Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-10-11T17:48:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Chrisjacele Dissertação.pdf: 1102106 bytes, checksum: 157102cd60a6a7f996ddbb9302ae91b9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T17:48:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Chrisjacele Dissertação.pdf: 1102106 bytes, checksum: 157102cd60a6a7f996ddbb9302ae91b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-15 / Facepe / Diabetes mellitus (DM) caracteriza um grupo de doenças metabólicas resultante de defeitos na secreção e/ou ação da insulina que levam à hiperglicemia. As plantas do Gênero Bauhinia, pertencentes à Família das Fabaceae, conhecidas como “pata-de-vaca” são utilizadas pela medicina popular para o tratamento de diabetes em várias regiões do mundo, tais como África, Ásia bem como América Central e do Sul; estudos prévios já demonstraram atividade hipoglicemiante de extrato folhas de Bauhinia monandra. Lectinas são proteínas ou glicoproteínas, de origem não imune, que reconhecem e se ligam a carboidratos de forma especifica e reversível. Uma lectina presente em folhas da B. monandra (BmoLL, B. monandra Leaf Lectin), galactose específica, foi purificada através de cromatografia de afinidade em gel de guar. Apenas uma banda foi revelada por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida, PAGE, para proteínas nativas. Os efeitos da ação hipoglicemiante do tratamento de BmoLL purificada em camundongos NOD (NON OBESE DIABETIC), foi avaliado a na utilização de três grupos de animais, cada grupo com (n=4), intraperitonealmente, por 21 dias. O grupo tratado com BmoLL recebeu 60mg/kg/dia, o grupo controle para diabetes não tratado recebeu veículo, água. Grupo controle para valores normoglicêmicos foram camundongos que não desenvolveram diabetes. No grupo tratado os picos hiperglicêmicos foram vistos antes do tratamento, em uma média de glicose (307,50 ± 83,30 mg/dL), equivalente ao grupo diabéticos não tratados 364,5±106,24 mg/dl. No final do tratamento, 21dias, o grupo tratado (137,50 ± 68,26mg/dL) atingiu valores equivalentes ao grupo normoglicêmico (110,50 ± 16,66mg/dL). O controle nos níveis glicêmicos no grupo tratado mostrou apenas diferença estatística significante (p= 0,002) em comparação com o grupo que recebeu apenas veículo. Já o grupo de camundongos não diabéticos, ou seja, normoglicêmicos quando comparado com o grupo tratado não apresentou diferença estatistica significante (p= 0,12) os testes foram realizados pelo teste “t” de “Student”. Observando as consequências secundarias a hiperglicemia apresentadas pelo grupo controle para diabetes não tratado, não foram apresentadas pelo grupo tratado com BmoLL nem pelo grupo controle de níveis normoglicêmicos; conclui-se que a ação do tratamento com BmoLL ao ser capaz de controlar os níveis glicêmicos a valores normais de forma continua minimizou também as complicações secundárias a hiperglicemia, durante todo o período de 21 dias. Necessários estudos posteriores para entendimento dos mecanismos pelos quais a BmoLL tem seu efeito hipoglicemiante. / Diabetes mellitus ( DM ) features a group of metabolic disorders resulting from defects in the secretion and/or insulin action leading to hyperglycemia. The plants of the genus Bauhinia, belonging to the family Fabaceae, known as "paw-of-cow" are used in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes in many parts of the world such as Africa, Asia and Central and South America; previous studies have demonstrated hypoglycemic activity of leaf extract of Bauhinia monandra. Lectins are proteins or glycoproteins of non- immune origin which recognize and bind carbohydrates specifically and reversibly form. A lectin present in the leaves of B. monandra (BmoLL , B. monandra Leaf Lectin), specifically galactose was purified by affinity chromatography on guar gel. Only one band was revealed by polyacrylamide gel PAGE for native proteins. The effects of treatment with hypoglycemic action BmoLL purified NOD (non obese DIABETIC) was evaluated using the three groups of animals, each group (n=4) intraperitoneally for 21 days. The treated group received 60mg/kg/day BmoLL, the control group received untreated diabetes vehicle, water. Values for the control group were normoglycemic mice did not develop diabetes. In the group treated hyperglycemic peaks were seen before treatment, at an average glucose (307.50 ± 83.30mg/dL), equivalent to the untreated diabetic group 364.5 ± 106.24mg /dl. At the end of treatment, 21 days, the treated group (137.50 ± 68.26mg/dL) achieved equivalent to the normoglycemic group (110.50 ± 16.66mg/dL) values. The control on blood glucose levels in the treated group showed only statistically significant difference (p=0.002) compared with the group that received only vehicle. The group of non-diabetic mice, ie, normoglycemic compared with the treated group showed no statistically significant difference (p=0.12) tests were performed by the "t" of " Student" test. Observing the secondary consequences hyperglycemia presented by the control group to untreated diabetes, were not presented by the group treated with BmoLL nor the normoglycemic control group levels, it is concluded that the action of treatment with BmoLL to be able to control blood glucose levels to normal values continuously also minimized the complications secondary to hyperglycemia during the whole period of 21 days. Required further studies to understand the mechanisms by which BmoLL has its hypoglycemic effect .

