Many San Francisco residents who have achieved new wealth from the expansion of the technology industry are paying record high prices for homes. But the city is landlocked and has a limited housing supply. I study the impact of the technology boom on the increase of housing prices in the city and the outflow of the middle class, by analyzing housing supply and demand, regulations, neighboring towns, home ownership, and housing price potential solutions. I find that the increase in technology jobs creates an employment multiplier effect, decrease in housing supply, increased competition and all-cash offers, and income inequality. Policymakers and activist neighborhood groups need to focus on continually increasing housing supply through dense development incentives and legalizing in-law units.

There is a low supply of the missing middle housing types (MMH) in walkable urban core neighborhoods. That is, a variety of compact low- to mid-rise housing in walkable areas that are accessible to entertainment, recreational and other amenities. The largest demographic, the millennials, followed by the baby boomers, prefer the MMH types. The MMH types is a new name for a variety of compact housing types that existed in traditional neighborhoods in urban areas pre-World War II. However, due to changes in housing preferences after World War II, the requisite land use and zoning changes facilitated larger single-family homes phasing out the MMH types. Efforts to reintroduce the MMH types is these areas are met with opposition. This research investigates increasing the supply of the MMH types in walkable urban core neighborhoods. The literature review reveals, prior to this one, no academic study at this level was done to understand how to increase the supply of MMH types in these areas. This research explores the views of stakeholders in urban planning and various professions related to housing and the MMH types in the Tampa Bay Area, to better understand the issues involved in the low supply of the MMH types in urban core areas. The data for this qualitative research was guided by a grounded theory methodology (Corbin & Strauss, 2014) and was derived from thirty-nine semi-structured interviews with stakeholders to find out what factors inhibit and ways to improve the supply of the MMH types in the Tampa Bay area.

The number of young single-person households is consistently increasing in South Korea, as in Sweden where the most common type of household is the single-person household. Housing is the key to the transition of young adults to adulthood and it can affect their quality of life and economic security throughout their lifetime. However, young people have encountered a similar housing problem in Sweden and South Korea, countries with different social, cultural, and political backgrounds. This study explores the policy implications garnered from Sweden for establishing housing policies for young single-person households in South Korea by investigating the difference between the housing policies in Sweden and South Korea and the rental housing provisions for young single-person households. The policy implications for single-person households in South Korea are, first, increasing the supply of rental housing and easing housing support requirements to provide housing to more young people as an alternative to increasing the universality of housing welfare policies. Second, providing the applicants' with applications and contracts on a single platform through an online integrated housing support system can be expected to improve operational efficiency and provide better convenience to residents. Third, a method of supplying a variety of housing to each region through regional integrated dormitory supply utilizing an integrated system, and satisfying the demands of the housing consumers, can be considered to establish an effective housing policy.

