Le procédé COBAPRESSTM est un procédé hybride qui consiste à forger une préforme de fonderie. Nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse à son application pour fabriquer des pièces en alliage d’aluminium AS7G03 modifié au strontium. La première partie de l’étude présente des résultats de simulations obtenues grâce à 2 logiciels de calcul par éléments finis qui sont Simufact et ABAQUS. Nous avons pu voir que la déformation est maximale dans le plan de joint des pièces avec une déformation supérieure à 0,5 pour des vitesses qui peuvent atteindre 10 s-1. Les déformations en peau dues à la rugosité de surface des préformes ont aussi été prises en compte.La deuxième partie expose la microstructure dans les pièces après forge. Ces observations ont été effectuées par microscopie optique ainsi qu’en EBSD. Cette microstructure peut être majoritairement restaurée ou recristallisée pour des paramètres de Zener-Hollomon supérieurs à 1012. La microstructure de peau ainsi que l’effet de la trempe ont aussi été étudiés. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’évolution des propriétés mécaniques statiques et cycliques. Nous avons pu voir que l’étape de forge permettait de refermer et souder les retassures de fonderie avec une tenue mécanique suffisante pour résister en fatigue. La Rp0,2, la Rm ainsi que l’allongement à rupture sont augmentés. La microstructure optimale semble être une sous-structure des dendrites qui est la meilleure pour une déformation de 0,5 et une vitesse de 5 s-1 avec une température de préforme de 530°C. Une bonne sous-structuration ainsi qu’une faible rugosité en peau permettent aussi une amélioration de la durée de vie en fatigue après la frappe à chaud. / The COBAPRESSTM is a hybrid process consisting of forging a cast preform. In this thesis, we are interested in its application to make parts with an AS7G03 aluminum alloy modified with strontium. Microstructural evolutions in hot conditions and the mechanical properties resulted from are not well known for this cast alloy and constitute the present work. The first part of the study presents the results obtained by simulation with two finite elements analysis software Simufact and ABAQUS. We could see that the maximal deformation occurs in the parting surface with a deformation closed to 0.5 and a rate which cans reach 10 s-1. Deformation in the skin due to the preform surface roughness is considered. The second part exposes the microstructure in the parts after forging. These observations were made by optical micrography and also by EBSD. This microstructure is predominantly substructured but can be recrystallized for Zener-Hollomon parameters higher than 1012. The typical skin microstructure and the effect of the quenching were also studied.Finally, we studied the evolutions of the static and cyclic mechanical properties. We could see that the forging step allows the welding of the shrinkage porosities with mechanical characteristics good enough to resist fatigue tests. The yield stress, the ultimate tensile stress and the ductility are all improved. The optimal microstructure seems to be a substructure of the dendrites which is the best for a deformation of 0.5 and a rate of 5 s-1 with a preform temperature of 530°C. The good substructuration and the reduced roughness of the skin allow a greater improvement of the fatigue life of the samples after the forging step.

Abstract Austenitic high-Mn (15–30 wt.%) based twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels provide great potential in applications for structural components in the automotive industry, owing to their excellent tensile strength-ductility property combination. In certain cases, these steels might also substitute austenitic Cr-Ni stainless steels. The aim of this present work is to investigate the high-temperature flow resistance, recrystallisation and the evolution of microstructure of high-Mn steels by compression testing on a Gleeble simulator. The influence of Al alloying (0–8 wt.%) in the hot rolling temperature range (800°C–1100°C) is studied in particular, but also some observations are made regarding the influence of Cr alloying. Microstructures are examined in optical and electron microscopes. The results are compared with corresponding properties of carbon and austenitic stainless steels. In addition, the mechanical properties are studied briefly, using tension tests over the temperature range from -80°C to 200°C. Finally, a preliminary study is conducted on the corrosion behaviour of TWIP steels in two media, using the potentiodynamic polarization technique. The results show that the flow stress level of high-Mn TWIP steels is considerably higher than that of low-carbon steels and depends on the Al concentration up to 6 wt.