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-11-24T14:57:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Chrisjacele Tese CCB Bioquimica e Fisiologia.pdf: 1964201 bytes, checksum: 106af1b3d737e6027907a88876429988 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-24T14:57:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Chrisjacele Tese CCB Bioquimica e Fisiologia.pdf: 1964201 bytes, checksum: 106af1b3d737e6027907a88876429988 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 / Facepe / As plantas do gênero Bauhinia (Família Fabaceae) são encontradas na África, Ásia bem como América Central e do Sul. No Brasil, elas são conhecidas como “pata-de-vaca“ e as suas folhas são usadas popularmente em forma de chá (infusão) para o tratamento de diabetes, como anti-inflamatório e como analgésico. Dentre diversos compostos purificados de plantas estão as lectinas, as quais são proteínas ou glicoproteínas que se ligam a carboidratos, por reconhecimento específico e reversível. Das folhas da espécie Bauhinia monandra foi purificada uma lectina galactose específica (BmoLL, B. monandra Leaf Lectin) através de cromatografia de afinidade em gel de guar. Diante das atividades descritas para as lectinas e do uso das plantas do gênero Bauhinia na medicina popular, foi levantada a hipótese de que as atividades biológicas relatadas pela população B. monandra têm como princípio ativo a lectina BmoLL. Desta forma o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar propriedades toxicológicas, hipoglicemiante, anti-inflamatória e antinociceptiva da lectina. BmoLL não apresentou toxicidade para camundongos, uma vez que não induziu a morte nem perda de peso a 2000 mg/kg. Além disso, ela não afetou a sobrevivência de Artemia salina nas concentrações testadas (250-1.000 μg/mL). A atividade hipoglicemiante da BmoLL foi avaliada utilizando em camundongos NOD (non obese diabetic) como modelo experimental. Camundongos NOD diabéticos foram tratados com BmoLL (60 mg/kg/dia) por administração intraperitoneal durante 21 dias. O efeito da lectina foi comparado com os dados obtidos para um grupo diabético não-tratado e e um grupo não-diabético (normoglicêmico). No final do experimento, os animais tratados com BmoLL exibiram uma redução do nível de glicose no sangue (de 307,5 ± 83,3 mg/dL para 137,5 ± 68,3 mg/dL), atingindo valores semelhantes ao do grupo normoglicêmico (110,5 ± 16,7 mg/dL). O grupo diabético não-tratado apresentou concentração de glicose sanguínea ≥500 mg/dL. Além disso, as concentrações de triglicéridos e VLDL-colesterol no sangue foram significativamente reduzidas (p<0,05) pelo tratamento com BmoLL, em comparação com os animais diabéticos não tratados. Para avaliação da atividade antiinflamtória, foi realizado primeiramente o método de edema de pata induzido por carragenina. BmoLL reduziu a inflamação significativamente (p<0,05) em 47% (30 mg/kg) e 60,5% (60mg/kg). O grupo controle, tratado com ácido acetilsalicílico, apresentou 70,5% de redução. Na avaliação da atividade atiinflamatória por ensaio de peritonite, a migração de leucócitos foi significativamente reduzida (p<0,05) no grupo tratado com BmoLL, sendo o resultado semelhante ao obtido com grupo tratado com ácido acetilsalicílico. Na avaliação da atividade antinociceptiva BmoLL, os tratamentos com doses de 15, 30 e 60 mg/kg reduziram significativamente (p<0,05) o número de contorções abdominais (induzidas por ácido acético) em 43,1%, 50,1% e 71,3%, respectivamente. No ensaio de placa quente, a BmoLL em doses de 30 e 60 mg/kg, mostrou um efeito antinociceptivo significativo (p<0,05). Em conclusão, BmoLL é uma molécula interessante para ser estudada mais profundamente quanto a suas aplicações farmacológicas, desde que não apresentou toxicidade aguda para camundongos e demonstrou as atividades hipoglicemiante, anti-inflamatória e antinociceptiva, não apresentou toxicidade para A. salina nem para camundongos. / Plants of Bauhinia genus are found in Africa, Asia as well as in Central and South America. In Brazil, they are know as “pata-de-vaca” and their leaves are popularly used as tea (infusion) to treat diabetes, as anti-inflamatory and as analgesic. Among the compounds isolated from plants, there are the lectins, which Consist in protein or glycoproteins that bind carbohydrates by reversible and specific recognizement. From