Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins) consist of an alpha subunit (Gα) and the dimeric beta-gamma subunit (Gβγ). The first example of direct cell signaling by Gβγ was the discovery of its role in activating G-protein regulated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels which underlie the acetylcholine-induced K+ current responsible for vagal inhibition of heart rate. Published crystal structures have provided important insights into the structures of the G-protein subunits and GIRK channels separately, but co-crystals of the channel and Gβγ together remain elusive and no specific reciprocal residue interactions between the two proteins are currently known. Given the absence of direct structural evidence, we attempted to identify these functionally important channel-Gβγ interactions using a computational approach. We developed a multistage computational docking algorithm that combines several known methods in protein-protein docking. Application of the docking protocol to previously published structures of Gβγ and GIRK1 homomeric channels produced a clear signal of a favored binding mode. Analysis of this binding mode suggested a mechanism by which Gβγ promotes the open state of the channel. The channel-Gβγ interactions predicted by the model in silico could be disrupted in vitro by mutation of one protein and rescued by additional mutation of reciprocal residues in the other protein. These interactions were found to extend to agonist induced activation of the channels as well as to activation of the native heteromeric channels. Currently, the structural mechanism by which Gβγ regulates the functional conformations of GIRK channels or of any of its membrane-associated effector proteins is not known. This work shows the first evidence for specific reciprocal interactions between Gβγ and a GIRK channel and places these interactions in the context of a general model of intracellular regulation of GIRK gating.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Regulation der Aktivität der vesikulären Monoamintransporter VMAT1 und VMAT2 durch heterotrimere G-Proteine untersucht. In der humanen neuroendokrinen Zellinie BON werden VMAT1 und VMAT2 exprimiert. Sie colokalisieren in diesen Zellen mit der a-Untereinheit des heterotrimeren G-Proteins Go2 vorwiegend auf großen elektronendichten Vesikeln, den LDCVs. Die Aktivität beider Transporter unterliegt einer Regulation durch Gao2. Nach Aktivierung des G-Proteins kommt es zu einer Hemmung der vesikulären Monoaminaufnahme. Die Aktivität von VMAT2 wird dabei empfindlicher reguliert als die Aktivität von VMAT1. In Primärkulturen von Rapheneuronen der Ratte wird VMAT2 als neuronale Variante des Transporters exprimiert. VMAT2 lokalisiert in diesen Neuronen überwiegend auf kleinen synaptischen Vesikeln, den SSVs. Hier kommt es zu einer Colokalisation mit Gao2 auf diesem Vesikeltyp. Auch in Rapheneuronen wird die Aktivität von VMAT2 durch diese G-Protein Untereinheit gehemmt. Elektronenmikroskopische Befunde belegen die Lokalisation von VMAT2 und Gao2 auf SSVs von serotonergen Axonterminalen im präfrontalen Cortex der Ratte. An einer Präparation synaptischer Vesikel aus diesem Gehirnbereich konnte ebenfalls eine Hemmung der Transportaktivität von VMAT2 durch Gao2 nachgewiesen werden. Auch in Thrombozyten der Maus unterliegt die vesikuläre Serotoninaufnahme einer Hemmung durch ein heterotrimeres G-Protein. In chronisch entleerten Vesikeln aus Mäusen, in denen das Gen für die periphere Tryptophanhydroxylase deletionsmutiert vorlag, konnte zunächst keine Hemmung der Serotoninaufnahme durch heterotrimere G-Proteine beobachtet werden. Nach Vorbeladung der Vesikel mit Serotonin war dies jedoch der Fall. Die Aktivierung des G-Proteins wird somit sehr wahrscheinlich über den Füllungszustand der Vesikel gesteuert. / In this study we investigated the regulation of the activity of the vesicular monoamine transporters VMAT1 and VMAT2 by heterotrimeric G-proteins. In the human neuroendocrine cell line BON both transporters are expressed. They colocalize in these cells with the a-subunit of the heterotrimeric G-protein Go2 predominantely on Large Dense Core Vesicles (LDCVs). The activity of both VMAT1 and VMAT2 is regulated by Gao2. G-protein activation results in a down-regulation of vesicular monoamine uptake. VMAT2 appears to be more sensitive towards the observed G-protein regulation than VMAT1. Serotonergic raphe neurons in primary culture express VMAT2 as the neuronal form of the transporter. In these neurons VMAT2 predominantely localizes to Small Synaptic Vesicles (SSVs). Here, VMAT2 colocalizes with Gao2 on SSVs. In these neurons Gao2-dependent down-regulation of VMAT2 activity was observed, too. Immunoelectron microscopic analysis confirmed a localization of VMAT2 and Gao2 on SSVs from serotonergic terminals in the rat prefrontal cortex. In addition, Gao2-dependent regulation of VMAT2 activity could also be demonstrated when using a crude synaptic vesicle preparation of this brain area. Even in platelets obtained from mice the vesicular serotonin uptake is down-regulated by heterotrimeric G-proteins. In serotonin-depleted platelets from peripheral tryptophane-hydroxylase knockout mice no G-protein-dependent down-regulation of monoamine uptake was observed. After preincubation of the platelets with serotonin, the G-protein regulation was restored. Therefore, the vesicular transmitter content appears to be a likely factor of G-protein activation in platelets.

