Fundamentos: Ensaios prévios reunindo pacientes em series consecutivas ou randomicas sem cegamento evidenciaram beneficio da adição do cilostozol à terapia antiplaquetária em diabéticos submetidos ao implante de stents coronários farmacológicos com redução nas taxas de reestenose binária, perda tardia intra-stent e revascularização tardia da lesão alvo. Objetivos: O objetivo primário deste estudo foi verificar se a adição do cilostazol à dupla terapia antiplaquetária, proporcionaria uma redução adicional da hiperplasia intimal em diabéticos após o implante de stent farmacológico, mensurada por meio do cálculo do volume de obstrução pelo ultrassom intracoronário 9 meses após o procedimento índice. Os objetivos secundários foram aferir a angiografia quantitativa do vaso alvo e ocorrência de eventos cardíacos adversos graves (óbito, infarto do miocárdio não fatal e necessidade de nova revascularização da lesão-alvo) aos 30 dias, 9 meses e 1 ano. Casuística e métodos: Estudo prospectivo, unicêntrico, randomizado, duplo cego, reunindo 133 pacientes diabéticos, comparando pacientes que receberam cilostazol (Grupo 1, n= 65 ) versus placebo (Grupo 2, n= 68), submetidos a implante de stent coronário com liberação de zotarolimus em artéria coronária nativa com estenose maior ou igual a 50% e diâmetro de referência igual ou superior a 2,0 mm (avaliação visual), com reestudo angiográfico e análise ultrassonográfica aos 9 meses. Resultados: Os 2 grupos foram similares nas características clínicas, angiográficas e técnicas, exceto na evidencia de maior incidência de hipertensão arterial no grupo 2 (81,5% vs 94,1%, p=0,026) assim como nos diâmetros dos stents coronários utilizados, significativamente menores no grupo 1 (2,78 mm vs 2,96 mm, p<0,001). O calculo do volume de obstrução intimal por meio do ultrassom intracoronário aos 9 meses foi similar entre os grupos (33,2% vs 35,1%, p=0,069), assim como as taxas de eventos cardíacos adversos graves (12,3% vs 8,8%, p= 0,811), trombose de stent (1,5% versus 0,75%, p= 0,237), reestenose binária intra-sent (9,8% vs 6,8%, p= 0,988), perda tardia intra-stent (0,60 vs 0,64, p=0,300) e no segmento ( 0,57 vs 0,58, p= 0,387). Conclusões: A adição do cilostazol à dupla terapia antiplaquetária com ácido acetilsalicílico e clopidogrel em pacientes diabéticos submetidos à implante de stent com zotarolimus, não reduziu eventos cardíacos adversos graves ou o porcentual de hiperplasia intimal intra-stent mensurado pela análise volumétrica do ultrassom intracoronário. / Background: Previous trials with assembled patients in consecutive or random series without blindness offered evidence of the benefit adding cilostazol to the antiplatelet therapy in diabetic patients undergoing drug-eluting stents coronary implantation, with reduction in binary restenosis rates, in-stent late loss and late target lesion revascularization. Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to determine whether the addition of cilostazol to the dual antiplatelet therapy would provide an additional intimal hyperplasia reduction in diabetic patients after drug-eluting stents implantation, measured by calculating the obstruction volume through the intravascular ultrasound 9 months after the index procedure. Secondary objectives were to assess the target vessel quantitative angiography and the occurrence of serious adverse cardiac events (death, nonfatal myocardial infarction and need for a target lesion revascularization) at 30 days, 9 months and 1 year. Methods: Prospective, single center, randomized, double blinded study, gathering 133 diabetic patients, comparing who received cilostazol (Group 1, n= 65) versus placebo (Group 2, n= 68), undergoing coronary stenting, with the releasing of zotarolimus in a native coronary artery with stenosis greater than or equal to 50% and reference diameter equal to or greater than 2.0 mm (visual assessment) with the intravascularultrasound and angiographic restudy at 9 months. Results: Both groups were similar in clinical, angiographic and technical characteristics, except for a higher incidence of arterial hypertension in group 2 (81,5% vs 94,1%, p=0,026) as well as significantly lower coronary stents diameters in group 1 (2,78 mm vs 2,96 mm, p<0,001). The intimal obstruction volume calculated by the intravascularultrasound at 9 months was similar between the groups (33,2% vs 35,1%, p=0,069), as well as the rates of major adverse cardiac events (12,3% vs 8,8%, p= 0,811), stent thrombosis (1,5% versus 0,75%, p= 0,237), in-stent binary restenosis (9,8% vs 6,8%, p= 0,988), in stent late loss (0,60 vs 0,64, p=0,300) and at the segment ( 0,57 vs 0,58, p= 0,387). Conclusions: The addition of cilostazol to the dual antiplatelet therapy with acetylsalicylate acid and clopidogrel, in diabetic patients undergoing stent implantation with zotarolimus did not reduce major adverse cardiac events nor the percentage of intra-stent intimal hyperplasia measured by the intravascularultrasound volumetric analysis.