the leaves of Bauhinia monandra, it was isolated a galactose-specific lectin (BmoLL, B. monandra Leaf Lectin) by affinity chromatography on guar gel. In face of the biological activities described for lectins and the use of Bauhinia plants in folk medicine, it was hypothesized whether the biological activities reported by population for B. monandra have the lectin BmoLL as active principle. In this sense, the aim of this work was to investigate toxicological, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive properties of the lectin. BmoLL did not show toxicity to mice since it did not induce death and weight loss at 2,000 mg/kg. In addition, it did not affect the survival of Artemia salina at the tested concentrations (250-1,000 μg/mL). The hypoglicemic activity of BmoLL was evaluated using NOD (non obese diabetic) mice as experimental model. Diabetic NOD mice were treated with BmoLL (60 mg/kg/day) by intraperitoneal administration during 21 days. The lectin effect was compared with data obtained for a non-treated diabetic group and a non-diabetic (normoglycemic) group. At the end of the experiment, animals treated with BmoLL showed reduction in blood glucose level (dfrom 307.5 ± 83.3 mg/dL to 137.5 ± 68.3 mg/dL), reaching values similar to those from normoglycemic group (110.5 ± 16.7 mg/dL). Non-treated diabetic group showe blood glucose ≥500 mg/dL. In addition, the concentrations of triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol in blood were also significantly (p<0.05) reduced by the treatment with BmnoLL, in comparison with non-treated diabetic animals. For the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity, it was first performed the carragenan-induced paw edema method. BmoLL reduced the inflammation significantly (p<0.05) in 47% (30 mg/kg) and 60.5% (60 mg/kg). The control group, treated with acetylsalycilic acid, showed a 70.5% reduction. In the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity by peritonitis model, the leukocyte migration was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in the group treated with BmoLL, being the result similar to that obtained for the group trated with acetylsalycilic acid. In the evaluation of the antinociceptive activity of BmoLL, the treatments with doses of 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg reduced significantly (p<0.05) the number of abdominal writhings (induced by acetic acid) in 43.1%, 50.1% and 73.1%, respectively. In hot plate assay, BmoLL at 30 and 60 mg/kg showed a significant antinociceptive effect. In conclusion, BmoLL is an interesting molecule to be more deeply studied for its pharmacological applications since it did not show acute toxicity to mice and showed the biological activities described in this work.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Introduction: Plant extracts and herbal preparations are often marketed as natural and safe alternatives to conventional medicines for the prevention and treatment of a variety of ailments, without proof of efficacy and safety. Cardiovascular, hematopoetic, hepatic and renal impairment resulting from the use of conventional drugs is widely acknowledged. However, there is less awareness of the potential toxicity of herbal preparations and other botanicals, many of which are widely perceived by the public as being effective and harmless, and are commonly used for self medication without supervision. In addition, potential interactions between herbal medicines and conventional drugs may compromise with patient management. In the safety evaluation of most substances, non human primates are preferred to rodent species for preclinical animal safety studies, because of their biological similarity to humans. They are regarded to be the best metabolic models for humans in a broad range of investigations. Additionally, a disadvantage of using small animal species in toxicological testing is that they require higher doses of drugs and more frequent administrations than in larger species. In light of these considerations, vervet monkeys are used here to investigate toxicity of a plant-derived triterpene, oleanolic acid. The focus is to determine effects of different concentrations of this triterpene on the cardiovascular, hematopoetic, hepatic and renal systems. Materials and methods: 12 male vervet monkeys used in this study