Selon le modèle classique, le signal reçu par les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG) se propage suite à des interactions transitoires et aléatoires entre les RCPGs, les protéines G et leurs effecteurs. Par les techniques de transfert d’énergie de résonance de bioluminescence (BRET), de complémentation bimoléculaire de protéines fluorescentes (BiFC) et de co-immunoprécipitation, nous avons observé que les récepteurs, les protéines G et les effecteurs forment un complexe stable, avant et après l’activation des récepteurs. L’interaction entre l’effecteur Kir3 et le dimère Gbetagamma se produit initialement au réticulum endoplasmique et est sensible à un agoniste liposoluble des récepteurs beta2-adrénergiques. Bien que peu de spécificité pour les nombreux isoformes des sous-unités Gbetagamma ait été observée pour l’activation du canal Kir3, les interactions précoces au RE sont plus sensibles aux différentes combinaisons de Gbetagamma présentes. En plus de son rôle dans la régulation des effecteurs, le dimère Gbetagamma peut interagir avec de nombreuses protéines possédant des localisations cellulaires autres que la membrane plasmique. Nous avons identifié une nouvelle classe de protéines interagissant avec la sous-unité Gbeta, autant en système de surexpression que dans des extraits de cerveaux de rats, soit les protéines FosB et cFos, qui forment le complexe de transcription AP-1, suite à leur dimérisation avec les protéines de la famille des Jun. La coexpression du dimère Gbetagamma réduit l’activité transcriptionnelle du complexe AP-1 induit par le phorbol 12-,myristate 13-acetate (PMA), sans toutefois interférer avec la formation du complexe Fos/Jun ou son interaction avec l’ADN. Toutefois, le dimère Gbetagamma colocalise au noyau avec le complexe AP-1 et recrute les protéines histones déacétylases (HDAC) afin d’inhiber l’activité transcriptionnelle du complexe AP-1. / Based on the classical model of G protein activation, signal transduction occurs by transient and random interactions between the receptor, the G protein and the effectors. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay (BiFC) and co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that receptor, heterotrimeric G proteins and effectors were found in stable complexes that persisted during signal transduction. Kir3 channel and Gbetagamma dimer interacts first in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and this interaction can be modulated by the membrane-permeable beta2-adrenergic agonist cimaterol. Little specificity has been reported for several isoforms of the Gbetagamma dimer in the activation of the Kir3 channel. However, we found that the “precocious” interaction in the ER is sensitive to the presence of different combination of Gbeta and Ggamma subunits. Recently, a number of new proteins, which are not classical effectors at the plasma membrane have been shown to interact with GbetagammaThese include histone deacetylases 4 and 5 (HDAC)[1, 2] and the glucocorticoid receptor. We identified a novel interaction between Gbetagamma subunit and the Fos proteins, which form the transcription factor AP-1 following their dimerization with Jun proteins. Gbetagamma and Fos interactions can be detected in HEK 293 cells overexpressing the two proteins as well as in brains from rats pre-treated with amphetamine. Gbetagamma/Fos interaction favours the nuclear translocation of Gbetagamma dimer and inhibits AP-1 transcriptional activity. Gbetagamma did not block Fos/Jun dimerization or the interaction of AP-1 with DNA but recruited HDACs to the AP-1 complex.

