La transplantation pulmonaire est depuis une vingtaine d’années une option thérapeutique valide pour une grande variété de pathologies pulmonaires au stade terminal. Malgré les progrès réalisés ces dernières années en matière de traitement immunosuppresseur, les rejets restent une cause majeure de la perte du greffon. Plusieurs études ont souligné l'importance du rejet aigu comme un facteur contributif important à l’évolution de la dysfonction chronique du greffon (ou CLAD) et, in fine, à la perte du greffon. Par conséquent, des outils diagnostiques fiables de rejet aigu s’imposent pour mieux prévenir le CLAD. Dans notre première étude, nous avons évalué les marqueurs tissulaires de rejet aigu humoral (RAH) pulmonaire. Nous avons montré ainsi que les lésions histologiques dont l’inflammation microvasculaire ne sont pas spécifiques et le marquage C4d est un marqueur utile pour confirmer le diagnostic de RAH. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié en cytométrie de flux la polarisation des macrophages obtenus par lavage bronchiolo-alvéolaire (LBA) chez des patients transplantés avec et sans rejet. Nos résultats montrent les limites des marqueurs membranaires (HLA-DR et CD206) dans l’évaluation de l’état de polarisation des macrophages au cours des rejets. Ce travail montre l’intérêt des marqueurs tissulaires, en particulier le marquage C4d, dans le suivi des patients transplantés pulmonaires et souligne la nécessité d’identifier des marqueurs appropriés et utilisables en cytométrie de flux pour avancer sur l’état de polarisation des macrophages alvéolaires. / Lung transplantation is considered as a valid therapeutic option for patients with end-stage lung disease. Despite considerable progress in immunosuppressive therapy, allograft rejection remains a major cause of graft loss. Multiple studies have highlighted the importance of acute rejection as an important risk factor for the development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) leading to graft failure. Therefore, the improvement in the diagnosis of acute rejection represents a major challenge to prevent CLAD. In this study, we evaluated the tissue markers of acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in lung transplantation. In our experience, the histopathologic findings including the microvascular inflammation in pulmonary AMR are not specific and C4d staining is a useful marker to confirm the diagnosis of AMR. Secondly, we investigated by flow cytometry the polarization of alveolar macrophage obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from lung transplant patients with and without acute rejection. Our results show the limits of surface markers (CD206 and HLA-DR) in the evaluation of alveolar macrophage polarization. This study shows the interest of tissue markers, especially the C4d staining, in monitoring of lung transplant patients and highlights the need to identify appropriate and available markers for future studies of alveolar macrophage polarization by flow cytometry.

The Early Growth Response genes 2 and 3 (Egr2/3) are zinc finger transcription factors that play an important role in the immune system. These transcription factors have reported functions in T cell receptor signaling, differentiation of effector T cell subsets and the development of lupus-like autoimmune diseases. Using CD2-Egr2-/- Egr3-/- mouse model, I investigate the development of inflammation pathology, differentiation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and the formation of germinal centers (GC) following viral challenge within these mice. The onset of inflammation pathology in CD2-Egr2-/- Egr3-/- mice was discovered to correlate with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum and the development of autoimmune diseases as previously reported by Li et al, 2012. Most importantly, a novel role for the Egr2/3 genes in the differentiation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells was identified. Tfh cells are responsible for T cell dependent antibody immune response in the GC. They support the differentiation of GC B cells into plasma cells producing long lived high-affinity isotype-switched antibodies and memory B cells. Tfh cell differentiation is regulated by Bcl6 however; the regulators of Bcl6 during Tfh differentiation remain largely unknown. We have now discovered that Egr2/3 genes are required for Bcl6 expression during Tfh cell differentiation. In the absence of the Egr2 and 3 genes, Tfh cell differentiation is severely impaired and GC formation and functions were defective in response to Vaccinia Virus Western Reserve strain (VVWR) infection. Further investigation revealed that Egr2 regulated Bcl6 expression in a Tfh-specific manner as adoptive transfer of WT CD4+ T cells into Egr2-/- Egr3-/- mice was able to rescue Bcl6 expression, Tfh differentiation and GC formation. When the molecular mechanism of how Egr2 regulated Bcl6 was investigated, it was uncovered that Egr2 directly bound to the promoter region of Bcl6 gene in CD4 T cells to regulated Bcl6 expression. Indeed constitutive expression of either Egr2 or Bcl6 in CD2-Egr2-/- Egr3-/- CD4+ T cells rescued Tfh cell differentiation and GC formation. Our results inferred that the Egr2/3 genes are essential for Tfh differentiation and GC formation by regulating Bcl6 expression in CD4 T cells under Tfh condition. Our studies thus suggest that the Egr2/3 genes are paramount for minimising immunopathology and are also critical for efficient antibody production by regulating Tfh cell differentiation.