過去一般認為，土地供給是固定不變，故價格彈性為零。這樣的思考方式背後隱含需求面才是不動產市場的主導力量，因此土地供給面往往被忽略。不動產僵局的議題近年來不斷出現在世界各國，臺灣社會也不例外。由此觀之，都市住宅供給過程中，似乎不完全由市場需求面主導，尤其都市進入成熟發展階段後，土地供給面的重要程度更應該被突顯。故本研究從供給角度出發，並認為土地面積和產權在都市住宅供給過程中，可能扮演關鍵的角色。透過本研究提出之二維向度分析，也確實發現開發難度和住宅區開發量間存在一定的負向關係，為後續迴歸分析的立論基礎。市場力量或政府力量是否能克服基地面積過小和產權複雜問題，亦是本研究關注之重點。 利用臺北市民國94年到103年的使用執照和拆除執照，以里為分析單元，計算臺北市各里住宅區的樓地板面積淨增加率，並觀察其在空間上之高低分布。影響樓地板面積淨增加率的因素除包含土地面積和產權因素，亦應包括總體因素，區位與政策因素。一般迴歸模型和空間迴歸模型之實證結果顯示：各里中住宅供給多寡主要受到總體因素影響。此外，劃定都市更新地區之政策亦具有吸引建築投資之效果。然而土地面積並非是影響住宅供給之關鍵因素。但本研究進一步發現，在相同條件之下，產權單純對於住宅開發供給多寡的差異，因臺北市區位而有不同，住宅開發供給量由多至少依序為早期發展區、郊區和市中心。且在早期發展地區，產權越複雜的里比起產權較單純的里，住宅供給確實有較少的趨勢，顯示土地產權仍然在臺北市部分地區，造成開發上的問題。 / It is understood that land supply is fixed and the price elasticity is zero, which implies that the side of demand is the dominant force in the real estate market. Because of this the supply side of land is often ignored. The issues of gridlock of real estate development are emerging in recent years worldwide, and Taiwan is no exception. In these instances the market does not seem entirely dominated by demand in the process of housing supply. Especially in cities which have entered a mature stage of development, the importance of land supply should be highlighted. This study is taking the perspective of supply and considering that lot size and land property key roles in the process of housing supply. Throughout this study, we proposed a two-dimensional analysis and indeed found that there was a negative relationship between development difficulty and the amount of residential development, which was the theoretical basis for the subsequent regression analysis. Whether market force or government force can overcome the problems of small lot size and complex land property was also a focus of attention in this study. We used Building Use Permit and Demolition Permit from the year2005 to2014 in Taipei and the analysis units were individual neighborhoods. We calculate net increasing rate of floor area in residential sections of Taipei and observe its distribution in space. Factors affecting net increasing rate of floor area in residential sections include lot size and ownership factors, as well as general factors, region and policy factors. According to ordinary least squares (OLS) and spatial regression, the empirical results show that housing supply in each neighborhood in Taipei is dominated by general factors. In addition, the policy of the delineated renewal areas has the effect of attracting construction investment. However, the lot size was not a key factor in the process of housing supply. Furthermore, the study found that under simple land property conditions, housing supply discrepancies over location in Taipei and supplied quantity in order was the old core, periphery and center. And in the old core, compared to the neighborhoods of simple land property, the housing supply in neighborhoods of complex land property has a decreasing trend which reveals that land property is still causing development problems in parts of Taipei.

本研究所要探討的課題主要有以下三點：1.現行國宅等候制度有何缺失？應如何改進？2.我們由台灣省各縣市等候名冊申請登記戶數情形可以看出，目前國宅需求集中在政府直接興建國宅，而輔助人民貸款自購住宅之需求則相對較少，其背後原因為何？應如何改進？3.各縣市國宅資源是否真的不足？目前以供給面的政府直接興建國宅為主的住宅補貼措施是否適當？應如何改進？ 　　為針對以上問題加以解答，本研究首先以國宅等候制度在實際執行上所應發揮的三項功能：掌握國宅需求、決定國宅資源分配順序與提供人民充分資訊為觀點，對現行國宅等候制度加以檢討，最後並對我國國宅等候制度未來的改進方向提出具體的建議。 　　其次，本文以國宅需求量本身之決定因素（資格、意願、負擔能力）作為研究基礎，以臺灣省21縣市為實證範圍，估計歷年國宅需求量，進而探討影響國宅需求量變動的各種因素，特別強調不同補貼額度對國宅需求量的影響，透過計量經濟分析方法，最後驗證了補貼額度與國宅供給速率對於國宅需求量確實存在有顯著的影響。 　　最後，本研究以資源公平效率分配的觀點，配合國宅供需現況，以模擬分析的方式對臺灣省二十一縣市的國宅資源分配加以試算，結果發現，各縣市國宅供需失衡之主要原因不在國宅資源不足，而是在資源分配之不當，若將供給面補貼的政府直接興建國宅資源部分分配到需求面補貼的輔助人民貸款自購住宅，大部份縣市均能在短期內解決其國宅供需失衡問題，且可有多餘的資源用於增加如出租國宅、租金補貼、售屋不售地國宅及特殊弱勢團體住宅等國宅產品。 / There are three main subjects that we want to explore in this study: 1.What problems exist in the public housing waiting system in Taiwan? 2.What reasons cause the demand of public housing much more than the demand of mortgage subsidy in Taiwan? How will we improve it? 3.Is the housing subsidy policy in Taiwan moderate? How will we improve it? 　　To solve the above problems, we first review merits and demerits of the public housing waiting system. We examine three practical functions of the public housing waiting system. One is having the demand of public housing in hand, the one is deciding the order of public housing allocation, and the other one is providing sufficient information to people. From the review, we suggest the directions to improve the public housing waiting system. 　　Second, based on the factors of demand to the public housing (capacity、 willing、 afford ability), we applied regression analysis on the 21-Taiwan-county data. The regression model shows the main factors are the amount of housing allowance and the speed of public housing construction. 　　Finally, with the view of justice and efficiency on the resource allocation of housing subsidy, we simulate the resource distribution of public housing subsidy in the 21-Taiwan-county. We ascertain the main factor of public housing disequilibrium is inappropriate resource allocation. Have we transferred the resource from the public housing for selling to the mortgage subsidy, most counties could solve the disequilibrium problem in short run. In the long run,there are more resources to increase the supply side.These extra-resources serve the public rental housing, rental subsidy and welfare public housing etc..