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a polypeptide hormone produced in heart atria, stored in atrial secretory granules and released into the circulation in response to various stimuli. Proper sorting of ANF at the level of the trans-Golgi network (TGN) is required for the storage of ANF in these specific granules, and this sorting of hormones has been found to be associated with G-proteins. Specifically, the Go protein alpha-subunit (Gαo) was established to participate in the stretch-secretion coupling of ANF, but may also be involved in the transporting of ANF from the TGN into atrial granules for storage and maturation. Based on knowledge of Gαo involvement in hormone production in other endocrine tissues, protein-protein interactions of Gαo and proANF and their immunochemical co-localization in granules, the direct involvement of these two proteins in atrial granule biogenesis is probable. In this study, mice were created using the Cre/lox recombination system with a conditional Gαo knockout in cardiocytes to study and characterize ANF production, secretion and granule formation. Deletion of this gene was successful following standard breeding protocols. Characterization and validation of cellular and molecular content of the knockout mice through mRNA levels, protein expression, peptide content, electron microscopy, and electrocardiography determined that a significant phenotypic difference was observed in the abundance of atrial granules. However, Gαo knockout mice did not significantly alter the production and secretion of ANF and only partially prevented granule biogenesis, likely due to incomplete Gαo knockout. These studies demonstrate an involvement of Gαo in specific atrial granule formation.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2004. / Vita. Bibliography: References located at the end of each chapter.

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a polypeptide hormone produced in heart atria, stored in atrial secretory granules and released into the circulation in response to various stimuli. Proper sorting of ANF at the level of the trans-Golgi network (TGN) is required for the storage of ANF in these specific granules, and this sorting of hormones has been found to be associated with G-proteins. Specifically, the Go protein alpha-subunit (Gαo) was established to participate in the stretch-secretion coupling of ANF, but may also be involved in the transporting of ANF from the TGN into atrial granules for storage and maturation. Based on knowledge of Gαo involvement in hormone production in other endocrine tissues, protein-protein interactions of Gαo and proANF and their immunochemical co-localization in granules, the direct involvement of these two proteins in atrial granule biogenesis is probable. In this study, mice were created using the Cre/lox recombination system with a conditional Gαo knockout in cardiocytes to study and characterize ANF production, secretion and granule formation. Deletion of this gene was successful following standard breeding protocols. Characterization and validation of cellular and molecular content of the knockout mice through mRNA levels, protein expression, peptide content, electron microscopy, and electrocardiography determined that a significant phenotypic difference was observed in the abundance of atrial granules. However, Gαo knockout mice did not significantly alter the production and secretion of ANF and only partially prevented granule biogenesis, likely due to incomplete Gαo knockout. These studies demonstrate an involvement of Gαo in specific atrial granule formation.