No description available.

Introdução: A hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB), uma das doenças mais comuns do homem idoso, pode estar associada com sintomas do trato urinário inferior que afetam sua qualidade de vida. A prostatectomia aberta é uma das opções de tratamento. O antígeno prostático específico (PSA) pode estar aumentado em pacientes com HPB, reduzindo sua especificidade diagnóstica para câncer de próstata. O objetivo do estudo é avaliar o comportamento do PSA após a prostatectomia aberta, particularmente, em pacientes com o exame aumentado no pré-operatório. Método: Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo com 130 pacientes submetidos à prostatectomia aberta no HCFMUSP de julho de 2000 a setembro de 2003. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de estudo. O grupo caso foi composto por pacientes com PSA > = 4,0ng/ml e o grupo controle formado por pacientes com PSA < 4,0ng/ml. Após seis a doze meses das operações foram realizados exame digital retal e PSA. Os pacientes com exame digital retal anormal ou PSA após a prostatectomia > = 4,0ng/ml ou queda percentual do PSA < 70% do valor inicial foram biopsiados. Resultados: Em média, os pacientes apresentaram 71,18 anos e 10,81ng/ml de nível sérico de PSA total. O tamanho da próstata e o peso do adenoma foram, em média, de 122,91cm³ e 76,54g, respectivamente. A necessidade da sonda vesical foi vista em 42,31% (55/130) dos pacientes. O exame digital retal foi anormal em 11,54% (15/130) dos pacientes. A presença de prostatite crônica ocorreu em 49,23% (64/130) das análises histológicas dos espécimes cirúrgicos. Apresentaram PSA aumentado 76,15% (99/130) dos pacientes, formando o grupo caso. Não se encontrou variável que apresentasse diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos para justificar o aumento do PSA. Câncer de próstata incidental foi verificado em 6,51% (8/130) dos pacientes. Em média, a queda percentual do PSA foi de 81,13% do valor inicial após 10,1 meses da operação. Pacientes do grupo caso apresentaram queda de 85,16% e pacientes do grupo controle queda de 67,01% (p = 0,004). Em média, o PSA após a prostatectomia aberta foi de 1,38ng/ml. Pacientes do grupo caso apresentaram média de 1,56ng/ml enquanto que os pacientes do grupo controle tiveram média de 0,73ng/ml (p = 0,001). Observou-se PSA > = 4,0ng/ml após a prostatectomia aberta em 6,56% (8/122) dos pacientes. Houve correlação positiva entre a variação do PSA e o peso do adenoma (r = 0,262, p = 0,004). Foi diagnosticado câncer de próstata em 4,1% (5/122) dos pacientes. Todos pacientes pertenciam ao grupo caso e tiveram PSA > = 4,0ng/ml após a operação. Conclusão: A maioria dos pacientes apresentou PSA pré-operatório aumentado. O comportamento do PSA se caracterizou por queda percentual acentuada após 10,1 meses da prostatectomia aberta. Os pacientes com PSA préoperatório aumentado apresentaram queda mais expressiva, porém com valores mais elevados de PSA após a prostatectomia aberta em relação aos pacientes com PSA pré-operatório normal. / INTRODUCTION: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a common aging male disease, is associated with lower urinary tract symptoms that may affect overall quality of life. Open prostatectomy is one of the treatment options. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) specificity for prostate cancer is impaired because patients with BPH may have elevated PSA. The PSA evolution after open prostatectomy is the objective of this study, particularly, in patients with elevated PSA before operation. Methods: A prospective study was made with 130 patients undergoing open prostatectomy for BPH from July 2000 to September 2003 at HCFMUSP. Patients were divided into two study groups by PSA cut-off value. Patients with PSA > = 4,0 ng/ml integrated case group. Patients with PSA < 4,0ng/ml integrated control group. Digital rectal examination and PSA were repeated after six to 12 months after operation. Biopsy was performed in patients with altered digital rectal examination, PSA > = 4,0ng/ml or PSA reduction less than 70%. Results: Mean patient age was 71,18 years. Total PSA average value was 10,81ng/ml. The mean prostatic volume and adenoma weight was 122,91cm³ and 76,54g, respectively. 