As pesquisas em nutrição de frangos de corte estão em busca de ajustes que forneçam as aves os nutrientes necessários para um ótimo desempenho do sistema imune para que isto reflita em melhor desempenho produtivo. Neste contexto a utilização de microminerais orgânicos vem ganhando força e se mostrando uma alternativa para aumentar a produção. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de 3 fontes e 2 níveis de selênio sobre o desempenho e a imunidade humoral de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 1440 pintos de um dia, machos, criados até os 42 dias. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com 6 dietas experimentais (A: 0,15 mg/kg Se inorgânico; B: 0,15 mg/kg Se orgânico; C: 0,15 mg/kg Se inorg.+orgânico; D: 0,45 mg/kg Se inorgânico; E: 0,45 mg/kg Se orgânico; F: 0,45 mg/kg Se inorg.+orgânico) e 6 repetições com 40 aves cada. Foi utilizado um arranjo fatorial 3x2 e os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo PROC GLM do SAS. Quanto ao desempenho considerando o período total de criação houve efeito do nível de Se sobre o ganho de peso (GP) e ganho médio diário (GMD), houve interação entre fonte e nível para a conversão alimentar. Quanto a imunidade, a variação dos níveis e fontes de Se não demonstraram efeito sobre os parâmetros avaliados neste trabalho. Foi possível concluir que o nível de inclusão de Se na dieta interfere no ganho de peso médio, ganho médio diário de peso e no peso médio, sendo que a maior inclusão resultou em maior ganho. A interação entre fonte e nível de Se pode alterar uma das variáveis mais importantes de uma produção que é a conversão alimentar. / The research in nutrition of broiler chickens is in search of adjustments that supply to the birds the necessary nutrients an excellent performance of the immune system so that this reflects in better productive performance. In this context the use of organic minerals comes gaining force and if showing an alternative to increase the production. The present study it had as objective to evaluate the effect of 3 sources and 2 levels of selenium on the performance and the humoral immunity of broiler chickens. 1440 young chickens of one day, males had been used, created until the 42 days. The assignment was completely randomized, with 6 experimental diets (A: 0,15 mg/kg inorganic; B: 0,15 mg/kg organic; C: 0,15 mg/kg inorg.+organic; D: 0,45 mg/kg inorganic; E: 0,45 mg/kg organic; F: 0,45 mg/kg inorg.+organic) and 6 repetitions with 40 birds each. 3x2 was used an factorial arrangement and the gotten data had been analyzed by PROC GLM of SAS. The performance considering the total period (42d) had effect of the level of on the weight gain (GP) and average daily gain (GMD), it had interaction between source and level it feed conversion ratio. About the immunity, the variation of the levels and sources had not demonstrated effect on the parameters evaluated in this work. It was possible to conclude that the level of Se in the diet intervenes with the weight gain, average daily gain and in the final weight. The interaction between source and level of Se can modify the feed conversion ratio.

