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Disertacijoje aptariama kultūrinių sluoksnių kaip šaltinio Klaipėdos XVI–XVIII a. infrastruktūros ir urbanistikos raidos problematika. Tiriamas laikotarpis apima laikotarpį nuo XVI a. pradžios (t. y. Klaipėdos miesto įsikūrimas dabartinio senamiesčio vietoje) ir baigiant XVIII a. antrąja puse, kuomet miesto urbanistinė struktūra įgauna pilnaverčio naujųjų laikų miesto vaizdą. Darbo pagrindą sudaro Klaipėdos miesto pastatų dendrochronologinio datavimo duomenys, archeologinių tyrinėjimų ataskaitos bei archeologijos ir istorijos pirminiai ir antriniai šaltiniai, kurie vertinami stratigrafijos, bihevioristinės archeologijos bei pasaulio sistemos teorijų požiūriais. / In the present study, the topic of cultural layers as the source of the 16th–18th century Klaipėda infrastructure and urban development evolution has been discussed. The researched period comprises the early 16th century (i. e. Klaipėda city founding in the location of the present old town) and up to the second half of the 18th century, when urban structure of the city obtains the image of a full-fledged city of the Modern Age. The basis of this study consists of dendrochronological dating information related to Klaipėda city buildings, archaeological investigation reports as well as archaeological and historical historiography, which has been analyzed with reference to stratigraphy, behavioral archaeology and the World System theories approach.

The subject of this essay in archaeology is the economy at the mining village of Saladuringthe 16th and early 17th century. The silvermine in Sala was once the foremost producer of silver in Sweden, and the mine as well as the mining village had had a long and rich history. This history can be seen in historical documents as well as in archaeological findings. The lure of silver attracted many different people to the mining village. This in turn madetrade an important part of the mining village. The trade made it possible for coins to circulatefreely and this made it possible for a monetary based economy to be established in the miningvillage. The focus of this essay is mainly on coin finds, but also on other archaeological items foundduring excavations of the mining village. These other archaeological finds can shed some light on the type of economy that existed in the mining village. Included is a comparison of coin finds in two other locations, namely the chapel ruins of St. Ursula in Västerås and Vårfrukyrkan in Enköping. Each of the churches is located near Sala and were used contemporary with the mining village. The purpose of including them into this study is to see whether these churches used the same stock of coin as they did in the mining village.

Since the fifteenth century the rise of capitalism and the expansion of global trade networks have ensured that a wide range of consumer goods has become available to people from all walks of life. Paralleling these developments, our attitudes and beliefs about consumer goods have also changed: goods that were once considered luxuries have become commonplace in domestic households. This study celebrates the diversity of this material culture and the variety of symbolic meanings people attach to it. The US – China trade, as a facet of the Spice Trade, is inextricably linked to the development of capitalism and long-distance shipping that ensured the movement of consumer goods to markets around the world. Inevitably, many of these ships sank and archaeologically their cargoes and the artifacts associated with their crew provide an opportunity to glimpse the development of our modern world. This thesis uses the shipwreck Frolic (1850) as a case study to discuss how those involved in, and those who were supplied through, this trade used a range of consumer goods to construct distinct identities for themselves and those around them. This study also draws on a wide variety of source material, including material culture (museum collections and archaeological assemblages), images and documentary sources (courtesy literature and newspapers) to paint a broader picture of the US – China trade and consumer society than any one source is capable of doing itself. This study ultimately argues that the range in consumer goods associated with the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century US – China trade is symptomatic of the increasing complexity of consumer markets able to facilitate the establishment and maintenance of a wide array of consumer identities, necessary under the many new social, economic and ideological relationships constructed under capitalism.

This thesis is structured around the analysis of a model that describes the Cantonment, the Civil Lines, the Sadr Bazar and part of the Native City of the Western Indian settlement of Poona in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