42,31% (55/130) of patients had an indwelling catheter. Digital rectal examination was altered in 11,54% (15/130) of patients. Pathologic examinations of the prostatic specimens showed chronic prostatitis in 49,23% (64/130) of them. PSA was elevated in 76,15% (99/130) of patients. They composed the case group. It was not found any factor between study groups that showed significant difference to justify the elevated PSA. Incidental prostate cancer was detected in 6,15% (8/130) of patients. The mean PSA reduction was 81,13% 10,1 months after open prostatectomy. The mean PSA reduction was 85,16% and 67,01% for case group and control group patients, respectively (p = 0,004). PSA average value was 1,38ng/ml 10,1 months after open prostatectomy. PSA average value was 1,56ng/ml and 0,73ng/ml for case group and control group patients, respectively (p = 0,001). Only 6,56% (8/122) of patients had PSA > = 4,0ng/ml after open prostatectomy. It was observed statistical correlation between adenoma weight and PSA change (r = 0,262, p = 0,004). Prostate cancer was detected in 4,1% (5/122) of patients. All of them had elevated PSA after operation and belonged to case group. Conclusions: Most of patients had preoperative elevated PSA. It was observed an important PSA reduction 10,1 months after open prostatectomy. Patients with preoperative elevated PSA had more important reduction but higher postoperative PSA values than patients with preoperative normal PSA.

Submitted by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-09-20T15:54:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) JORGE HENRIQUETESE COM CORREÇÕES DA BANCA JAN 2017.pdf: 4201838 bytes, checksum: f47ae0fb55a2d648c74ac2facf85217d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-09-20T15:55:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) JORGE HENRIQUETESE COM CORREÇÕES DA BANCA JAN 2017.pdf: 4201838 bytes, checksum: f47ae0fb55a2d648c74ac2facf85217d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-20T15:55:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) JORGE HENRIQUETESE COM CORREÇÕES DA BANCA JAN 2017.pdf: 4201838 bytes, checksum: f47ae0fb55a2d648c74ac2facf85217d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Centro de Ciências Médicas. Instituto Biomédico. Departamento de Morfologia. Anatomia Humana / A uretra masculina humana possui uma macro estrutura uniforme. Apesar disso apresenta evidências clínicas, morfológicas e moleculares ao longo de seus segmentos, que indicam haver diferenças estruturais e patológicas entre os mesmos. A maioria das alterações da uretra prostática (UP), em homens acima dos 50 anos, são consideradas como sendo secundárias à compressão devido ao crescimento de nódulos fibromatosos hiperplásicos do tecido prostático. Os sinais obstrutivos consequentes a Hiperplasia Prostática Benigna (HPB) incluem hesitação para iniciar a micção, redução da força e calibre do jato urinário, bem como, tardiamente, retenção urinária. Para tentar explicar as alterações que ocorreram na estrutura histológica da UP, no processo da HPB, estudamos as variações qualitativas e quantitativas que ocorreram na densidade volumétrica (Vv) do componente fibroso da matriz extracelular (MEC) e do músculo liso da UP de pacientes com HPB submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico. Foram estudadas amostras obtidas da UP de 10 pacientes com HPB sintomática, submetidos à prostatectomia aberta. Os pacientes não tinham história de tratamento prévio, para HPB. A idade dos pacientes selecionados para o presente estudo variou entre 63 a 79 anos. Para fins de comparação, foram usadas amostras controle obtidas durante a necropsia de 10 indivíduos adultos jovens com idades variando de 18 a 25 anos, vítimas de morte violenta sem comprometimento do sistema urogenital e/ou manipulação uretral. Todas as Próstatas do grupo controle apresentavam peso entre 20-25g, sendo consideradas adultas e dentro dos limites da normalidade. As amostras foram fixadas em solução de formol 10% e processadas para inclusão em parafina. Para análise da Vv, foram usadas as técnicas de coloração de tricrômico de Masson e, de Weigert. Também foram submetidas a análise imunohistoquímica. A Vv do componente fibroso da MEC e do músculo liso foi determinada pela análise de 25 campos aleatórios de cada fragmento de UP usando um sistema teste M-42. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e Mann-Whitney. A Vv (%médio±SD) nos grupos controle e HPB foram respectivamente: 20,3±0,3 e 17,12±1,1 para as fibras do sistema elástico (p <0,007); 29,7 ± 1,9 e 25,1 ± 2,4 para colágeno (p <0,03). A Vv do músculo liso apresentou aumento, não significativo, no grupo HPB, 49,9 ± 0,4 e 52,3 ± 2,3. Por outro lado, 21,9±1,5 e 29,1±1,2 para a fibronectina (P < 0. 