Dick Hebdige and Michel Foucault. The concept of life-style has gained much importance in contemporary society, because it's actually the style of life which has become the most important principle of social clustering. One of the first sociologists to reflect on the concept of life-style was Pierre Bourdieu. His conception of life-style is based on stratification and social inequalities. These inequalities are - according to Bourdieu - the product of deep structural inequalities underlying the society as a whole. The thesis also concerns with style as intentional communication, hegemony and resistence as perceived by Dick Hebdige. The body and the process of moulding it into the shape of disciplined bodies is the subject of another part of the thesis. Further on the thesis deals with the problem of body and masculinity, and above all with the process of building its image in the media. Two types of masculinity are defined; first hegemonic...

This essay explores men´s relationship to training through a phenomenological understanding of bodily comfort and orientation. This is done by a survey performed with three men who identified themselves as feminist and continuingly exercise their bodies. The phenomenological understanding is then broadened by coupling the men's experiences to contemporary research on masculinity. By employing theories surrounding Sara Ahmed's view on phenomenology and Raewyn Connell's hegemonic masculinity, the essay shows that the men's bodily comfort and orientation is affected by the fact that they exercise. Through their training they construct bodies that in some aspects correlates with the conception of being in form, being fit. It also correlates with normative conceptions of masculine bodies. The conception of the fit body and masculinity is also explored through a view on norms of society. The feeling of incorporating social norms increases the men's bodily comfort, and give them a sense of being in control of their bodies. That they identified as feminist shows that they have an ambivalent relationship to their practitioner.

This study examines the ways in which men who relate sexually to children, identified in the press as paedophiles, are represented in four leading newspapers in the Republic of Ireland in the period from 2003-2005. Utilising a qualitative research methodology namely critical discourse analysis, a social constructionist approach and informed by post-structural perspectives, this research examines the ways in which the masculinities of the man represented as 'the paedophile' are constructed. This research demonstrates how the normative is reinforced through the delegitimation of the masculinities of these men. The discursive regimes and cultural scenarios drawn upon in representations of 'the paedophile' reflect degrees of deviation from hegemonic masculinity in an always already 'deviant' group of men. Inactive heterosexuality and homosexuality are not hegemonic masculine practices, and the masculinity of supposedly, celibate clergymen and homosexual men is discursively subordinated. A consideration of the material dimensions of these discourses, illustrates how the media representation of men who relate sexually to children, confirms the normative contours of society and strategically excludes hegemonic masculinity and the wider society from association with adult male sexual interaction with children.

Although prevalence rates of gay intimate partner violence (IPV) appear to equal heterosexual IPV rates, gay male IPV does not feature strongly in public anti-­‐violence messaging. This relative silence appears to hold even within the LGBTI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex) community. This study addresses this silence. In-­‐depth qualitative interviews were conducted and a critical discourse analysis informed by Ian Parker’s (1992) perspectives, was used to analyse the results. A review of mainstream and critical discourses of violence show that IPV is usually constructed as an exclusively heterosexual phenomenon and these influenced participants’ constructions. Findings indicated that a range of discourses intersect to produce constructions of gay IPV as ‘not violence’, normative, un-­‐ harmful, unintimidating, ‘anti-­‐gay’, erotic, cathartic and intimate. All of these formations can result in gay IPV being silenced and it was shown that gay mens’ constructions of IPV were inextricably bound in gendered, power asymmetry. The study demonstrates how particular configurations of discourse are necessary for violence to become intelligible at all. The implications of these findings are discussed and possibilities for important community intervention suggested.