were equally divided into four groups, i.e. three treatment groups (4, 10 and 25 mg/kg bodyweight), and one control group. Each individual in a treatment group received a specified concentration of oleanolic acid in food for 16 weeks. Monkeys in the control group received the vehicle (food) alone. Bodyweight, body temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, and mean arterial pressure were recorded from ketamine-anaethetized monkeys at baseline and every second week until week 16. In addition, blood samples were collected at baseline and every fourth week for clinical biochemistry indicators (serum electrolytes, enzymes, proteins, lipids, nitrogenous compounds, bilirubins and glucose) and hematological tests (red cell count and its indices, hemoglobin, haematocrit, white blood cell and differential count and platelet count). Results: No animal showed deviation from their normal behavioral patterns, food and water intake, was in poor health or died during and after completion of the study. The average bodyweights were not statistically significantly different between controls and the treated groups. The biphasic changes in the average body temperature of treated monkeys were similar to those seen in the control group during the first eight weeks of the study. No statistically significant differences were found in body temperature determinations between controls and the treated groups. Fluctuations observed in the respiratory rates of the treated monkeys were not statistically significantly different from that of the control group. Although not statistically significantly different from the controls, the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures in the group treated with 25 mg/kg oleanolic acid were lower at week 16 compared to baseline, while those of the groups treated with 4 and 10 mg/kg oleanolic acid were relatively unchanged. Except for a reduction in systolic pressure of the control group, other blood pressure parameters were stable. Heart rates in the treated groups were not statistically significantly different from those in the controls. In all groups, except the control, high density lipoprotein concentrations were higher at week 16 compared to baseline. Fluctuations in low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol concentrations were similar between controls and the treated groups. The triglycerides were lower at week 16 compared to baseline for all four groups. Upward trends from baseline to the end of the study were observed in creatine kinase concentrations of the controls and the groups that received 4 and 25 mg/kg. Concentrations of this enzyme were unchanged in the group that received 10 mg/kg oleanolic acid between baseline and the end of the study. No statistically significant differences were found with cholesterol, triglyceride and creatine kinase concentrations between treated groups and the controls. Serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase were unchanged in the controls and the groups treated with 4 and 10 mg/kg oleanolic acid, but changes in this parameter over time were statistically significantly different (P = 0.0452) from the controls in the group that received 25 mg/kg oleanolic acid. Despite wide fluctuations in the alanine aminotransferase concentrations in the groups that received 4 and 25 mg/kg oleanolic acid, no statistically significant differences were found with any of the treated groups compared to the controls. No statistically significantly different changes were seen in alkaline phosphatase activities between controls and the treated groups. Reductions in gamma-glutamyl transferase activities in the groups that received 4 and 25 mg/kg oleanolic acid were not statistically significantly different from concentrations of this enzyme in the controls. In addition, no statistically significant differences were evident between controls and the group that received 10 mg/kg oleanolic acid. There were no statistically significantly different changes in the total and conjugated bilirubin and glucose concentrations between controls and the treated groups. Fluctuations over time in the serum albumin and globulin concentrations were similar between treated groups and the controls, whereas total protein concentrations were relatively constant. Consequently, no statistically significant differences were