A l’heure actuelle, la réduction de l’impact environnemental de l’industrie chimique est un enjeu majeur. Pour parvenir à ce but, le concept de Chimie Verte, né dans les années 90, cherche à promouvoir les réactions catalysées et notamment l’utilisation de catalyseurs hétérogènes. L’objectif de cette thèse a été d’utiliser des zéolithes, aluminosilicates microporeux, dopées avec un métal, pour des applications en synthèse organique, et notamment dans une synthèse multi-étapes. Ce type de catalyseur hétérogène est intéressant car il est potentiellement recyclable, facile à séparer du milieu réactionnel et stable.Afin d’atteindre notre objectif, la synthèse totale de l’acortatarine A a été effectuée en utilisant lors d’une étape, une zéolithe dopée avec du cuivre pour former un N-alcynylpyrrole et lors d’une autre étape, une zéolithe dopée avec de l’argent pour effectuer une spirocétalisation. Dans un premier temps, les méthodologies liées à ces deux réactions ont été étudiées puis dans un second temps, en se basant sur les connaissances acquises, la synthèse totale de l’acortatarine A a été effectuée avec succès. Il est à noter que lors de cette synthèse, deux étapes additionnelles ont été réalisées avec des zéolithes acides. A travers cette synthèse nous avons montré que les zéolithes dopées avec des métaux qui entrent pleinement dans le cadre de la Chimie Verte, peuvent être des outils très attractifs dans les synthèses multi-étapes. / Nowadays, reduction of the environmental impact of the chemical industry is a major challenge. To reach this goal, Green Chemistry was born in the 90s where catalysis plays an essential role especially with heterogenous catalysts. The aim of this PhD thesis was to use a support (zeolite) doped with a transition metal in organic synthesis and more specifically in a multi-step synthesis. These heterogeneous catalysts are interesting because they are potentially recyclable, easy to separate from reaction medium and stable. In order to reach our goal, we have performed the total synthesis of acortatarin A performing a step with a copper doped zeolite to form a N-alcynylpyrrole and in another step, a silver doped zeolite was used in a spiroketalization. The methodology linked to these two steps was firstly studied and then gained knowledge was successfully applied in the total synthesis of acortatarin A. Moreover, two additional steps were carried out with acidic zeolites during the synthesis. Through this total synthesis, we have demonstrated that metal-doped zeolites can be very attractiveto perform multi-step synthesis.

Le travail qui est décrit dans ce manuscrit de thèse traite de la chimie des superbases de type proazaphosphatranes, systèmes phosphorés bicycliques très utilisés en catalyse. L’objectif des investigations qui ont été menées à été d’ouvrir de nouvelles voies d’applications de ces catalyseurs. Afin de satisfaire cet objectif, plusieurs stratégies ont été envisagées. D’une part par la mise en confinement de la structure proazaphosphatrane et l’étude de l’influence de ce confinement sur la réactivité intrinsèque du proazaphosphatrane, et d’autre part par la catalyse en conditions bi-phasiques, que ce soit à l’interface entre une phase liquide et un solide ou entre deux phases liquides non-miscibles. Les recherches se sont orientées dans un premier temps sur la synthèse et la caractérisation complète d’un proazaphosphatrane supramoléculaire, obtenu par la fonctionnalisation par un proazaphosphatrane de la cavité supramoléculaire d’un récepteur macrobicyclique. Les séparations semi-préparatives des deux énantiomères d’un intermédiaire et de la molécule phosphorée finale ont également été réalisées, séparations qui ont permis de réaliser l’attribution des configurations absolues des deux structures macrobicycliques. La synthèse d’une famille de catalyseurs de type proazaphosphatrane supportés sur silice mésoporeuse a ensuite été réalisée, suivie de sa caractérisation texturale et structurale par les procédés physico-chimiques habituels, et enfin de sa mise en application dans des réactions d’intérêts de la synthèse organique. En dernier lieu, l’exploitation de la forme acide conjuguée des proazaphosphatranes, dite forme azaphosphatrane, dans des réactions de catalyse par transfert de phase a été entreprise. Il a ainsi put être démontré leur activité en tant qu’agent de transfert dans le cadre de quatre réactions significatives de la catalyse par transfert de phase en version racémique. Ce travail de thèse s’est finalement terminé par une ouverture vers la catalyse par transfert de phase en version asymétrique, par le biais de l’utilisation d’azaphosphatranes chiraux énantiopurs. / The work described in this PhD thesis deals with the chemistry of proazaphosphatrane-type superbases, which are highly reactive bicyclic phosphorous systems largely applied in catalysis. The main goal of these investigations was to devise new applications for their use in catalysis. In this way, several strategies were followed, with an emphasis on their molecular confinement and use in interfacial catalytic systems. In the first part, the manuscript describes the synthesis and characterisation of a supramolecular proazaphosphatrane obtained via the enclosing of a proazaphosphatrane moiety in a hemicryptophane-type macrobicyclic cavity. In parallel, the semi-preparative scale resolution of two macrobicyclic intermediates allowed us to assign their absolute configurations. In the second part, the synthesis and characterisation of a new class of superbases supported on mesoporous silica was achieved. The synthesis was followed by their application in base-catalysed organic reactions. The last part reports the use of their conjugate acids, or azaphosphatranes, in phase transfer catalysis. Their usefulness as achiral phase transfer agents in four relevant reactions was thus determined. The thesis ends with an introduction into asymmetric phase transfer catalysis, using enantiopure azaphosphatranes.