In this dissertation, I explore issues of cultural exchange and identity among 18th-century Spaniards and Spanish Americans via archaeological remains and documentary evidence. These were years of intense cultural refashioning, on both sides of the Atlantic. In Spain, the advent of the French-based Bourbon dynasty resulted in the spread of French fashions which infiltrated and altered notions of Spanish social identity. Spanish Floridians, already confronting an evolving American identity, had to amalgamate the changes occurring in the homeland. New ceramic forms, technology, and aesthetics reflect how people throughout the Spanish Atlantic remade their lifestyles, partially in each other's image. I examine ceramics from three 18th-century domestic sites: La Calle Corredera in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain, and the Francisco Ponce de León and Juan de Salas households in St. Augustine, Florida. To enable direct comparison between Spain and Florida, I developed a new classification system that encompassed forms found in both places, linked to references in contemporary dictionaries, probate inventories, and cookbooks. This approach revealed almost simultaneous change on both sides of the Atlantic, demonstrating rapid exchange and shared tastes and behaviors. At all three sites, people adopted new culinary styles and table settings to match. The rising popularity of French cuisine led people to use fewer bowls and more flat plates, suggesting a diminished role for traditional stews. In Spain, new cup and saucer forms emerged to accommodate American chocolate. On both sides of the Spanish Atlantic, French- and English-inspired matching sets of dishes and visually distinctive Mexican ceramics reflected changing aesthetics. At the same time, Spaniards and Spanish Americans continued using older vessel forms for cooking as well as personal hygiene, suggesting a degree of cultural continuity in some areas of life. In the 18th century, the Spanish Atlantic was a zone of busy cultural exchange. St. Augustinians followed Spanish fashions to declare their heritage while their Spanish counterparts emphasized their trans-Atlantic reach by incorporating American goods into their own lives. In this dynamic place and time, native Spaniards and Spanish Americans built a common cultural identity by simultaneously maintaining traditions and embracing change. / 2017-05-31T00:00:00Z

With this essay, I want to explore how some of our findings during the fieldwork at Magdalena de Cao Viejo, Chicama Valley, are related with the examination of identities in an Early Colonial Period site. First, I describe the site and then focus on in key lines of evidence about problems and potentialities to identify assimilation, accommodation, hybridization and resistance through archaeological methods since the beginning of the project to the present. / Al presentar este ensayo, deseo explorar cómo algunos de nuestros hallazgos en los estudios en Magdalena de Cao Viejo, en el valle de Chicama, se relacionan con la cuestión de examinar identidades en un sitio del Período Colonial Temprano. Empezaré por describir el sitio en general y, luego, me enfocaré en líneas clave de evidencia de los problemas y potencialidades de identificar asimilación, acomodación, hibridación y resistencia a través de la arqueología, especialmente, en nuestro programa de estudios desde el año 2004 hasta el presente.