%, while the structure is fully austenitic at hot rolling temperatures. At higher Al contents, the flow stress level is reduced, due to the presence of ferrite. The static recrystallisation kinetics is slower compared to that of carbon steels, but it is faster than is typical of Nb-microalloyed or austenitic stainless steels. The high Mn content is one reason for high flow stress as well as for slow softening. Al plays a minor role only; but in the case of austenitic-ferritic structure, the softening of the ferrite phase occurs very rapidly, contributing to overall faster softening. The high Mn content also retards considerably the onset of dynamic recrystallisation, but the influence of Al is minor. Similarly, the contribution of Cr to the hot deformation resistance and static and dynamic recrystallisation, is insignificant. The grain size effectively becomes refined by the dynamic and static recrystallisation processes. The tensile testing of TWIP steels revealed that the Al alloying and temperature have drastic effects on the yield strength, tensile strength and elongation. The higher Al raises the yield strength because of the solid solution strengthening. However, Al tends to increase the stacking fault energy that affects strongly the deformation mechanism. In small concentrations, Al suppresses martensite formation and enhances deformation twinning, leading to high tensile strength and good ductility. However, with an increasing temperature, SFE increases, and consequently, the density of deformation twins decreases and mechanical properties are impaired. Corrosion testing indicated that Al alloying improves the corrosion resistance of high-Mn TWIP steels. The addition of Cr is a further benefit for the passivation of these steels. The passive film that formed on 8wt.% Al-6wt.%Cr steel was found to be even more stable than that on Type 304 steel in 5–50% HNO3 solutions. A prolonged pre-treatment of the steel in the anodic passive regime created a thick, protective and stable passive film that enhanced the corrosion resistance also in 3.5% NaCl solution.

The focus of this thesis is to develop a simulation model for predicting ductile fractures during hot working at Alleima. The main fracture mechanism in these conditions is ductile fracture by void coalescence. The ductile fractures are caused by the linking of voids that appear when there is large plastic deformation near second-phase particles. The chosen method to simulate these was to use a Ductile Fracture Criterion (DFC), which builds on using FE models with a damage parameter. Two criteria were selected to be tested. The austenitic stainless-steel alloy 316L was selected as material for this work. Using the Gleeble 3500 system, hot tension and compression experiments were performed to gather data needed for the simulation models as well as inducing ductile fractures. Rupture occurred for all the hot tension samples and cracks were found for only one of the hot compression experiments. Using data from the Gleeble tests, a separate simulation model for each of the setups were created using the finite element software Marc/Mentat. A flow stress model for 316L was developed. Results from the simulations show that both selected DFCs can be used to predict ductile fractures. Particularly for hot tension. It was shown that it is important to model the temperature gradient in the sample accurately. For hot compression, it was difficult to conclude if the criterions were able to predict fracture since only one data point was available. The thesis concludes that there could be of interest with continued work using DFCs at Alleima.

Im Rahmen der Dissertation wurde das Phänomen der Wechselwirkungsdomänen sowohl experimentell als auch unter Zuhilfenahme mikromagnetischer Simulationen untersucht. Gegenstand der Untersuchungen waren einphasige NdFeB-Magnete, die durch Heißpressen und anschließender Warmumformung hergestellt wurden. Zusätzlich wurden über den gleichen Herstellungsweg Kompositproben aus NdFeB und Fe mit unterschiedlichen Partikelausgangsgrößen erhalten und studiert. Korrelationsuntersuchungen verschiedener Messmethoden haben gezeigt, dass im thermisch entmagnetisierten Zustand die Grenzen der Wechselwirkungsdomänen an der Oberfläche größtenteils entlang von Korngrenzen verlaufen. Mittels in-situ MFM wurden erstmalig Untersuchungen von Wechselwirkungsdomänen an massiven NdFeB-Magneten im Magnetfeld durchgeführt. Die Ummagnetisierung erfolgt dabei über die Bewegung der Domänengrenze durch schrittweises Wandern von einer Korngrenze zur benachbarten. Die Beweglichkeit der Domänengrenzen ist durch das Haften an den Korngrenzen gehemmt, was sich in der geringeren Suszeptibilität der warmumgeformten Magnete im Vergleich zu Sintermagneten bemerkbar macht. Aufgrund der eingestellten Mikrostruktur in den warmumgeformten Magneten kann folglich gesagt werden, dass die Ummagnetisierungsprozesse sowohl Merkmale von klassischen Nukleations-, als auch von klassischen Pinningmagneten aufweisen. Mit Hilfe von mikromagnetischen Simulationen konnte eine Eindomänenteilchengröße prismatischer Partikel mit quadratischer Grundfläche ermittelt werden. Außerdem konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Winkel des Streufeldvektors eine entscheidende Rolle bei Ummagnetisiserungsprozessen in solchen Partikeln spielt. Die Superposition des Streufeldvektors mit dem Vektor des angelegten Feldes führt zu einem Gesamtfeldvektor, dessen Winkelabhängigkeit ein Stoner-Wohlfarth ähnliches Verhalten zeigt.