L'objectif de ce travail était double : obtenir des informations sur le lien structure/réactivité dans les nanoalliages et évaluer l'impact de l'addition d'or sur les propriétés catalytiques de métaux actifs en hydrogénation. Des nanoparticules bimétalliques Au-Pd et Au-Rh ont été synthétisées et supportées principalement sur des nanobâtonnets TiO2 rutile, caractérisées par différentes techniques d'analyse (DLS, UV-Vis, HR-(S)TEM, XRD, XPS et CO-FTIR), et évaluées dans deux réactions d'hydrogénation. Les catalyseurs modèles ont été principalement préparés par voie colloïdale suivie d'une immobilisation sur le support et d'un post-traitement consistant à éliminer le surfactant sans détruire la structure des nanoparticules. Les particules Au-Pd (3-5 nm) possèdent une structure alliée de type solution solide. La structure des particules Au-Rh (3-5 nm), système immiscible en volume, est plus hétérogène, avec différentes configurations en fonction du post-traitement effectué : coeur-coquille, ségrégation de phases de type « Janus » et alliage à l'échelle atomique en faible proportion. Les catalyseurs bimétalliques ont été testés en hydrogénation de la tétraline en présence de soufre et en hydrogénation sélective du cinnamaldéhyde, dans les deux cas sous haute pression d'hydrogène, et comparés à leurs homologues monométalliques. En hydrogénation du cinnamaldéhyde, un effet considérable du traitement post-synthèse sur l'activité et sélectivité est mis en évidence. Les catalyseurs fraichement synthétisés montrent une sélectivité élevée en hydrocinnamaldéhyde alors que les traitements de réduction et de calcination-réduction diminuent l'activité pour les échantillons AuRh les plus riches en Rh. En hydrogénation de la tétraline, l'alliage avec l'or a pour effet de diminuer l'activité mais d'améliorer la stabilité des systèmes à base de Pd et Rh en présence de soufre, en augmentant, par effet électronique, la barrière de chimisorption du soufre ou de sulfuration / The objectives of this work were to gain an insight into the structure-selectivity relationships in nanoalloys and to evaluate the impact of gold addition on the catalytic properties of active metals in hydrogenation reactions. For this purpose, bimetallic Au-Pd and Au-Rh nanoparticles were synthesized and supported (mostly) on rutile TiO2 nanorods before being structurally characterized by various techniques (DLS, UV-Vis, HR-(S)TEM, XRD, XPS, and CO-FTIR) and evaluated in two hydrogenation reactions. The model catalysts were mainly prepared using a colloidal method and immobilized on the support. Post-treatments were carried out in order to eliminate the surfactant used during the synthesis, with minimal impact on the nanoparticle structure. The influence of the synthesis parameters on the nanoparticle structure and catalytic properties was evaluated. The Au-Pd particles (3-5 nm) exhibit an alloyed solid solution structure. The structure of the bulk-immiscible Au-Rh particles (3-5 nm) is more heterogeneous, with several structural configurations depending on the post-treatment: core-shell, Janus-type phase segregation, and atomic-scale alloyed structure to a small extent. The catalysts were tested for tetralin hydrogenation in the presence of sulfur (0-100 ppm H2S) and for the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde, both under high hydrogen pressure. The bimetallic systems were compared to their monometallic counterparts. The post-synthesis treatments have a dramatic impact on activity and selectivity in cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation. The fresh catalysts exhibit a high selectivity toward hydrocinnamaldehyde, whereas reduction and calcination-reduction mainly decrease the activity of Rh-rich Au-Rh samples. For tetralin hydrogenation, gold decreases the activity but improves the stability of Pd and Rh-based systems in the presence of sulfur through electronic effects increasing sulfur chemisorption or sulfidation barriers