0001). / The human male urethra has a uniform structure. Despite this, presents morphological, molecular and clinical evidence throughout their segments that indicates pathological and structural differences between them. Most of changes in prostatic urethra (PU) in men over 50 years, are considered to be secondary to compression due to the growth of fibrous hyperplastic prostate tissue nodules. The signs of obstructive Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) reflect the decreased distendibility of the prostatic urethra; that includes hesitation to begin urination, reduced force and caliber of the urinary stream, as well as (late) retention. To explain the histological, structural changes that occurred in the prostatic urethra, studies were made to analyse the changes in quality and quantity that occurred in the volumetric density of the fibrous component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and smooth muscle of the urethra of patients with BPH submitted to surgical treatment. Samples were obtained from the urethra of 10 patients with symptomatic BPH who had undergone open prostatectomy. No patient had a history of previous treatment for BPH. The age ranged from 63-79 years. To compare we used control samples obtained during autopsy of 10 young adults subjects aged 18-25 that died from violent death without involvement of the urogenital system or uretral manipulation. The samples were fixed in formalin 10% and processed for paraffin embedding. For analysis of Vv, were used staining techniques tricomic Masson and Weigert. Were also submitted to immunohistochemical analysis. The Vv fibrous component of MEC and smooth muscle was determined by the analysis of 25 random fields of each fragment of a test system using M-42. Quantitative data were analyzed using the olmogorov-Smirnov and Mann-Whitney test. The Vv (mean ± SD) in the control and BPH groups respectively were: 20.3±0.3 and 17.12±1.1 in the elastic fiber system (p<0.007); and 29.7±1.9 and 25.1±2.4 in the collagen compartment (p<0.03). Smooth muscle cell volume was increased in BPH cases, 49.9±0.4 and 52.3±2.3 (not statistically significant). On other hand was 21.9±1.5 and 29.1±1.2 in the fibronectin (P < 0. 0001).

Orientador: Maria Luiza Cotrim Sartor de Oliveira / Banca: Carlos Márcio Nóbrega de Jesus / Banca: Heidge Fukumasu / Não disponível / Abstract: Diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] is a herbicide that in a previous longterm study with Wistar rats fed at 2,500 ppm concentration showed high incidence of urothelial tumors in both genders. Accordingly, USEPA categorized Diuron as a "known/likely" human carcinogen. The accepted non-genotoxic mode of action (MOA) of Diuron encompasses urothelial necrosis induced by direct cytotoxicity, followed by regenerative cell proliferation and sustained urothelial hyperplasia that may favor neoplasia development. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light microscopy and labeling index are essentials tools for identification and classification of cytotoxic and proliferative changes in the bladder. The present study evaluated the dose-response of Diuron regarding urothelial lesions. Sixty male Wistar rats were fed Diuron for 20 weeks mixed in the diet at 0, 60, 125, 500, 1,250, or 2,500 ppm. Simple hyperplasia was significantly increased in the Diuron 1,250 and 2,500 ppm groups, and the cell proliferation at 2,500 ppm group. By SEM, the incidences and severity of lesions were significantly greater in the 500 and 1,250 ppm. Although numerically increased, the incidence of lesions in the 2,500 ppm group did not differ significantly from the control. The present study documented a doseresponse influence of Diuron on the rat urothelium, with a no observed effect level (NOEL) of 125 ppm. / Mestre

As metaloproteinases têm sido implicadas no desenvolvimento de hiperplasias intimais em diferentes situações. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a participação das metaloproteinases 2 e 9 no desenvolvimento da hiperplasia intimal decorrente de modelo experimental de estenose intrínseca da aorta. Este modelo consiste na inserção de um pino acrílico na aorta de ratos. Foram utilizados 288 ratos Wistar machos, com peso médio de 250 g, os quais foram separados em quatro grupos: (1) controle sham-operado, (2) controle sham-operado tratado com doxiciclina, (3) estenosado e (4) estenosado tratado com doxiciclina. Estes animais foram tratados com doxiciclina (inibidor não-seletivo de metaloproteinases) 30 mg/Kg/dia e sacrificados nos períodos de 1, 7, e 15 dias após a cirurgia. O segmento da aorta envolvendo o pino foi retirado e estudado com diferentes protocolos para: microscopia óptica de alta resolução e