Thelohania solenopsae are intracellular pathogens found in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. These pathogens cause detrimental effects to their fire ant hosts. The present study revealed that the midgut and the meconium materials from pupating fourth instar larvae were possible vehicles for the horizontal transmission of the disease. The pathogen was further found to cause a reduction of humeral proteins. In SDS-PAGE stained with silver, several proteins were observed only in controls but not in infected fire ant queens. Different queens were found to have variable proteins reduced due to infection of this pathogen. Furthermore, vitellogenin titers were found to be significantly reduced in infected fire ant queens, although the infection rates of the fat body cells was found to be less than 20%. Finally, although the pathogens did not directly induce apoptosis in infected cells, there were more infected cells undergoing apoptosis than uninfected cells. There was no evidence to support the idea that infected fat body cells became more resistant to apoptosis inducers.

Antibodies neutralize and eliminate pathogens, malignancies, and toxins by acting either alone or in association with Fc receptors which, once engaged, activate the elimination mechanisms of phagocytic cells. Based on structural differences, antibodies are divided into functionally distinct classes (IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE and IgA). Structure-function relationships within these classes are not well characterized. In addition, animal models for the assessment of potential therapeutic strategies for the modulation of the interaction between antibodies and Fc receptors are not established. Nonhuman primates are widely used to model human diseases and, represent excellent in vivo systems for this assessment. Therefore, we have studied nonhuman primate IgD as well as IgG and IgA specific Fc receptors in rhesus macaques, cynomolgus macaques, baboons and sooty mangabeys. IgD genes had not been identified in nonhuman primates nor the IgD receptors characterized in any species. We characterized IgD genes of the four monkey species, as well as chimpanzees and dogs. In contrast to other antibody classes, the IgD hinge regions are highly conserved between human and nonhuman primates, thus indicating a role in Fc receptor binding. In humans, Fc receptors CD16a (natural killer cells) and CD16b (neutrophils) bind IgG1 and IgG3, and CD89 (myeloid cells) binds IgA. To assess ligand binding and glycosylation properties of nonhuman primate CD16a, CD16b, and CD89, we sequenced, cloned, and generated recombinant molecules in a mammalian expression system. Our results verify the presence of CD16a, but not CD16b in nonhuman primates. CD16a is expressed on monocytes and a subpopulation of lymphocytes. In sooty mangabeys, CD16 is also expressed on neutrophils. Recombinant sooty mangabey/baboon CD16a binds to human IgG1 and IgG2, but not IgG3 and IgG4. Monkey CD89 has the same peripheral blood leukocyte expression profiles as humans, and binds human and recombinant macaque IgA. Blocking of N-glycans inhibited expression of CD89, but only marginally CD16a expression. Although extensive similarities of antibody/Fc receptor interactions exist between human and nonhuman primates, several differences must be considered when evaluating therapeutic strategies. However, these differences can be exploited to further characterize the structure-function relationships existing within antibody molecules and respective receptors.

<p>Several HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies (e.g. 2F5, 4E10) have been shown to react with self-antigens, suggesting that effective humoral responses to HIV-1 may be constrained by the tolerization of HIV-reactive B cells that also recognize self-antigens. I have tracked the development of 2F5-like HIV-1 gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER)-reactive B cells throughout ontogeny using B-cell tetramer reagents. In BL/6 mice, MPER-binding populations are lost during normal B-cell development and immunization with HIV-1 MPER antigen does not elicit robust humoral responses. I have identified Kynureninase as a self-antigen that is recognized by 2F5 antibody and, therefore, is a molecule that could mediate the developmental loss of B cells reactive to an epitope shared by HIV gp41 and Kynureninase. To recover these MPER-reactive cells, I describe and characterize a stromal-cell independent culture system that efficiently