Les protéines-G hétérotrimériques, constituées des sous-unités α, β et γ, sont les premières actrices de la transduction du signal en interagissant directement avec les Récepteurs Couplés aux protéines-G (RCPG). Les protéines-G ont la capacité de lier soit une molécule de GDP lorsqu'elles sont inactives, soit une molécule de GTP quand elles sont activées par un RCPG. Cet échange de nucléotide va conduire à la dissociation de l'hétérotrimère avec d'une part la sous-unité α seule, et d'autre part le complexe βγ. Chacune de ces entités va ensuite propager le signal dans le compartiment intracellulaire. Les travaux effectués au cours de cette thèse ont pour but de mieux comprendre la dynamique des protéines-G hétérotrimériques et de leurs récepteurs par des techniques de mécanique moléculaire incluant la Dynamique Moléculaire (DM) et l'Analyse de Modes Normaux (AMN). Dans un premier temps une AMN nous a permis de décrire les possibles mouvements de larges amplitudes des protéine-G. Nous avons à l'occasion de cette étude mis au point une méthode de sélection de Modes Normaux (MN) pertinents que nous avons appelés modes représentatifs. Nous avons également développé une méthode d'extraction de ligand (ici le GDP) le long de ces MN. Ceci nous a permis de montrer qu'un mouvement concerté de toute la sous-unité α pouvait permettre l'ouverture de la poche et la sortie du GDP. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons affiné nos résultats en reconstruisant des profils d'énergie libre le long de plusieurs chemins de sortie possibles pour le GDP. Ainsi nous avons pu proposer un mécanisme fin de sortie du ligand et plusieurs résidus clés impliqués dans cette sortie. Nous avons également étudié le processus de dissociation de l'hétérotrimère par la technique de la Dynamique Moléculaire Dirigée. Il a été possible, à l'issue de cette étude, de proposer un mécanisme à l'échelle moléculaire de la séparation des sous-unités α et βγ. Pour finir, nous avons également étudié le macro-complexe RCPG : protéine-G. Deux études traitent des mécanismes d'activation et de couplage des protéines-G à son récepteur. Nous avons notamment montré que l'hétérotrimère de protéine-G contraint très fortement les mouvements du récepteur. Un mouvement très largement retrouvé dans le complexe ainsi que dans plusieurs autres RCPGs dont les structures sont connues a été proposé comme étant le mouvement d'activation des RCPG une fois complexés à leurs protéines partenaires. / Heterotrimeric G-proteins, constituted of α, β and γ subunits are the first actresses of the intra-cellular signal transduction and interact directly with G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR). The heterotrimer is able to bind either a GDP molecule (inactive state) or a GTP molecule (active state). The nucleotide exchange is triggered by the interaction with an activated GPCR and leads to the dissociation of the whole heterotrimer into two independant entities : α and tightly bound βγ subunits. Both subunits further propagate the signal into the intracellular compartment. Goals of the present work were to better understand the mechanics of G-proteins and GPCR by combining several molecular mechanics techniques such as Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Normal Mode Analysis (NMA).Firstly, we described large amplitude motions of the whole G-protein heterotrimer. In this study we developped a method to select relevant Normal Modes (NM), we called representative NM. We also developped a method which consists to extract a ligand (in our case the GDP) out of its binding pocket along computed NM. With these two new methods, we showed that a concerted motion of the α subunit would promote the opening of the pocket and the release of the GDP.Secondly, to refine our results, we performed free energy profiles reconstructions along several putative exit pathways of the GDP. Thus, we proposed for the first time a fine-tuned mechanism of GDP exit at the molecular scale and putative key-residues. We proposed also a molecular scale mechanism for the dissociation of the heterotrimeric G-protein through the use of the Targeted Molecular Dynamics (TMD). Finally we were interested in the study of the GPCR:G-protein complex. We performed two studies related to the activation and to the coupling of the macro-complex. We showed that G-protein constrain drastically the GPCR motions. One over-represented motion in the complex that was also retrieved in other crystallized structures of several different GPCRs thus suggested that this motion could be the putative activation motion of a GPCR when complexed to its favorite protein partners.

5 Abstract The thesis is focused on the role of regulator of G-protein signaling NtRGS1 in control of growth and cell proliferation of tobacco cell line BY-2. The protein NtRGS1 is an important candidate for being plant G-protein coupled receptor. Heterotrimeric G-proteins are involved in key signaling mechanisms in eukaryotic cells. Basic principles of this type of signaling are well conserved between plants and animals and related higher taxa. Outstanding difference of plant G-protein system is altered enzymatic activity of Gα subunit of the G-protein heterotrimer. These alterations correlate with chimeric structure and function of investigated NtRGS1 protein. The interaction of Gα and NtRGS1 is absolutely essential for running of heterotrimeric G-protein signaling in plants. Truncated versions of NtRGS1 fused to GFP were crated in the aim of protein characterization. The truncated proteins were investigated in respect of analysis of the role of NtRGS1 domains in protein targeting. Dynamic changes in NtRGS1 and selected truncated versions induced by experimental application of nutrition, especially sugars were described. Expression if Gα and NtRGS1 were investigated simultaneously. Influence of modulation of Gα and NtRGS1 expression on growth parameters of tobacco cell line BY-2 were described. Key words:...