This master's thesis seeks to determine the price elasticity of the Swedish housing supply through a vector error-correction model. The elasticities are estimated on a municipal, county and national level using data for the period 1992-2021. Furthermore, this study aims to find key determinants to explain the regional variations of housing supply elasticities. Overall, the results obtained indicate that the price elasticity of housing supply remains relatively inelastic regardless of the level. Only a small quantity of municipalities exhibited an elastic housing supply, those were Härjedalen, Krokom and Östra Göinge. The supply elasticity was estimated to be 0.074 on a national level. On a county level the elasticities varied between -0.107 and 0.461. The responsiveness of housing supply was found to be determined by the size of population and by land use regulations such as building permits, which is in line with previous empirical studies. Neither population growth, population density, house price or local tax rate were found to be significantly correlated with the obtained supply elasticities. The results imply that the housing supply elasticity varies substantially across counties and municipalities. Moreover, the study shows that the responsiveness of housing supply to fluctuations in price is low, which can serve as a potential indicator for future development of housing prices. / Denna masteruppsats syftar till att bestämma priselasticiteten för det svenska bostadsutbudet genom en vektor error-correction model. Elasticiteterna beräknades på kommunal-, läns- och riksnivå med hjälp av data för perioden 1992-2021. Därutöver syftar denna studie till att hitta bestämningsfaktorer för att förklara de regionala variationerna i bostadsutbudets priselasticitet. Sammantaget visade de erhållna resultaten att utbudselasticiteterna till övervägande del är oelastiska oavsett nivå. Några enstaka kommuner visade på ett elastiskt bostadsutbud, däribland Härjedalen, Krokom och Östra Göinge. Utbudselasticiteten uppskattades till 0.074 på nationell nivå. På länsnivå varierade priselasticiteterna för bostadsutbudet mellan -0.107 och 0.461. Vidare har responsiviteten hos bostadsutbudet visat sig bestämmas av befolkningsmängd och av reglering av markanvändning såsom bygglov, vilket är i linje med tidigare empiriska studier. Varken befolkningstillväxt, befolkningstäthet, bostadspris eller lokal skattesats har visat sig vara signifikant korrelerade med de erhållna utbudselasticiteterna. Resultaten tyder på att bostadsutbudets elasticitet varierar kraftigt mellan län och kommuner. Dessutom visar studien att bostadsutbudets responsivitet till följd av prisfluktuationer är lågt, vilket kan fungera som en potentiell indikator för den framtida utvecklingen av bostadspriser.