Excavation of middens from two households in a peripheral parish of the colonial city of Riobamba, in the Audiencia of Quito (today Ecuador), has included analysis of faunal and botanical remains, in order to better understand the relationship between race, social class, and material culture in the 18th century Andean city. Although city officials of the 16th century attempted to maintain separate neighborhoods for indigenous people, by the 18th century such neighborhoods had become racially mixed. Despite the hybrid nature of the material remains in such households, poverty, status as artisans, and racial classification as indios were still significant factors in the lives of those who lived in the San Blas parish in the 18th century. Much historical archaeology focuses on the level of households as a scale of analysis, and yet for urban environments, it is important to also consider the parish, or neighborhood, as an important unit of analysis. / La excavación de basurales de dos casas de barrios periféricos de la ciudad colonial de Riobamba, en la Audiencia de Quito (hoy Ecuador), ha incluido el análisis de restos botánicos y de fauna con el fin de lograr un mejor entendimiento de las relaciones existentes entre raza, clase social y cultura material en una ciudad andina del siglo XVIII. A pesar de que las autoridades locales del siglo XVI intentaron mantener barrios exclusivos para la gente indígena, para el siglo XVIII, estos mismos barrios se transformaron en lugares racialmente mestizos. Pese a una naturaleza híbrida de los materiales culturales en estos contextos, la pobreza, un estatus de artesanos y la clasificación racial de «indios» fueron factores determinantes en la vida de quienes poblaron la parroquia San Blas en siglo XVIII. Gran parte de la arqueología histórica se enfoca al nivel de unidades domésticas en la escala de análisis y, aun para entornos urbanos, es importante también considerar a la parroquia, o vecindario, como una importante unidad de análisis.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar as possibilidades que a arqueometalurgia coloca à disposição da arqueologia, inseridas em uma série de métodos que, diante do estudo de uma variada amostra de materiais, permitem a aproximação do conhecimento das diversas facetas implicadas na compreensão da atividade metalúrgica e o desenvolvimento de interpretações sobre o papel e o significado do metal na sociedade e na economia das comunidades do passado. De acordo com esta abordagem interdisciplinar, o presente trabalho apoia-se no estudo de objetos metálicos encontrados no Arraial de São Francisco Xavier da Chapada, sítio arqueológico localizado no Mato Grosso, inserido no contexto da mineração colonial do século XVIII e, formado, quase que em sua totalidade, por escravos. Aprofundando uma visão direcionada ao estudo arqueometalúrgico do acervo resgatado, através de procedimentos de análise metalográfica, técnica bastante útil para a caracterização de estruturas metálicas, este trabalho busca identificar aspectos ligados à matéria-prima usada no processo de confecção, detalhes das técnicas de produção dos artefatos metálicos estudados e características estruturais dos mesmos, na tentativa de estabelecer inferências sobre o cotidiano local, a relação da metalurgia com a escravidão, o sistema de abastecimento de mercadorias e seus diálogos com o Império Português. / This study aims to present the possibilities that archaeometallurgy can provide to archeology, entered into a series of methods that, on the study of a diverse sample of materials, allow the approximation of knowledge of the various facets involved in understanding metallurgical activity and developing interpretations of the role and significance of metals in the society and economy of the communities of the past. According to this interdisciplinary approach, this work relies on the study of metal objects found in the Arraial de São Francisco Xavier da Chapada, archaeological site located in Mato Grosso, placed in the context of eighteenth-century colonial mining and formed almost in its entirety, by slaves. Deepening a vision directed to the study of the archaeometallurgical collection rescued, through metallographic analysis procedures, useful technique for the characterization of metal structures, this study seeks to identify aspects of raw material used in the process of confection, details of the production techniques of the metallic artifacts studied and its structural characteristics, in an attempt to make inferences about the everyday place, metallurgy relationship with slavery, the system of supply of goods and its dialogues with the Portuguese Empire.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-11T12:20:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Silva, Ilana Elisa Chaves.pdf: 6163418 bytes, checksum: 5839f19b578793e58f86deeef9345f6d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-11T12:20:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Silva, Ilana Elisa Chaves.pdf: 6163418 bytes, checksum: 5839f19b578793e58f86deeef9345f6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-04 / CNPq / Durante o acompanhamento arqueológico realizado pela Fundação Seridó em parceria com a Universidade Federal de Pernambuco nas obras de implantação do Habitacional do Pilar, Bairro do Recife – PE, foi evidenciado na Quadra 55, um cemitério histórico de limites ainda desconhecidos. Na referida campanha, iniciada em Janeiro de 2013 e finalizada em Abril de 2014, foram exumados 28 sepultamentos humanos. Segundo apontam os primeiros resultados, o cemitério seria provavelmente dos séculos XVII e XVIII. Considerando as características apresentadas pelo sítio, indagamos se o Cemitério do Pilar teria sido destinado a indivíduos acometidos por surtos epidêmicos durante o período da ocupação holandesa no Recife (1630 e 1654). Inicialmente foram identificadas historicamente as principais epidemias que acometeram a cidade do Recife, em Pernambuco, no período da ocupação holandesa. Posteriormente realizamos a análise da ancestralidade, sexo e idade dos indivíduos a fim de perceber se este grupo seria semelhante ao descrito pela historiografia como os moradores do Recife da época. Após as análises ósseas identificamos: indivíduos masculinos de ancestralidade caucasoide (europeia) com idades entre 15 e 21 anos, predominantemente. e alterações morfológicas insuficientes para uma diagnose positiva para bouba, sífilis, varíola. Escorbuto foi a patologia que apresentou uma característica mais recorrente – retração alveolar. / During the archaeological monitoring of the Pilar Housing, District of Recife – PE, done by Seridó Foundation with Federal University of Pernambuco, a historical cemetery with still unmeasured dimensions was evidenced on block 55. In this archaeological campaign, between January 2013 and April 2014, 28 human burials were dug. According the first search results, the cemetery would be probably from the 17th and 18th centuries. Considering the site’s features, we question if the Pilar Cemetery would have been intended for individuals affected by disease outbreak during the Dutch occupation in Recife (between 1630 and 1654). First, we identified historically the major diseases that befell the city of Recife, in Pernambuco, during the Dutch occupation. Then we analyzed the ancestry, sex and age of the individuals aiming understand if the group would be similar to the group described by the historiography as the Recife’s residents at the time. After bone analysis, were identified, predominantly, male Caucasoid (European) individuals between 15 and 21 years old. The bone morphological alterations were not enough to diagnose positively yaws, syphilis, smallpox. Scurvy was the pathology that presented recurring feature – alveolar retraction.