La communication cellulaire est un phénomène important pour le maintien de l’homéostasie des cellules. Au court des dernières années, cette sphère de recherche sur la signalisation cellulaire a connue des avancées importantes au niveau de l’identification des acteurs principaux impliqués dans la reconnaissance extracellulaire des signaux, ainsi que la compréhension des voies de signalisation engagées par les cellules pour répondre aux facteurs extracellulaires. Malgré ces nouvelles informations, les diverses interrelations moléculaires entre les acteurs ainsi que les voies de signalisation cellulaire, demeurent mal comprises. Le transfert d’énergie de résonance de bioluminescence (BRET) permet la mesure d’interactions protéiques et peut être utilisé dans deux configurations, le BRET480-YFP (connu aussi comme le BRET1) et le BRET400-GFP (connu aussi en tant que BRET2). Suite à l’oxydation de son substrat, la luciférase de renilla peut transférer son énergie à une protéine fluorescente, uniquement si elles sont à proximité l’une de l’autre (≤100Å). La combinaison dans un seul essai des BRET480-YFP et BRET400-GFP, a permis de suivre trois paires d’interactions, sur une même population cellulaire. Par contre, l’utilisation de deux substrats pour la réaction de bioluminescence rend impossible la mesure simultanée des différents signaux de BRET, pour ce trois nouvelles configurations de BRET ont été mises au point en utilisant des nouvelles protéines fluorescentes. Ainsi deux des nouvelles couleurs de BRET ayant des émissions résolues, le BRET400-BFP et le BRET400mAmetrine ont pu être combinées pour mesurer l’engagement par un RCPG d’une protéine G, ainsi que l’accumulation du second messager. La combinaison de ces BRET a également permis de révéler la formation d’un complexe entre le récepteur α2A adrénergique (α2AAR), Gαi1, le dimère Gβγ ainsi que la kinase des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (GRK2), suite à l’activation du récepteur. De plus, seule l’entrée de GRK2 semble être en mesure de causer la désensibilisation du α2AAR, en s’intercalant entre Gαi1 et Gβγ. Par contre, la stabilisation de l’interaction entre α2AAR et la β-arrestine2 semble nécessiter l’activité kinase de GRK2. Une autre étude a révélé l’importance de différentes Gα pour la mobilisation du calcium, suite à l’activation du récepteur aux opioïdes de type delta (DOR). Suite à la surexpression de Gα de la famille Gαq, il a été possible de mesurer une influence de ces Gα sur la mobilisation du calcium. Toutefois, cette réponse calcique mesurée en présence des Gαq demeure sensible aux prétraitements à la toxine de Bordetella pertussis, qui inhibe sélectivement l’activité des Gαi. De plus, la co-expression de Gαi et Gαq permet de potentialiser la mobilisation de calcium, démontrant une interrelation entre ces deux familles de protéine Gα, pour la signalisation du DOR. Afin de démontrer l’interrelation directe, des expériences de BRET ont été réalisées entre différentes Gα. En plus de montrer la formation de complexes sélectifs entre les Gα, les expériences de BRET réalisées en parallèle d’analyses de séquences de Gα, ont également mis à jour un site de sélectivité d’interaction entre les Gα, l’hélice α4. Suite à la transposition de cette hélice α4 de Gα12 sur Gαi1, qui normalement n’interagissent pas, il a été possible de forcer l’interaction entre Gα12 et Gαi1, confirmant ainsi que cette hélice α contient l’information permettant une sélectivité d’interaction. Au cours de cette thèse, il a été possible de générer de nouvelles méthodes de mesure d’interactions protéiques qui permettent de multiplexer différents signaux, ce qui a permis de mettre à jour de nouvelles interactions entre divers effecteurs de la signalisation de RCGP / Cellular communication is an important phenomenon for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Recently, important progress has been made in the cell signalling research field concerning the identification of the major actors and the cellular pathways engaged in response to these extracellular factors. However, in spite of this new information, the interrelationships at the molecular level between the various cellular actors and the different signalling pathways remain badly understood. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) monitors interactions between proteins and can be used in two configurations, the BRET480-YFP (also known as BRET1) and the BRET400-GFP (also known as BRET2). Following oxidation of its substrate, renilla luciferase transfers its energy to a fluorescent protein, only if they are in close proximity (≤100Å). By combining the BRET480-YFP and BRET400-GFP in one assay, it is possible to follow three pair-wise interactions in the same cellular population. However, using two bioluminescence reaction substrates limits the possibility of measuring the different BRET signals simultaneously. In order to measure multiple BRET signals simultaneously, three new BRET configurations, based on the BRET400-GFP, were developed using fluorescent proteins with different emission wavelengths. Two of the new BRET colors which have resolved emission wavelengths, the BRET400-BFP and BRET400mAmetrine, were combined for measuring the heterotrimeric G protein engagement by the vasopressin V2 receptor, as well as the accumulation of the second messenger. Combining these new BRET techniques reveals for the first time the formation of a complex between the α2A adrenergic receptor (α2AAR), Gαi1, the Gβγ dimer and G protein-receptor kinase (GRK2) following receptor activation. Moreover, only the entry of GRK2 into the receptor complex is required for the α2AAR desensitization, by inserting between Gαi1 and Gβγ. On the other hand, the stabilization of the interaction between α2AAR and β-arrestin2 requires the kinase activity of GRK2. Another study revealed the importance of multiple Gα subunits for calcium mobilization induced upon activation of the delta opioid receptor (DOR). Gαq subfamily member overexpression altered the DOR-induced calcium mobilization, but this Gαq calcium mobilization remained sensitive to pre-treatement pertussis toxin, through selective inhibition of the activity of Gαi members. Moreover, Gαi and Gαq co-expression potentiated calcium mobilization, suggesting an interrelationship between these two Gα families in DOR signaling. This Gαi and Gαq interrelationship could result from the formation of a complex close to the receptor. In order to test this hypothesis, BRET experiments were performed, with the aim of measuring the presence of complexes between different Gα. In addition to demonstrating complex formation between Gα subunits, the BRET experiments in parallel with sequence analysis, also revealed a selective interaction site between the Gα, the α4 helix. By swapping the a4 helix of Gαi with the α4 helix of Gα12, which doesn’t normally interact with Gα12, it was possible to force the interaction between Gα12 and Gαi to confirm that this α helix contains information concerning the selectivity of interactions between Gα subunits. During this thesis, new methods were to detect protein interactions and multiplexing these methods allowed the detection of novel interactions between signalling effectors of GPCRs.

A estabilidade genômica é condição essencial à sobrevivência e ao funcionamento dos organismos vivos. No entanto, várias situações podem provocar danos no DNA. Por exemplo, cerca de 104 lesões podem ocorrer no material genético de uma célula de mamífero a cada dia. No intuito de preservar a integridade genômica e contornar os efeitos deletérios destas modificações, uma maquinaria constituída de proteínas especializadas em reconhecer e reparar estes danos foi selecionada ao longo do curso evolutivo. Defeitos em proteínas destas maquinarias causam instabilidade genômica e pode resultar em elevada taxa de mutações e quebras do DNA que resultam em eventos de amplificação gênica, como em células cancerosas. De uma maneira aparentemente contrária ao requerimento de estabilidade genômica como condição primordial para a perpetuação da vida, Leishmania apresenta um genoma notavelmente maleável e explora a amplificação gênica como recurso de sobrevivência. Ainda que a plasticidade genômica em Leishmania seja facilmente demonstrada, nós não conhecemos os mecanismos precisos pelos quais este parasita coordena a ação da maquinaria de detecção de danos no DNA e a consumação dos eventos de amplificação gênica. No intuito de contribuir para a compreensão deste processo, nós identificamos proteínas homólogas do complexo 9-1-1 (Rad9-Hus1-Rad1) em Leishmania major. As proteínas LmHus1 e LmRad9 apresentam marcada divergência estrutural em relação aos seus homólogos em outros eucariotos e nenhuma proteína obviamente homóloga a Rad1 foi identificada neste parasita. Análises filogenéticas indicam que LmHus1 e LmRad9 são relacionadas ao complexos heterotriméricos envolvidos na detecção de danos no DNA. Em