Orientador: Celso Valentim Santilli / Banca: Leila Aparecida Chiavacci Favorin / Banca: Eduardo Ferreira Molina / Resumo: Neste trabalho a metodologia sol-gel foi utilizada para a preparação de materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos (HOI) à base de óxido de poli-etileno (PEO), ligado de forma covalente com o agente acoplador 3(isocianatopropil) - trietoxisilano (IsoTREOS) conjugados com um material zeolítico do tipo MFI, visando aplicações como catalisador para a reação de acetilação do glicerol e assim agregar valor a esse coproduto gerado na produção do biodiesel. O objetivo desta dissertação é demonstrar que o sinergismo entre híbridos do tipo siloxano-poliéter e as zeólitas pode ser explorado na produção de hidrogéis com atividade catalítica. As análises por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) evidenciaram a homogeneidade na dispersão do material zeolítico na matriz híbrida Os difratogramas de raios-X apresentaram os picos característicos da estrutura cristalina da zeolita ZSM-5 após a conjugação com a matriz U-PEO. Os resultados de Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC) revelaram que não ocorre uma mudança significativa na temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg), após a conjugação da matriz híbrida com a zeólita e revelaram uma diminuição do pico endotérmico associado à fusão dos domínios cristalinos do PEO1900, indicando uma possível interação matriz-zeólita. As análises por Espectroscopia no Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) confirmaram a interação entre a matriz híbrida e a zeólita pelo deslocamento das bandas associadas ao oxigênio tipo éter não coordenado. Medid... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this work the sol-gel methodology was used for the preparation of organic-inorganic hybrid (HOI) materials based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) - covalently bonded with the coupling agent 3 (isocyanatopropyl) triethoxysilane (IsoTREOS) conjugate with a zeolitic material of the MFI type, aiming at applications as catalyst for glycerol acetylation reaction and thus add value to this byproduct generated in biodiesel production. The objective of this dissertation is to demonstrate that the synergism between siloxane-polyether hybrids and zeolites can be explored in the production of catalytic activity hydrogels. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyzes showed homogeneity in the dispersion of zeolite material in the hybrid matrix. XDR patterns showed the characteristic peaks of the ZSM-5 zeolite crystal structure after conjugation with the U-PEO matrix. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) results revealed that no significant change in glass transition temperature (Tg) occurs after conjugation of hybrid matrix with zeolite and revealed a decrease in endothermic peak associated with fusion of crystalline domains of PEO1900., indicating a possible matrix-zeolite interaction. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyzes confirmed the interaction between the hybrid matrix and zeolite by shifting the bands associated with uncoordinated ether oxygen. Small-angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) measurements showed that the starting reagents in the solketal production reaction w... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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[pt] A reação de acoplamento C-C de Suzuki, desde a sua descoberta, sempre atraiu o interesse de diversos pesquisadores e encontrou aplicação em diversos campos tanto na academia como na indústria. Movidos pelos problemas ambientais que tanto preocupam nossa sociedade e pelos princípios da química verde, criados para guiar os químicos na direção de uma ciência sustentável, pesquisadores tem buscado criar catalisadores eficientes para essa reação, que consigam uma alta seletividade em condições reacionais brandas. O desenvolvimento de catalisadores heterogêneos é motivado pela sua fácil remoção do meio reacional e seu possível reuso para um elevado número de reações. Uma abordagem para criação desses catalisadores é a ancoragem de íons metálicos ou de nanopartículas (Nps) metálicas em suportes que facilitem seu manuseio, remoção e reuso. Neste trabalho foram sintetizadas nanopartículas de paládio (Nps Pd) estabilizadas por carboximetilcelulose (CMC), em cuja síntese foi utilizado o ácido L-ascórbico (AA) como agente redutor. Essas Nps foram caracterizadas por UV-VIS, FT-IR-ATR, DLS, potencial zeta, MEV e EDS. A reação de redução do 4-nitrofenol foi utilizada como teste preliminar para verificar