Introdução - O corpo, em diferentes perspectivas, é concebido como uma fonte de transmissão de mensagens, de maneira que, mais do que enaltecer a matéria, é prestigiado o teor implícito nela, o qual pode ser interconectado com a natureza e a personalidade de seu transmissor. No campo da prostituição, no qual o corpo vale como mercadoria, os garotos de programa filtram, incorporam e reproduzem os desejos dos clientes para então construírem personagens e desenvolverem o prisma teatral da prostituição. A prostituição de luxo é manifestada como um fenômeno ainda pouco explorado em pesquisas e no meio acadêmico, o que lhe confere um caráter emblemático nos estudos de gênero e sexualidade. Objetivo - Compreender os sentidos atribuídos à masculinidade, ao uso do corpo e à prostituição entre garotos de programa de luxo da cidade de São Paulo. Método - Pesquisa qualitativa, mediante entrevistas com 8 garotos de programa de luxo. Foi utilizado um roteiro temático norteador para o levantamento do perfil socioeconômico dos participantes, assim como de relatos acerca da prática profissional e das concepções de masculinidade no campo da prostituição de luxo. Os dados foram transcritos, organizados e analisados por meio de uma aproximação com a análise de conteúdo. Resultados - Os garotos de programa, para se inserirem no mercado erótico de alto padrão, assumem um comportamento no qual encarnam aspectos caricaturais e marcantes da masculinidade hegemônica. Pode-se considerar que é no corpo e pelo corpo que eles demarcam e tornam visíveis aspectos ligados à masculinidade, à virilidade e à potência sexual. Corpos musculosos carregam os aspectos simbólicos inerentes e necessários à esta ocupação e é justamente esse reforço das normas e da performance de gênero que garante, entre outros aspectos, um lugar no mercado de luxo. Para tanto, o uso de anabolizantes é um dos principais recursos para a conquista do corpo considerado como ideal e valorizado economicamente. Observa-se que, dentre os entrevistados, a prostituição é legitimada como fonte de renda e que eles escolheram a entrada no ramo, realizando diferentes tipos de investimentos estéticos para permanecerem, já que consideram que o ganho financeiro obtido dificilmente seria possível por meio de outros empregos do mercado formal. Conclusão - A apropriação de estereótipos ligados à hegemonia pode ser interpretada como uma repetição de normas relacionadas à ideia da dominação masculina. Na busca por esses traços, clientes e profissionais do sexo tendem a reproduzir como ideais, para si mesmos e seus parceiros, os mesmos padrões excludentes aos quais foram submetidos, como uma possível fuga da feminização e de aspectos considerados desvirtuados. / Introduction - The body, in different perspectives, is conceived as a source of message transmission, so that, more than praising the matter, the content implicit in it is honored, which can be interconnected with the nature and the personality of its transmitter. In the prostitution field, where the body counts as merchandise, the male prostitutes filter, incorporate, and reproduce the clients\' desires for them to build characters and develop the theatrical prism of prostitution. Luxury prostitution is manifested as a phenomenon still little explored in research and academic environment, which provides an emblematic character in gender and sexuality studies. Purpose - To understand the meanings attributed to masculinity, the use of the body, and the prostitution among luxury male prostitutes in the city of São Paulo. Method - Qualitative research made by interviews with 8 male prostitutes of high standard . For such, a thematic guide was used to guide and collect data on socioeconomic and cultural profiles of the participants, reports regarding the professional practice, and aspects regarding the purpose. The data were transcribed, organized and analyzed by approximation with the content analysis. Results - In order to be inserted in the high standard erotic market, the male prostitutes assume a behavior in which they embody caricature like and relevant aspects from the hegemonic masculinity. It can be considered that it is in the body and for the body that they mark and make visible aspects related to masculinity, virility and sexual potency. Muscled bodies carry the symbolic aspects inherent and necessary to this occupation and it is precisely this reinforcement of rules and gender performance that guarantees, among other factors, a place in the luxury market. For such, the use of anabolic is one of the main resources for the achievement of the body considered as ideal and economically valued. It is observed that, among the interviewees, the prostitution is legitimized as a source of income and that they chose to enter the industry, performing different types of aesthetic investments to remain in the industry, provided they consider that the financial gain obtained would hardly be possible through other jobs in the formal market. Conclusion - The appropriation of stereotypes linked to hegemony can be interpreted as a repetition of rules related to the idea of male domination. In the search for these features, clients and sex professionals tend to reproduce as ideals, for themselves and their partners, the same excluding patterns to which they have been subjected, as a possible escape from feminization and aspects considered to be distorted.