acordo com isso, nossos experimentos demonstram que alteração nos níveis destas proteínas interfere na capacidade do parasita em lidar com estresse genotóxico. LmHus1 localiza-se no núcleo, é requerida para o crescimento normal deste parasita e a diminuição de sua expressão compromete mecanismos de controle de ciclo celular e manutenção de telômeros. LmRad9 também localiza-se no núcleo e sua superexpressão causa defeito de crescimento e de resposta ao estresse genotóxico em L. major. Nós observamos que LmHus1 e LmRad9 formam um complexo responsivo ao dano no DNA in vivo, uma forte indicação de que o complexo 9-1-1 tenha sido conservado em L. major. As peculiaridades estruturais destas proteínas sugerem que o complexo 9-1-1 de L. major possua uma arquitetura distinta em comparação aos eucariotos superiores. Em adição a isto, outras proteínas, tais como a LmRpa1, também apresentam uma marcante divergência estrutural. Isso sugere que a via de sinalização de danos no DNA envolvendo o complexo 9-1-1 e Rpa1 de L. major possua mecanismos peculiares de ação. Estas observações podem permitir entender como ocorreu o processo evolutivo da sinalização mediada pelo complexo 9-1-1 nos eucariotos, além de ajudar para o entendimento das bases moleculares de como este parasito conduz os eventos de amplificação gênica. / Genome stability is a essential condition for survival and proper functioning of living organisms. However, a broad range of elements may lead to DNA damage. For instance, about 104 DNA lesions may be inflicted upon any given mammalian cell everyday. In order to maintain the genome integrity and circumvent the deleterious effects of these lesions, a molecular machinery composed of proteins specialized in detecting and repairing DNA damage has been selected in evolution. Defects of the proteins that constitute such machineries may result not only in a high mutation rate, but also in breaks in the DNA structure that can mediate gene amplification as observed in cancer cells. In an apparent opposition to such requirement for stability as an essential condition to life, the protozoan Leishmania presents a highly malleable genome and explores genome amplification as a survival and adaptation tool. Despite of the fact that the Leishmania genome plasticity can be easily demonstrated, the precise mechanisms that coordinate the molecular machineries involved in the detection and signaling of DNA damage, and in the regulation of gene amplification is still largely unknown. In order to contribute to a better understanding of these processes, we identified and studied the Leishmania major proteins that are homologues of those proteins that compose the 9-1-1 complex (Rad9-Hus1-Rad1). The proteins LmHus1 and LmRad9 present a high structural divergence when compared to its homologues from other eukaryotes and no obvious homologue of Rad1 was identified in the parasite genome. Phylogeny analysis indicated that LmHus1 and LmRad9 are closely related to heterotrimeric complexes involved in the detection of DNA damage. In accordance to that, our experiments demonstrated that altered levels of these proteins interfere with the parasite ability to deal with genotoxic stress. Moreover, LmHus1 was localized to the parasite nucleus and is a required protein for normal parasite proliferation. Besides, we showed that decreased levels of LmHus1 compromise cell cycle regulation and the maintenance of telomeres. LmRad9 was also shown to be localized to the cell nucleus and its overexpression led to growth defects and affected the L. major response to genotoxic stress. We also observed that LmHus1 and LmRad9 interact with each other to for a protein complex that is responsive to DNA damage in vivo, which strongly suggested that the 9-1-1 complex was conserved in L. major. The structural peculiarities of these proteins indicate that the possible L. major 9-1-1 complex has a different architecture when compared to the complex found in higher eukaryotes. In addition to that, other proteins, such as LmRpa1, also present a marked structural divergence. Altogether, these findings suggest that the DNA damage signaling pathway involving the 9-1-1 complex and LmRpa1 in L. major, may present a peculiar mode of action. These observations may contribute to a better understanding not only of the evolution of the signaling pathway mediated by the 9-1-1 complex in eukaryotes, but also of the molecular basis of the genome plasticity and the gene amplification phenomenon.