a atividade catalítica dessas Nps e, em diferentes condições, a reação ocorreu com tempos que variaram de 3 a 10 minutos. Depois, foram empregadas três diferentes metodologias para a síntese de Nps Pd que utilizaram a CMC como agente redutor e estabilizador a fim de eliminar o uso do AA. As três Nps sintetizadas foram usadas para catalisar uma reação de acoplamento entre o ácido fenilborônico e o 4-iodofenol com rendimentos de 68-76 por cento em duas horas. As Nps que obtiveram maior rendimento foram escolhidas para dar prosseguimento ao projeto. Foram caracterizadas por UV-VIS, FT-IR-ATR, DLS, potencial zeta, MEV e EDS e foram utilizadas para catalisar mais três acoplamentos de Suzuki com rendimentos de 74 por cento a 86 por cento. Um suporte lignocelulósico, mecanicamente e termicamente resistente, feito a partir da biomassa de bambu foi funcionalizado com 1-oxil-2,2,6,6-tetrametilpiperidina (TEMPO) e caracterizado por FT-IR-ATR. Foi, então, impregnado para a imobilização de Na2PdCl4 (T_PdCl2) e das Nps Pd reduzidas e estabilizadas com CMC escolhidas (T_PdCMC_R). Os catalisadores desenvolvidos foram caracterizados por FT-IR-ATR, MEV e EDS. O catalisador T_PdCl2 foi utilizado em 4 reações seguidas com perdas de rendimento a cada reação (de 92,2 por cento até 18,4 por cento). Por ICP OES foi determinado que a quantidade de paládio lixiviada foi de 0,20 ppm na primeira reação e de 0,10 ppm nas reações seguintes. O catalisador T_PdCMC_R foi usado para a reação acoplamento entre ácido fenilborônico e 4-iodofenol e, em diferentes condições, obteve rendimentos de 35 por cento e 43 por cento. / [en] Suzuki C-C coupling reaction, since its discovery, has always attracted the interest of researchers and has found application in several fields both in academia and industry. Driven by environmental problems that concern our society so much and by the principles of green chemistry, created to guide chemists towards a sustainable science, researchers have sought to create efficient catalysts for this reaction, which achieve high selectivity in mild reaction conditions. The development of heterogeneous catalysts is motivated by its easy removal from the reaction medium and its possible reuse for a high number of reactions. One approach for creating these catalysts is to anchor metallic ions or metallic nanoparticles (Nps) in supports that facilitate their handling, removal and reuse. In this work, palladium nanoparticles (Nps Pd) reduced by ascorbic acid (AA) and stabilized by carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were synthesized. These Nps were characterized by UV-VIS, FT-IR-ATR, DLS, zeta potential, SEM and EDS. The 4-nitrophenol reduction reaction was used as a preliminary test to verify the catalytic activity of these Nps and, under different conditions, the reaction occurred with times ranging from 3 to 10 minutes. Then, three different methodologies for the synthesis of Nps Pd using CMC as reducing and stabilizing agent were proposed in order to eliminate the use of AA. The three synthesized Nps were used to catalyze the coupling reaction between phenylboronic acid and 4-iodophenol with yields of 68-76 percent in two hours. The Nps that obtained the highest yield were chosen to be used in the next steps of the project. These Nps were characterized by UV-VIS, FT-IR-ATR, DLS, zeta potential, SEM and EDS and were used to catalyze three more Suzuki couplings with yields of 74-86 percent. A mechanically and thermally resistant lignocellulosic support, made of bamboo biomass, was functionalized with 1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TEMPO) and characterized by FT-IR-ATR. It was then impregnated for the immobilization of Na2PdCl4 (T_PdCl2) and the chosen Nps Pd reduced and stabilized by CMC (T_PdCMC_R). The developed catalysts were characterized by FT-IR-ATR, MEV and EDS. The catalyst T_PdCl2 was used in 4 reactions in a row with yield losses for each reaction (from 92.2 percent to 18.4 percent). By ICP OES it was determined that the amount of palladium leached was 0.20 ppm in the first reaction and 0.10 ppm in the following reactions. The catalyst T_PdCMC_R was used for the coupling reaction between phenylboronic acid and 4-iodophenol and, under different conditions, obtained yields of 35 percent and 43 percent.