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:19:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIENE ARAUJO NASCIMENTO.pdf: 1402629 bytes, checksum: b9ce204098b2c4fe0362b6792a692744 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-25 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / Austenitic stainless steels have low economic value compared to titanium and its alloys, considered the most resistant to corrosion in biological environment, and for over fifty years are widely used in the manufacture of orthopedic implants, particularly in public health service. Currently the ISO 5832-1 steel (ASTM F 138) is the most used in the manufacture of orthopedic prosthesis, especially the temporary ones. However, because it is susceptible to localized corrosion when in contact with human tissue, it is being gradually replaced by austenitic stainless steel of low carbon and high nitrogen called ISO 5832-9. The same is already used extensively in Europe and the United States, while in Brazil it's use is more recent and smaller scale. This work investigates the behavior of dynamic recrystallization in an ISO 5832-9 steel through hot torsion tests and optical microscopy, for different conditions of temperature, strain and strain rate. It was found through the plastic flow curves of the studied material crystallizes dynamically and that the high value of its apparent activation energy for deformation can be attributed to the presence of a large amount of precipitated particles and nitrogen dissolved in the matrix. Micrographs confirmed that tests carried out at low temperatures reveal a strong retardation of dynamic recrystallization. Moreover, the presence of serrated grain boundaries and nucleation of new grains in the old deformed grain boundaries, are strong indications that the recrystallization occurred by a necklace mechanism. The behavior of the average recrystallized grain size, DDRX, with temperature resembles the behavior of the austenitic grain growth in microalloyed steels. The presence of a minimum in the behavior of DDRX with the strain rate can be attributed to a minimum strain rate required to cause the greatest amount of dynamics precipitation. / Os aços inoxidáveis austeníticos possuem um baixo valor econômico quando comparados ao titânio e suas ligas, considerados os mais resistentes à corrosão em meio biológico, e há mais de cinquenta anos são amplamente utilizados na confecção de implantes ortopédicos, em especial no serviço de saúde pública. Atualmente o aço ISO 5832-1 (ASTM F 138) é o mais utilizado na confecção de próteses ortopédicas, principalmente as temporárias. Entretanto, devido o mesmo ser suscetível à corrosão localizada quando em contato com tecido humano, ele está sendo gradativamente substituído pelo aço inoxidável austenítico de baixo teor de carbono e alto teor de nitrogênio denominado de ISO 5832-9. O mesmo já é utilizado em larga escala na Europa e nos Estados Unidos, enquanto no Brasil a sua utilização é mais recente e em menor escala. Este trabalho investiga o comportamento da recristalização dinâmica em um aço ISO 5832-9, através de ensaios de torção a quente e microscopia ótica, para diferentes condições de temperatura, deformação e taxa de deformação. Foi constatado através das curvas de escoamento plástico que o material estudado recristaliza dinamicamente e, que o alto valor da sua energia de ativação aparente para a deformação pode ser atribuído à presença de uma grande quantidade de partículas de precipitados e ao nitrogênio em solução na matriz. Micrografias confirmam que ensaios realizados a baixas temperaturas revelam um forte retardamento da recristalização dinâmica. Além disso, a presença de contornos de grão serrilhados e nucleação de novos grãos nos antigos contornos de grãos deformados, são fortes indícios de que a recristalização ocorreu por mecanismo colar. O comportamento do tamanho de grão médio recristalizado, DDRX, com a temperatura, se assemelha ao comportamento do crescimento de grão austeníticos de aços microligados. A presença de um mínimo no comportamento do DDRX com a taxa de deformação pode ser atribuído a uma taxa de deformação mínima necessária para que ocorra a maior quantidade de precipitação dinâmica.