supports pro-B cell to IgM+ B-cell development with near normal levels of IgH and Igkappa diversity. B-cell development in vitro closely follows the patterns of development in vivo with culture derived (CD) B cells demonstrating characteristic patterns of surface antigen expression and gene activation. Immature and transitional B-cell compartments are reduced, due to the induction of tolerance, in the bone marrow of 3H9 IgH knockin mice ; however, cultures of 3H9 IgH knockin pro-B cells yields high frequencies of "forbidden", autoreactive IgM+ B cells. Furthermore, serum IgG autoantibody exceeded that present in autoimmune, C4-/- animals following the reconstitution of RAG-1-/- mice with IgM+ CD cells derived from BL/6 mice. I show that HIV-1 MPER-reactive B cells are recovered from both BL/6 and 2F5 IgH knockin bone marrow using this in vitro culture system. RAG-1-/- mice reconstituted with these culture-derived B and T cells generate strong germinal center and antibody responses to HIV-1 MPER antigens. These data demonstrate that the humoral immune response to this HIV-1 gp41 MPER antigen can be restored in mice when the constraints of B-cell tolerance have been relaxed.</p> / Dissertation

Thelohania solenopsae are intracellular pathogens found in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. These pathogens cause detrimental effects to their fire ant hosts. The present study revealed that the midgut and the meconium materials from pupating fourth instar larvae were possible vehicles for the horizontal transmission of the disease. The pathogen was further found to cause a reduction of humeral proteins. In SDS-PAGE stained with silver, several proteins were observed only in controls but not in infected fire ant queens. Different queens were found to have variable proteins reduced due to infection of this pathogen. Furthermore, vitellogenin titers were found to be significantly reduced in infected fire ant queens, although the infection rates of the fat body cells was found to be less than 20%. Finally, although the pathogens did not directly induce apoptosis in infected cells, there were more infected cells undergoing apoptosis than uninfected cells. There was no evidence to support the idea that infected fat body cells became more resistant to apoptosis inducers.

Resumo:As leishmanioses são protozoonoses transmitidas nas Américas por fêmeas de flebotomíneos do gênero Lutzomyia infectadas por Leishmania infantum chagasi durante a hematofagia. Embora os cães estejam bem estabelecidos como os principais reservatórios para a doença em áreas urbanas, vários relatos de gatos naturalmente infectados em todo o mundo podem indicar um papel importante desta espécie no ciclo da enfermidade. A detecção de anticorpos circulantes em gatos infectados é difícil, e estes animais são supostamente menos propensos a desenvolver sinais clínicos quando comparados aos cães. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar gatos residentes em área endêmica para leishmaniose visceral (LV) por métodos parasitológico e sorológico (ELISA e RIFI), PCR em tempo real (qPCR) e Intradermoreação de Montenegro (IDRM), a fim de verificar se este último pode ser uma ferramenta para identificar gatos infectados. Para tanto, foram utilizados 96 gatos adultos, independentemente do sexo, sintomáticos ou não, provenientes do município de Araçatuba, São Paulo. Considerando os resultados da qPCR e/ou do exame parasitológico, a frequência de infecção em felinos foi de 55,21% (53/96). Dos gatos infectados, 58,49% (31/53) eram assintomáticos, 62,26% (33/53) fêmeas e 41,51% (22/53) com idade entre 1 e 3 anos (p = 0,0002). A maioria dos felinos infectados apresentou baixos títulos de anticorpos (37/53, 69,81%) e não demonstrou alterações clínicas (24/37, 64,86%). Somente dois (2,08%) foram sororeativos na RIFI com títulos de anticorpos iguais a 1:40. Os 96 animais apresentaram IDRM negativa com leishmanina de L. infantum chagasi (4.107 parasitos/mL). Destes, 11 gatos foram selecionados e apenas um felino apresentou IDRM positiva com leishmanina de L. (L.) amazonensis (107 parasitos/mL). Os achados indicaram que a qPCR demonstrou eficácia e deve ser empregada...