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[ES] La presente tesis doctoral se centra en la investigación y desarrollo de catalizadores avanzados con aplicaciones en la industria química. Desde la síntesis de nanopartículas de Rh2P hasta la exploración de catalizadores de cobalto dopados con heteroátomos, se ha buscado no sólo la eficiencia catalítica, sino también minimizar el impacto de estos procesos, permitiendo la producción de productos químicos esenciales con un menor consumo de recursos. Se ha investigado el proceso de síntesis de nanopartículas de Rh2P soportadas por impregnación húmeda seguida de pirólisis para su uso en reacciones de hidroformilación. Para ello, se han descrito y comparado dos métodos que se diferencian en los precursores empleados: uno a partir de un único precursor de fósforo y rodio y el otro a partir de dos precursores separados. Posteriormente, se ha realizado una caracterización de los materiales que ha permitido relacionar la forma de incorporar el fósforo con la composición de las partículas, determinando que el contenido de óxido de rodio es mayor cuando se emplean dos precursores. Para analizar la contribución del fósforo en el sistema se han preparado nanopartículas de rodio metálico soportadas para estudiar la influencia del fósforo en la composición y el tamaño de partícula. Se han analizado otros aspectos como la carga metálica, la temperatura de pirólisis y el uso de diferentes soportes empleando la microscopía electrónica; y se ha estudiado su capacidad de disociación de hidrógeno mediante ensayos de intercambio isotópico. Tras la caracterización de los materiales, éstos se han empleado como electrocatalizadores en la reacción de evolución del hidrógeno, en la que se ha estudiado su aplicabilidad a pH ácido, básico y neutro con bajas cargas de metal. Se ha demostrado que las especies de Rh2P son más activas que las de Rh metálico en la producción de hidrógeno y que el método de síntesis influye en la actividad catalítica. Para completar los ensayos experimentales, se han realizado cálculos DFT que han permitido comprobar por un lado la influencia de los defectos en la red de Rh2P y por otro, si las capas de carbono son efectivas en la protección de las nanopartículas. Se han aplicado los materiales de Rh y Rh2P en la hidroformilación de olefinas donde se ha estudiado la actividad catalítica, la influencia del fósforo y la estabilidad de los catalizadores. Se ha demostrado que el material Rh2P-1@C, obtenido a partir de un solo precursor de rodio y fósforo, es un sustituto viable del catalizador homogéneo RhCl(PPh3)3 ya que las energías de activación calculadas son muy cercanas entre sí. Se ha estudiado la influencia de algunos parámetros en la estabilidad del catalizador, como la temperatura de pirólisis a la que se sintetiza el material, demostrando que existe una relación inversa entre la temperatura de pirólisis y la cantidad de metal lixiviado durante la reacción. Otro factor estudiado es el del soporte, donde además del carbón se han empleado óxidos inorgánicos (Al2O3, CeO2, La2O3, ZnO), poniendo de manifiesto la superioridad del carbón como soporte no sólo en términos de actividad catalítica, sino de estabilidad del material. El catalizador Rh2P-1@C ha sido satisfactoriamente probado en reacciones de hidroformilación de etileno en un reactor de lecho fijo y en la reacción de hidroaminometilación. Como alternativa a los materiales de rodio, se han desarrollado catalizadores de cobalto dopados con heteroátomos (fósforo y nitrógeno). Éstos se han empleado en la hidroformilación de olefinas, donde se ha evaluado la influencia del dopaje en la actividad catalítica y en su estabilidad. Se ha comprobado la efectividad del recubrimiento del carbón dopado con nitrógeno al aumentar su estabilidad en comparación con las nanopartículas de cobalto sin recubrir y se ha demostrado que las nanopartículas de Co2P, al contrario que las Rh2P, no son más activas que las de Co metálico. / [CA] Aquesta tesis doctoral es centra en la investigació i la síntesis de nous catalitzadors amb aplicacions en reaccions químics d'interès industrial. Durant el transcurs de la síntesis de les nanopartícules fins a l'estudi de nous catalitzadors, s'ha cercat no únicament l'eficiència catalítica dels processos sinó la disminució de l'impacte dels mateixos. S'ha investigat el procés de síntesis de nanopartícules de Rh2P suportades a través del mètode d'impregnació humida seguida d'un procés de