convencional, imunoistoquímica, Western blot para eNOS e iNOS, zimografia convencional e in situ. Um trombo se formou ao redor do pino 24 horas após a cirurgia, mostrando sinais de organização com 7 dias. Com 15 dias, uma hiperplasia intimal adjacente à base do pino foi visualizada. Este espessamento foi caracterizado principalmente por células musculares lisas provenientes da camada muscular média. Apesar das metaloproteinases 2 e 9 estarem inibidas pela doxiciclina (comprovado pela imunoistoquímica, zimografia convencional e in situ), não observamos alterações importantes na composição e desenvolvimento da hiperplasia intimal decorrente deste modelo experimental de estenose intrínseca da aorta / Metaloproteinases has been implied in the development of intimal hyperplasia in different situations. We have used an experimental model of aorta stenosis, with a mushroom plug that promotes local turbulence and thrombosis. Methods: 288 Wistar male rats, weighing an average of 250g, were allocated into four groups: control groups, sham-operated and sham-operated treated with doxycycline, and experimental groups, operated and operates treated with doxycycline. The animals were killed on days 1, 7, and 15 after surgery. The fragments of aorta implicating the plug were harvested and studied using high resolution light microcopy, immunohistochemistry, Western Blot to eNOS and iNOS, conventional and in situ zymography. With animal survival of more than 24 h, we followed the partial fibrinolysis of the thrombus as well as its posterior organization and incorporation to the arterial wall as a neointima for up to 15 days. The intimal thickening detected was mainly composed of smooth muscle cells migrated from the medial layer of the aorta intermixed with extracellular matrix. Although, the MMP-2 and 9 were inhibiting, the intimal hyperplasia did not show difference in your composition and development.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar os componentes celulares e de fibras do tecido conjuntivo nas hiperplasias inflamatórias (HI), nos fibromas (F) e na fibromatose gengival hereditária (FGH), além de investigar a imunocompetência e efetuar análises moleculares de pacientes com FGH. Para atingir os objetivos foram desenvolvidos 4 artigos, com diferentes metodologias e universos amostrais. No 1º artigo, pretendeu-se estabelecer critérios microscópicos válidos para diferenciar F e HI. Foram avaliadas em microscópio óptico 136 lesões coradas pela Hematoxilina-eosina (HE) e pelo Tricrômico de Masson quanto às características microscópicas. Os resultados mostraram que uma área central de fibras colágenas dispostas de forma enovelada e mais densa, circundada por uma camada de fibras dispostas de forma paralela são características dos F, enquanto a presença de hiperplasia epitelial, infiltrado inflamatório e fibras colágenas organizadas de forma paralela são características das HI. Tais resultados motivaram o 2º artigo, no qual estudamos 18 lesões de F e 13 de HI, que foram preparadas histologicamente e coradas pelo picrosírius red e pelo direct blue para avaliação quantitativa das fibras colágenas e de fibras do sistema elástico, respectivamente, em microscopia a laser confocal. Os resultados confirmaram a disposição estrutural das fibras colágenas observada no 1º artigo, além de apontarem diferenças nas áreas ocupadas pelas fibras colágenas em todas as regiões estudadas. A fim de proceder a uma avaliação dos componentes fibroso e celular das 3 lesões fibrosas, foi desenvolvido o 3º artigo. Espécimes das 3 lesões foram estudados em microscopia ótica, a fim de avaliar suas populações de fibroblastos e de células inflamatórias e os seguintes componentes fibrosos do tecido conjuntivo: fibras colágenas, sistema de fibras elásticas, fibras reticulares e fibras oxitalânicas. Os resultados mostraram disposição e concentração diferente das fibras colágenas nas 3 lesões e uma maior concentração de fibras reticulares na FGH. A análise dos componentes celulares mostrou um maior número de fibroblastos no F e uma maior contagem de células inflamatórias na HI. A partir do encaminhamento de uma família com FGH, optouse por inclui-la no estudo, tendo em vista serem lesões do mesmo grupo. Com isso, foi desenvolvido um 4º estudo, que utilizou uma avaliação morfológica semelhante à dos 2 artigos anteriormente descritos. Dos pacientes com FGH foi obtido sangue periférico para avaliação da proliferação celular de linfócitos através do teste do MTT e para o sequenciamento do gene SOS-1. Os resultados mostraram hiperplasia epitelial na porção externa da