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract:Leishmaniasis are protozoan zoonotic diseases transmitted in the Americas by female sandflies of the genus Lutzomyia infected by Leishmania infantum chagasi during blood feeding. Although dogs are well established as the main reservoirs for the disease in urban areas, various reports of cats naturally infected worldwide may indicate an important role of this species in the disease cycle. Since the detection of circulating antibodies in infected cats is difficult, and infected cats in endemic areas are reportedly less likely to develop clinical signs when compared to dogs, this study aimed to evaluate cats living in endemic area by means of parasitological and serological (ELISA and IFAT), real time PCR and Montenegro skin test (MST), in order to use the later test to identify infected cats that did not develop antibody titers or clinical signs of the disease. For this purpose, 96 adult cats, regardless of sex, symptomatic or asymptomatic, from Araçatuba, São Paulo, were evaluated. Considering the results of qPCR and/or parasitological examination, the prevalence of infection in the evaluated population was 55.21% (53/96). Of the infected cats, 58.49% (31/53) were asymptomatic, 62.26% (33/53) females and 41.51% (22/53) aged between 1 and 3 years (p = 0.0002). Most of the infected cats had low antibody titers (37/53, 69.81%) and showed no clinical alterations (24/37, 64.86%). Only two (2.08%) were seroreactive by IFAT with titers of antibodies equal to 1:40. All 96 cats showed negative to MST with leishmanin of L. infantum chagasi (4.107 parasites/mL). Of these, 11 cats were selected and just one was positive to MST with leishmanin of L. (L.) amazonensis (107 parasites/mL). These findings indicate that qPCR demonstrated efficacy and should be used for visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis in cats and the MST, in the conditions in which it was tested, does not constitute a tool for identifying cats infected by L. infantum chagasi / Orientador:Mary Marcondes / Banca:Suely Regina Mogami Bomfim / Banca:Katia Denise Saraiva Bresciani / Banca:Márcia Dalastra Laurenti / Banca:Raimundo Souza Lopes / Doutor

Submitted by Hiolanda Rêgo (hiolandarego@gmail.com) on 2016-09-15T16:06:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_ICS_ Soraya Castro Trindade.pdf: 1012276 bytes, checksum: e039010222f6877bd5937655b190d8e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-15T16:06:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_ICS_ Soraya Castro Trindade.pdf: 1012276 bytes, checksum: e039010222f6877bd5937655b190d8e2 (MD5) / A periodontite é uma doença inflamatória bucal causada por agentes multifatoriais intrínsecos e extrínsecos, incluindo bactérias Gram-negativas, como Porphyromonas gingivalis. Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar os níveis séricos de IgA, IgG e subclasses de IgG reativos a Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC33277. Foram examinados 89 pacientes, divididos em quatro grupos: 29 com periodontite crônica (PC), 12 com periodontite agressiva (PA), 22 com gengivite ou periodontite leve (GP), e 26 com periosonto clinicamente sadio (PS). A resposta imune humoral foi avaliada por testes de ELISA, para verificar os níveis séricos de IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 e IgA reativos ao extrato sonicado bruto de P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 e à fração IV obtida por cromatografia. Os níveis de IgA, IgG (p<0,01), IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 à fração IV foram maiores no grupo PC que no grupo SP. O grupo PC apresentou níveis mais altos de IgG and IgG4 reativas a ambos os antígenos que o grupo GP e níveis mais altos de IgG and IgG4 reativas ao extrato sonicado bruto que o grupo PA. Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes nos níveis de IgG reativa às duas preparações de Pg (p<0,01), IgG2 reativa à fração IV (p<0,01), IgG3 reativa à fração IV (p<0,05) e IgG4 reativa ao extrato bruto e à fração IV (p<0,05) entre os grupos PA e SP. Os níveis de IgG1 ao extrato sonicado bruto foram maiores no grupo GP que no grupo AP (p<0,05). Os resultados sugerem que o ELISA indireto para a detecção de IgG total e IgG4 reativas aos dois antígenos e IgG3 reativa à fração IV permitiram as melhores condições de discriminação entre os grupos, com a IgG4 reativa à fração IV apresentando o melhor desempenho. A produção de anticorpos na periodontite agressiva não apresentou um padrão definido em relação aos isotipos estudados.