piròlisis, per al posterior ús d'aquests materials en reaccions d'hidroformil·lació. Per tal fi, s'han descrit i comparat dos mètodes de síntesis que es diferencien en els precursors utilitzats: un a partir d'un únic precursor com a font de fòsfor i rodi, i l'altre a partir dels dos precursors - de rodi i fòsfor - per separats. Posteriorment, s'ha portat a terme una caracterització completa de cadascun dels materials preparats que a permès relacionar la forma com s'incorpora el fòsfor el material en funció de la composició de les partícules. Amb l'objectiu d'analitzar la contribució de les espècies de fòsfor en el sistema s'han preparat un material basat en nanopartícules de rodi metàl·lic suportades. S'han analitzat, mitjançant la microscòpia electrònic, com influeixen en aquest paràmetre altres aspectes, com ara: la càrrega metàl·lica, la temperatura de piròlisis i l'ús de diferents suports. Tanmateix, s'ha estudiat la capacitat dissociativa de l'hidrogen per part d'aquests materials mitjançant assajos d'intercanvi isotòpic. Després de la caracterització dels materials, aquests s'han utilitzat com a electrocatalitzadors en la reacció d'evolució de l'hidrogen en la què s'ha estudiat la utilització d'aquests materials, utilitzant una baixa càrrega metàl·lica, en diferents medis (pH àcid, bàsic i neutre). Els treballs han demostrat que les espècies de Rh2P són més actives que les de Rh metàl·lic i que el mètode de síntesis també influeix en l'activitat catalítica. Per a completar la part experimental, s'han realitzat càlculs DFT que han permès comprovar tan la influència dels defectes de la xarxa de Rh2P com la influència de les capes de carboni en quant a la protecció de les pròpies nanopartícules. Tot seguit, els materials de Rh y Rh2P s'han aplicat en la reacció d'hidroformil·lació d'olefines on s'ha estudiat l'activitat catalítica, la influència de les espècies de fòsfor i l'estabilitat dels catalitzadors utilitzats. S'ha demostrat que el material de Rh2P-1@C, obtingut a partir d'un sol precursor de rodi i fòsfor, pot convertir-se en un possible candidat per a substituir el catalitzador homogeni RhCl(PPh3)3. També, s'ha estudiat la influència d'alguns paràmetres relacionats amb l'estabilitat del catalitzador, com ara la temperatura de piròlisis i la quantitat de metall lixiviat durant la reacció. Una altre factor que ha estat objecte d'estudi és el suport, on a més a més del carboni s'han utilitzat òxids inorgànics - Al2O3, CeO2, La2O3 i ZnO - posant de manifest la superioritat del carboni com a suport; no només en termes d'activitat catalítica sinó d'estabilitat del propi material. A més a més, el catalitzador Rh2P-1@C s'ha provat satisfactòriament en reaccions d'hidroformil·lació de l'etilè en un reactor de tipus llit fix, i en la reacció d'hidroaminometil·lació. Com a alternativa als materials de rodi, s'han sintetitzat catalitzadores de cobalt dopats amb heteroàtoms (fòsfor i nitrogen). Aquests materials, s'han utilitzat en la reacció d'hidroformil·lació d'olefines, on s'ha estudiat la influència del dopatge en l'activitat catalítica i en la seva estabilitat. S'ha comprovat que l'efectivitat del recobriment del carbó dopat amb nitrogen augmenta l'estabilitat del catalitzador en front de les nanopartícules de cobalt sense recobriment, i s'ha aconseguit demostrar que les nanopartícules de Co2P, a diferència de les de Rh2P, no resulten ser més actives que les de Co metàl·lic. / [EN] The present doctoral thesis focuses on the research and development of advanced catalysts with applications in the chemical industry. From the synthesis of Rh2P nanoparticles to the exploration of cobalt catalysts doped with heteroatoms, the primary goal has been to enhance not only the catalytic efficiency but also to minimize the environmental impact of these processes. In a time where the transition to clean energy sources and environmentally friendly processes is of utmost importance, advances in catalysis and material synthesis play a crucial role in the quest for more sustainable solutions in the chemical industry. The synthesis of supported Rh2P nanoparticles by wet impregnation followed by pyrolysis has been investigated. Two methods, differing only in the precursors employed, have been described and compared: one using a single precursor of phosphorus and rhodium, and the other using two separate precursors. Material characterization has revealed the relationship between the method of phosphorus incorporation and particle