Atualmente, a questão das drogas tem ganhado cada vez mais atenção no debate público, tendo em vista, sobretudo, o paradigma da \"epidemia do crack\" e as intervenções ocorridas nas denominadas \"Cracolândias\". Nesta perspectiva, estereótipos e discursos sociais hegemônicos a respeito do uso/usuário de drogas aparecem como meio de controle de políticas públicas e práticas sociais, culminando, muitas vezes, na adoção de medidas discriminatórias, desprovidas de evidências científicas e contrárias às diretrizes pautadas na tutela dos direitos humanos. Além disso, tal influência não se limita ao \"senso comum\", alcançado também profissionais de diversas áreas, dentre os quais os operadores do Direito. Neste sentido, o preconceito e a discriminação advindos dos estereótipos podem funcionar como barreiras ao acesso a tratamentos adequados, legitimando medidas que, na verdade, corroboram para a exclusão social e que não possuem eficácia comprovada, dentre as quais destacamos a internação compulsória. E, tendo em vista essa conjunção de fatores, o Poder Judiciário aparece como um agente importante na concessão desta medida, o que ocorre, muitas vezes, de maneira irrefletida e em total desarmonia com os direitos fundamentais. Dessa forma, fica evidente o modo como os estereótipos constituem uma questão essencial quando pensamos na consolidação de direitos humanos. É justamente nesta perspectiva que se insere a presente dissertação, que objetiva compreender o modo como os estereótipos e discursos hegemônicos a respeito do uso/usuário de drogas influenciam as decisões judiciais de internação compulsória - e até mesmo a sua adoção como política pública - e a tutela dos direitos humanos desse grupo estigmatizado. Para tanto, trabalharemos com o conceito de estereótipo e suas consequências em termos de preconceito e discriminação, em conjunto com a influência dos discursos sociais na consolidação de determinadas práticas em detrimento de outras. Posteriormente, apresentaremos os principais estereótipos e narrativas a respeito do uso/usuário de drogas, o que foi feito com base em uma revisão da literatura. Ainda com base nessa revisão, exporemos a posição à qual nos filiamos, ressaltando a necessidade de políticas públicas que se pautem em evidências e se mostrem em consonância com os direitos fundamentais. Por fim, a partir de uma análise de julgados do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo, em ações de internação compulsória, refletiremos sobre as consequências dos estereótipos e discursos anteriormente mencionados no âmbito do Poder Judiciário e da tutela de direitos, o que nos mostrou a necessidade iminente de o Direito levar em conta a influência de fatores até então negligenciados - como os estereótipos - caso pretenda, de fato, efetivar direitos inerentes ao ser humano. / Currently, the issue of drugs has gained increasing attention in the public debate, especially considering the paradigm of the \"crack epidemic\" and interventions in the so-called \"Cracolândias\". In this perspective, stereotypes and hegemonic discourses regarding the use/user of drugs appear as a means of controlling public policies and social practices, often culminating in the adoption of discriminatory measures, devoid of scientific evidence and contrary to the human rights guideline. In addition, such influence is not limited to \"common sense\", also reached professionals from various fields, within which those responsible for applying the law. In this sense, prejudice and discrimination stemming from stereotypes can act as barriers to access to appropriate treatments, legitimizing measures that, in fact, corroborate to social exclusion and that do not have proven effectiveness, among which we highlight the compulsory hospitalization. And, in view of this conjunction of factors, the Judiciary appears as an important agent in granting this measure, which often occurs in an unrelenting way and in total disharmony with fundamental rights. In this way, it is clear how stereotypes are an essential issue when we think of the consolidation of human rights. It is precisely from this perspective that the present master thesis is inserted, which aims to understand how stereotypes and hegemonic discourses about drug use influence the judicial decisions of compulsory hospitalization - and even its adoption as a public policy - and the protection of the human rights of this stigmatized group. To do so, we will work with the concept of stereotype and its consequences in terms of prejudice and discrimination, together with the influence of social discourses in the consolidation of certain practices to the detriment of others. Subsequently, we present the main stereotypes and narratives regarding drug use/user, which was done based on a review of the literature. Also based on this review, we will expose the position to which we are affiliated, emphasizing the need for public policies that are based on evidence and are in line with fundamental rights. Finally, based on an analysis of the Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo, in compulsory hospitalization, we will reflect on the consequences of the aforementioned stereotypes and speeches within the scope of the Judiciary and the protection of rights, which showed the imminent need for the Law to take into account the influence of previously neglected factors - such as stereotypes - if it intends, in fact, to implement the inherent human rights.

Rape has historically been constructed as a women’s issue and, as such, research has focused on female survivors of sexual assault. Current research on the topic indicates that the construction of female rape is structured by stereotypical gender roles and patriarchal/misogynistic structures. However, there is very little research on male rape. This exploratory thesis seeks to fill this gap by exploring how the meaning of male rape is constructed on Twitter posts that contain the hashtag “MaleRape”. Two thousand ninety-two tweets were collected. The final sample was comprised of 840 tweets and qualitative content analysis was the method used to code and organize the data. Preliminary analysis suggested that the constructions varied significantly by region; accordingly, the data were sorted into the following four regions: North America; Europe; Africa; and Asia. The analysis, rooted in critical feminism, explores how male rape is constructed in each region. The findings indicate that there is some consistency across regions, especially with respect to the ways in which patriarchal assumptions led to the denial of male rape and the silencing of survivors. However, there were interesting differences in the various regions. This thesis addresses the influence of heteronormative constructions and calls for more consideration of cultural differences when studying sexual violence.