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-11T12:37:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) danielly_sequeira_ipec_mest_2012.pdf: 2424681 bytes, checksum: ed24d6708879c54afddd527d203840cd (MD5) danielly_sequeira_ipec_mest_2012.pdf.txt: 173996 bytes, checksum: ecd8de971059c558c0dce338c325180f (MD5) danielly_sequeira_ipec_mest_2012.pdf.jpg: 1397 bytes, checksum: c17355da56b89d0e6c266d9afe07e708 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-06 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Paecilomyces lilacinus é um fungo filamentoso, hialino, assexuado e agente causal da hialohifomicose. Esse fungo é considerado um patógeno emergente e oportunista capaz de infectar crianças, adultos imunossuprimidos, como também imunocompetentes. O presente trabalho objetivou estudar a resposta à infecção, in vivo, de camundongos C57BL/6, imunocompetentes e imunossuprimidos, frente a P. lilacinus. Dois isolados de origem humana do fungo foram avaliados quanto à virulência, tendo como critérios, sinais clínicos, sobrevivência, índice esplênico, lesões histológicas nos animais e reisolamento de células fúngicas viáveis do baço. Além disso, o perfil imunológico dos animais foi feito através da quantificação de células T CD4+ e CD8+ esplênicas, seus perfis de marcadores de ativação e memória em linfócitos T (CD25, CD69 e CD62L), e da avaliação de anticorpos no plasma contra epítopos de P. lilacinus Os resultados demonstraram que ambos os isolados fúngicos apresentaram características morfológicas compatíveis com a espécie e foram capazes de infectar os animais do grupo dos imunocompetentes e provocar a doença, com manifestações clínicas, no modelo imunossuprimido. Um dos isolados, proveniente de lesão cutânea, foi considerado mais virulento, pelos critérios avaliados, que o isolado proveniente de lesão subcutânea na região da tíbia. A avaliação imunológica mostrou diferenças na cinética de expressão de moléculas de ativação pelos linfócitos CD4+ e CD8+ dos animais inoculados com os dois isolados, sendo mais recente para o isolado da região tibial, e tardia para o isolado de pele Foi possível também verificar que esse padrão se mantinha nos animais imunossuprimidos, mas com um grau de ativação aparentemente mais elevado do que nas células obtidas dos animais imunocompetentes. Com relação a avaliação da produção de anticorpos específicos contra o fungo, nossos dados sugerem que a imunossupressão não exerceu influência na resposta humoral, visto que ambos os grupos de animais, imunocompetentes e imunossuprimidos, inoculados com o fungo foram capazes de produzir anticorpos IgG específicos anti-P. lilacinus / Paecilomyces lilacinus is a filamentous, hyaline, asexual fungus and causal agent of hyalohyphomycosis. This fungus is considered an emergent and opportunist ic pathogen , to be able to infect child ren and adults i mmunosuppressed, as well as immunocompetent ones . This study investigated the response to infection, in vivo , of the immunocompetent and i mmunosuppressed C57BL/6 mice inoculated with P. lilacinus . Two strains fro m human lesions were evaluated regarding virulence using the following criteria: clinical signs, survival, splenic index, histopathological lesions and the number of viable fungal cells recovered from spleen. Besides, the immunological profile of the mice was done by quantification of CD4+ and CD8+ on splenocytes and their profiles of activation markers on T lymphocytes (CD25 and CD69), as well as memory markers (CD62L), and evaluation of antibodies in plasma against P. lilacinus epitopes . The results demon strated that both strains showed morphological features compatible with the species and were able to infect the immunocompetent group of animals and cause disease, with clinical manifestations, in the immuno supressed model. One of the strains from skin les ions was considered to be more virulent than the strain from subcutaneous lesion of the tibia area . The immunological evaluation showed differences in the activation molecules expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells obtained from animals infected with each fu ngal strain. Activation happened earl ier in cells from the tibia strain infected animals, when compared to those obtained from animals infected with the skin isolated strain. We were also able to observe the same pattern of expression in cells obtained f rom Immunosuppressed infected animals, although the degree of activation seem to be much higher than those observed in the immunocompetent mice. It was also possible to suggest that the immunosuppression did not interfere in the humoral immune response, s ince both groups of the animals, immunocompetent and immunosuppressed, inoculated with the fungus were able to produce specific IgG anti - P. lilacinus antibodies .