composition, demonstrating that the rhodium oxide content is higher when two separate precursors are used. Additionally, supported metallic rhodium nanoparticles were prepared to study the influence of phosphorus on particle size and composition. In this chapter, other factors have also been analyzed such as metal loading, pyrolysis temperature, and the use of different supports, employing electron microscopy. Finally, the hydrogen dissociation capacity of the catalysts has been compared through isotopic exchange assays, and the presence of carbon patches around the nanoparticles has been studied using Raman spectroscopy. Following material characterization, these materials have been employed as electrocatalysts in the hydrogen evolution reaction, where their applicability at acidic, basic and neutral pH at one of the lowest metal loadings described has been studied. It has been demonstrated that Rh2P species are more active than metallic Rh species in hydrogen production, and the synthesis method influences catalytic activity. To complement experimental assays, DFT calculations have been performed, allowing for an examination of the influence of defects in the Rh2P lattice and an assessment of the effectiveness of carbon layers in protecting the nanoparticles. Rh and Rh2P materials have been applied in the hydroformylation of olefins, where catalytic activity, the influence of phosphorus, and catalyst stability have been investigated. It has been shown that the material Rh2P-1@C, obtained from a single precursor of rhodium and phosphorus, is a viable substitute for the homogeneous catalyst RhCl(PPh3)3, as their apparent activation energies are very close. The influence of parameters affecting catalyst stability, such as the pyrolysis temperature at which the material is synthesized, has been studied, demonstrating an inverse relationship between pyrolysis temperature and the amount of leached metal during the reaction. Another factor studied is that of the support, where, in addition to carbon, inorganic oxides (Al2O3, CeO2, La2O3, ZnO) have been employed, highlighting the superiority of carbon as support not only in terms of catalytic activity but also material stability. At the end of this chapter, the Rh2P-1@C catalyst has been applied in the hydroformylation of ethylene in a fixed-bed reactor and in the hydroaminomethylation reaction. As an alternative to rhodium materials, cobalt catalysts doped with heteroatoms (phosphorus and nitrogen) have been developed. These catalysts have been employed in the hydroformylation of olefins, where the influence of doping on the catalytic activity and leaching has been evaluated. The effectiveness of nitrogen-doped carbon coating in suppressing leaching has been demonstrated compared to undoped cobalt nanoparticles, and it has been shown that Co2P nanoparticles, unlike Rh2P, are not more active than metallic Co nanoparticles. / Galdeano Ruano, CP. (2024). Catalizadores heterogéneos de rodio y cobalto para la hidroformilación de olefinas y la reacción de evolución del hidrógeno [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/203121

M. Tech. (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology), Vaal University of Technology. / This study presents the use of sodium methoxide as a homogeneous catalyst and impregnated Perlite (potassium hydroxide/perlite) as heterogeneous catalyst for production of biodiesel using Baobab and Marula oil respectively. One factor at a time experimental design was used to study the effect of temperature, time, amount of catalyst and methanol to oil ratio on the transesterification of baobab oil using sodium methoxide as a catalyst. Response surface methodology was used to study the effect of temperature, time, amount of catalyst and methanol to oil ratio on the transesterification of marula oil using perlite as a catalyst. Biodiesel yield produced using sodium methoxide and baobab oil was 96% at 1 hr reaction time, 30 wt.% methanol to oil ratio, 1 gram of catalyst and 60°C reaction conditions. Biodiesel yield produced using perlite and marula oil was 91.38% at 3.55 hr reaction time, 29.86 wt.% methanol to oil ratio, 3.46 grams of catalyst and 70.41°C reaction conditions. Perlite catalyst was reusable for transesterification of marula oil while sodium methoxide was not reusable for transesterification of baobab oil. Baobab and Marula biodiesel fuel properties are comparable to American Society for Testing Materials standard (ASTM).