gengiva dos pacientes com FGH, maior concentração de fibras colágenas e poucas células inflamatórias. Os 3 pacientes com FGH não mostraram diferenças no seu índice de proliferação de linfócitos em relação aos controles e não apresentaram a mutação descrita no gene SOS-1 de outras famílias com FGH. Pode se concluir que as 3 lesões apresentam estrutura conjuntiva diferente tanto no aspecto quantitativo quanto na disposição estrutural de seus componentes. / The objective of this study was to analyze the cellular and fibrous components of connective tissue in inflammatory hyperplasia (IH), oral fibroma (OF) and hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF), and to investigate the immunocompetence and to perform molecular analysis in HGF patients. To achieve the goals were developed 4 articles, with different methodologies and sample universes. In the 1st article, we intended to establish microscopic criteria to differentiate F and IH. The microscopic characteristics of the lesions (n=136) stained by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson trichrome were evaluated in an optical microscope. The results showed that a central area of wound collagen fibers and arranged in a higher density, surrounded by a layer of parallel fibers are characteristic of F, while the presence of epithelial hyperplasia, inflammatory infiltrate and parallel collagen fibers are characteristics of HI. These results led the 2nd article, which studied 18 F and 13 and IH, histologically prepared and stained by picrosírius red and direct blue for the direct quantitative assessment of collagen fibers and elastic fibers of the system, respectively, in the confocal laser microscope. The results confirmed the structural arrangement of collagen fibers found in Article 1, and indicate differences in the areas of collagen fibers in all regions studied. In order to evaluate the cellular and fibrous components of the 3 fibrous lesions, was developed the 3rd article. Specimens of the 3 lesions were studied in optical microscopy, to assess their populations of fibroblasts and inflammatory cells and the following components of fibrous connective tissue: collagen fibers, elastic fiber system, reticular fibers and oxytalan fibers. The results showed different arrangement and concentration of collagen fibers in the 3 lesions and a higher concentration of reticular fibers in HGF. The analysis of cellular components showed a greater number of fibroblasts in F and a higher count of inflammatory cells in IH. With the identification of a family with HGF, we chose to include it in the study because the lesions belong to the group of benign fibrous lesions. With that, it developed a 4th study, which used a similar morphologic evaluation of the 2 articles described above. Periferic blood was extracted from the HGF patients in order to determine the proliferative capacity of the peripheral lymphocytes, by the MTT test, and in order to sequence the SOS1 gene. The 3 HGF affected patients did not present the described mutation for the SOS1 gene, and the lymphocyte proliferative capacity in HGF patients was similar to those on controls. The results showed epithelial hyperplasia in the outer portion of the gingiva of patients with HGF, greater concentration of collagen fibers and few inflammatory cells. We can conclude that the 3 lesions present a different connective structure, considering both the quantitative aspect and the architectural disposition of their components.

Introdução: A hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB), uma das doenças mais comuns do homem idoso, pode estar associada com sintomas do trato urinário inferior que afetam sua qualidade de vida. A prostatectomia aberta é uma das opções de tratamento. O antígeno prostático específico (PSA) pode estar aumentado em pacientes com HPB, reduzindo sua especificidade diagnóstica para câncer de próstata. O objetivo do estudo é avaliar o comportamento do PSA após a prostatectomia aberta, particularmente, em pacientes com o exame aumentado no pré-operatório. Método: Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo com 130 pacientes submetidos à prostatectomia aberta no HCFMUSP de julho de 2000 a setembro de 2003. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de estudo. O grupo caso foi composto por pacientes com PSA > = 4,0ng/ml e o grupo controle formado por pacientes com PSA < 4,0ng/ml. Após seis a doze meses das operações foram realizados exame digital retal e PSA. Os pacientes com exame digital retal anormal ou PSA após a prostatectomia > = 4,0ng/ml ou queda percentual do PSA < 70% do valor inicial foram biopsiados. Resultados: Em média, os pacientes apresentaram 71,18 anos e 10,81ng/ml de nível sérico de PSA total. O tamanho da próstata e o peso do adenoma foram, em média, de 122,91cm³ e 76,54g, respectivamente. A necessidade da sonda vesical foi vista em 42,31% (55/130) dos pacientes. O exame digital retal foi anormal em 11,54% (15/130) dos pacientes. A presença de prostatite crônica ocorreu em 49,23% (64/130) das análises histológicas dos espécimes cirúrgicos. Apresentaram PSA aumentado 76,15% (99/130) dos pacientes, formando o grupo caso. Não se encontrou variável que apresentasse diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos para justificar o aumento do PSA. Câncer de próstata incidental foi verificado em 6,51% (8/130) dos pacientes. Em média, a queda percentual do PSA foi de 81,13% do valor inicial após 10,1 meses da operação. Pacientes do grupo caso apresentaram queda de 85,16% e pacientes do grupo controle queda de 67,01% (p = 0,004). Em média, o PSA após a prostatectomia aberta foi de 1,38ng/ml. Pacientes do grupo caso apresentaram média de 1,56ng/ml enquanto que os pacientes do grupo controle tiveram média de 0,73ng/ml (p = 0,001). Observou-se PSA > = 4,0ng/ml após a prostatectomia aberta em 6,56% (8/122) dos pacientes. Houve correlação positiva entre a variação do PSA e o peso do adenoma (r = 0,262, p = 0,004). Foi diagnosticado câncer de próstata em 4,1% (5/122) dos pacientes. Todos pacientes pertenciam ao grupo caso e tiveram PSA > = 4,0ng/ml após a operação. Conclusão: A maioria dos pacientes apresentou PSA pré-operatório aumentado. O comportamento do PSA se caracterizou por queda percentual acentuada após 10,1 meses da prostatectomia aberta. Os pacientes com PSA préoperatório aumentado apresentaram queda mais expressiva, porém com valores mais elevados de PSA após a prostatectomia aberta em relação aos pacientes com PSA pré-operatório normal. / INTRODUCTION: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a common aging male disease, is associated with lower urinary tract symptoms that may affect overall quality of life. Open prostatectomy is one of the treatment options. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) specificity for prostate cancer is impaired because patients with BPH may have elevated PSA. The PSA evolution after open prostatectomy is the objective of this study, particularly, in patients with elevated PSA before operation. Methods: A prospective study was made with 130 patients undergoing open prostatectomy for BPH from July 2000 to September 2003 at HCFMUSP. Patients were divided into two study groups by PSA cut-off value. Patients with PSA > = 4,0 ng/ml integrated case group. Patients with PSA < 4,0ng/ml integrated control group. Digital rectal examination and PSA were repeated after six to 12 months after operation. Biopsy was performed in patients with altered digital rectal examination, PSA > = 4,0ng/ml or PSA reduction less than 70%. Results: Mean patient age was 71,18 years. Total PSA average value was 10,81ng/ml. The mean prostatic volume and adenoma weight was 122,91cm³ and 76,54g, respectively. 42,31% (55/130) of patients had an indwelling catheter. Digital rectal examination was altered in 11,54% (15/130) of patients. Pathologic examinations of the prostatic specimens showed chronic prostatitis in 49,23% (64/130) of them. PSA was elevated in 76,15% (99/130) of patients. They composed the case group. It was not found any factor between study groups that showed significant difference to justify the elevated PSA. Incidental prostate cancer was detected in 6,15% (8/130) of patients. The mean PSA reduction was 81,13% 10,1 months after open prostatectomy. The mean PSA reduction was 85,16% and 67,01% for case group and control group patients, respectively (p = 0,004). PSA average value was 1,38ng/ml 10,1 months after open prostatectomy. PSA average value was 1,56ng/ml and 0,73ng/ml for case group and control group patients, respectively (p = 0,001). Only 6,56% (8/122) of patients had PSA > = 4,0ng/ml after open prostatectomy. It was observed statistical correlation between adenoma weight and PSA change (r = 0,262, p = 0,004). Prostate cancer was detected in 4,1% (5/122) of patients. All of them had elevated PSA after operation and belonged to case group. Conclusions: Most of patients had preoperative elevated PSA. It was observed an important PSA reduction 10,1 months after open prostatectomy. Patients with preoperative elevated PSA had more important reduction but higher postoperative PSA values than patients with preoperative normal PSA.