No description available.

Thermomechanical processes such as hot rolling have been used in the industry for a long time to process and shape metals to a desired form with specific properties. However it can be difficult to make changes to the different process parameters. That's where it is beneficial to use a hot deformation simulator such as the Gleeble 3800-GTC. It can be used to test metals in a controlled environment where the deformation, temperature and other parameters are easily changed. When the machine uses a Hydrawedge module, it is able to simulate hot rolling using uniaxial compression at high temperatures. Swerim AB has one such machine and has requested to investigate what occurs inside a specimen during testing in the Gleeble, specifically inside two low-alloyed steels with a hardness between 400 and 500 HV. Such tests were replicated using LS-DYNA, an FE software. The goal was to acquire true stress-strain graphs that showed similar behaviour to the data from the Gleeble and plots of the effective plastic strain which could be correlated to the grain structure pattern inside the deformed cylinders. An FE-model was created which replicates the procedure. The model was verified through numerous steps. An initial mesh verification was done where the simulation time took at least 5 hours and at most 86 hours. Using a technique called mass scaling, the elements inside the model were manipulated using additional mass to increase their time step and reduce the computational time. A verification of the mass scaling was done where the computational time was weighed off against accuracy. Afterwards the friction had to be verified where it was found that the Gleeble test specimens were deformed more than necessary which was taken into account and the models were adjusted for friction verification. After all was said and done, the model had a reasonable friction coefficient with an optimal mesh and mass scaling configuration. The resulting model simulated a test of 0.5 seconds in 15 minutes and only costing at most 10 MPa in accuracy when experimental results have maximum values between 110 to 220 MPa depending on the scenario. This equals an approximate error of around 5-10%. When investigating the grain structure after 100 seconds of relaxation, the computational time amounted to 52 hours but could be reduced to 12 hours when simulating 30 seconds as there was no change in the effective plastic strain after that time. The final model has a high enough accuracy which, when combined with the Gleeble, is able to confirm material models and describe what occurs in the material during conditions akin to hot rolling.

Im Rahmen der Dissertation wurde das Phänomen der Wechselwirkungsdomänen sowohl experimentell als auch unter Zuhilfenahme mikromagnetischer Simulationen untersucht. Gegenstand der Untersuchungen waren einphasige NdFeB-Magnete, die durch Heißpressen und anschließender Warmumformung hergestellt wurden. Zusätzlich wurden über den gleichen Herstellungsweg Kompositproben aus NdFeB und Fe mit unterschiedlichen Partikelausgangsgrößen erhalten und studiert. Korrelationsuntersuchungen verschiedener Messmethoden haben gezeigt, dass im thermisch entmagnetisierten Zustand die Grenzen der Wechselwirkungsdomänen an der Oberfläche größtenteils entlang von Korngrenzen verlaufen. Mittels in-situ MFM wurden erstmalig Untersuchungen von Wechselwirkungsdomänen an massiven NdFeB-Magneten im Magnetfeld durchgeführt. Die Ummagnetisierung erfolgt dabei über die Bewegung der Domänengrenze durch schrittweises Wandern von einer Korngrenze zur benachbarten. Die Beweglichkeit der Domänengrenzen ist durch das Haften an den Korngrenzen gehemmt, was sich in der geringeren Suszeptibilität der warmumgeformten Magnete im Vergleich zu Sintermagneten bemerkbar macht. Aufgrund der eingestellten Mikrostruktur in den warmumgeformten Magneten kann folglich gesagt werden, dass die Ummagnetisierungsprozesse sowohl Merkmale von klassischen Nukleations-, als auch von klassischen Pinningmagneten aufweisen. Mit Hilfe von mikromagnetischen Simulationen konnte eine Eindomänenteilchengröße prismatischer Partikel mit quadratischer Grundfläche ermittelt werden. Außerdem konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Winkel des Streufeldvektors eine entscheidende Rolle bei Ummagnetisiserungsprozessen in solchen Partikeln spielt. Die Superposition des Streufeldvektors mit dem Vektor des angelegten Feldes führt zu einem Gesamtfeldvektor, dessen Winkelabhängigkeit ein Stoner-Wohlfarth ähnliches Verhalten zeigt.