[Truncated abstract] This thesis examines the potential role of dietary intake in the development of two common conditions affecting the prostate gland; prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Diet is of interest as a potential risk factor for prostate cancer because of geographical variations in prostate cancer incidence and increased prostate cancer risks associated with migration from Asian to western countries. Some geographical variation has been suggested for BPH, but this is less certain. However, both prostate cancer and BPH have potential links with diet through their positive associations with sex hormone levels, metabolic syndrome, increased insulin levels and chronic inflammation. In addition, zinc is an essential dietary micronutrient required for semen production in the prostate gland. The original work for this thesis is presented in six manuscripts of which, four have been published in peer-reviewed journals (at the time of thesis completion). BPH investigated in this thesis is defined as surgically-treated BPH. The following hypotheses were investigated. Regarding foods, nutrients and the risk of prostate cancer and BPH: 1. Increasing intakes of fruits, vegetables and zinc are inversely associated with the risk of prostate cancer and BPH 2. Increasing intakes of total fat and calcium are positively associated with the risk of prostate cancer and BPH. 3. Dietary patterns characterised by high meat, processed meat, calcium and fat content are positively associated with the risk of prostate cancer and BPH. 4. Dietary patterns characterised by high fruit and vegetable and low meat content are inversely associated with the risk of prostate cancer and BPH. v Regarding methodological issues related to the study of diet-disease relationships: 5. Dietary patterns (overall diet) elicited from principal components analysis yield stronger diet-disease associations than when studying isolated nutrients. 6. Remotely recalled dietary intake is reliable enough to be used in studies of chronic disease with long latency periods, such as prostate cancer and BPH. Methods: Data from two studies was used to address the hypotheses above. ... Based on the literature reviewed and the original work for this thesis, the most important dietary risk factors for prostate cancer and BPH appear to be those common to western style diets, i.e. diets high in red meat, processed meat, refined grains, dairy products, and low in fruit and vegetables. This type of diet is likely to result in marginal intakes of antioxidants and fibre, excess intakes of fat and possibly, moderate intakes of carcinogens associated with processed meat and meat cooked at high temperatures. These dietary factors have been linked with biomarkers of inflammation, and they support the hypotheses that chronic inflammation is involved in the development of both prostate cancer and BPH. In addition, this work builds on evidence that zinc is an important factor in prostate health. There is scope for more investigation into the reliability of dietary patterns and the use of nutrient patterns as an alternative to focussing on single food components. Further studies on the reliability of remote dietary intake would also be useful. Because of the latency of chronic disease, it can be theorised that remote dietary recall may uncover more robust diet-disease relationships.

A naturally occurring disease involving hyperplasia of the thyroid gland and a consistent pattern of musculoskeletal deformities of newborn foals in western Canada was first described in 1981. This disease was an important cause of foal mortality and, therefore, reproductive loss throughout western Canada during the 1990s and has since been recognized in western Ontario and the northwestern United States. A series of investigations were conducted to describe, characterize, and attempt to determine the pathogenesis and cause of this syndrome. Affected foals were typically born after a long gestation (x = 360 days, range = 340 to 400 days), were diagnosed as hypothyroid based on a poor response to the administration of thyroid-stimulating hormone, and had various musculoskeletal lesions of which mandibular prognathism, flexural deformities and rupture of tendons of the limbs, and incomplete ossification of the carpal and tarsal bones were present most commonly. In spite of the normal to long gestation, foals had signs of immaturity, were usually weak and unable to stand, became septic, and died or were euthanatised. Similar histories, clinical findings, and lesions were present in surgically created hypothyroid foals that were thyroidectomized in utero at about 210 days gestation. These findings supported the conclusion that foals which naturally developed these lesions were also hypothyroid in utero and that all the lesions present in affected foals were the result of the hypothyroidism and not of an underlying concurrent disease process. A case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors for naturally occurring congenital hypothyroidism. Information from congenitally hypothyroid foals concerning foal and dam signalment, farm environment, and dam management was compared with that from normal foals. Pregnant mares fed greenfeed, not supplemented with mineral, that left their "home farm" during gestation, or grazed irrigated pasture, had a 13.1 (<i>P</i>=0.0068), 5.6 (<i>P</i>=0.0472), 4.3 (<i>P</i>=0.0076) and approximately 15.3 (<i>P</i>=0.0245) times greater odds, respectively, of producing a congenitally hypothyroid foal than mares not exposed to these factors. Greenfeed often contains high levels of nitrate (NO₃^-) which is known to impair thyroid gland function. In light of this, forage samples from participating farms were analysed for nitrate levels. The odds of one or more congenitally hypothyroid foal being born on a farm feeding forage with at least a trace of nitrate was 8.0 times greater (<i>P</i>=0.0873) than the odds of the disease occurring a farm that fed forage free of nitrate. Further, the odds of a mare producing an affected foal when fed forage containing at least a trace of nitrate was 5.9 times greater (<i>P</i>=0.0007) than a mare fed nitrate-free forage.This study suggests that congenital hypothyroidism in foals may result from diets containing nitrate or low in iodine being fed to pregnant mares. These results need to be confirmed through further field investigations and controlled experiments. However, if they are accurate, there is cause for concern that other livestock raised in areas where congenitally hypothyroid foals occur may be exposed to the same dietary risk factors and may suffer similar disease.