found between controls and the treated groups. Wide fluctuations were observed in the creatinine concentrations of the groups that received 4 mg/kg oleanolic acid, while no such changes were encountered in the controls and the group that received 10 and 25 mg/kg oleanolic acid. Serum urea concentrations increased in all groups over time, except for the group that received 10 mg/kg oleanolic acid. Both urea and creatinine concentrations in the treated groups were not statistically significantly different from concentrations in the controls. Serum concentrations of sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium and magnesium and phosphate in the treated groups were not statistically significantly different from these electrolyte concentrations in the controls. Decline in red cell and hemoglobin concentrations of the controls and the group that received 25 mg/kg oleanolic acid were not statistically significantly different between these groups. In addition, no statistical significant differences were found in red cell and hemoglobin concentrations between controls and the groups that received 4 and 10 mg/kg oleanolic acid. Controls and the treated groups showed upward trends in haematocrit concentrations. Mean corpuscular volumes were statistically significantly increased; P = 0.0027 (4 mg/kg), P = 0.0010 (10 mg/kg), and P = 0.0022 (25 mg/kg), while mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations were statistically significantly reduced; P = 0.0017 (4 mg/kg), P = 0.0004 (10 mg/kg), P = 0.0002 (25 mg/kg) in the treated groups as compared to the controls. No statistically significant differences were evident in the concentrations of mean corpuscular hemoglobin between controls and the treated groups. White blood cell counts of the treated groups were not statistically significantly different from those of the controls throughout the study period. No statistically significant differences were found in the differential white cells and platelet counts between treated groups and the controls. Discussions: The results of this study showed that administration of oleanolic acid had no effects on the general wellbeing, bodyweights, body temperature, respiratory and heart rates, and blood pressure of vervet monkeys. A statistically significant increase in the aspartate aminotransferase activity of the group treated with 25 mg/kg oleanolic acid, together with the increase in the alanine aminotransferase levels during the same time period, might indicate oleanolic acid-induced hypersensitivity, and accordingly hepatocellular alteration. However, since serum concentrations of these enzymes returned to baseline levels, as well as the absence of variations over time in other parameters of the hepatic function, particularly alkaline phosphatase activity, it is likely that there was no underlying subacute liver disease. Serum renal function parameters also appeared to be within normal physiological limits. No pronounced changes were observed in the hematological parameters of monkeys that received oleanolic acid. Conclusion: This study's results, suggest that oleanolic acid does not produce cumulative liver enzyme alterations, and has no detrimental effects on the renal, hematopoetic and cardiovascular systems of vervet monkeys.

<p>Bor je bilo koji četinar roda Pinus koji pripada porodici Pinaceae. U Republici Srbiji nalaze se prirodne i ve&scaron;tačke &scaron;ume crnog bora Pinus nigra Arnold. Kora bora se vekovima koristila u tradicionalnoj medicini, međutim tek u novije vreme su otkriveni i potvrđeni njeni pozitivni biolo&scaron;ki efekti u medicini. Najpoznatiji komercijalni preparat kore bora je piknogenol, standardizovani ekstrakt kore francuskog primorskog bora Pinus pinaster Aiton, koji raste duţ obale jugozapadne Francuske. Pozitivni efekti koje ispoljava piknogenol, kao &scaron;to su antioksidativno, hipoglikemijsko, hipolipidemijsko delovanje, zasnovani su na njegovom visokom sadržaju fenolnih jedinjenja. Danas, i pored saznanja da je kora bora bogata sekundarnim metabolitima ona najče&scaron;će zavr&scaron;ava kao nusproizvod drvne industrije. Ciljevi ovog rada bili su ispitivanje kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih karakteristika i biohemijskih aktivnosti ekstrakata kore crnog bora Pinus nigra sa Mokre gore i Tare, dobijenih različitim rastvaračima; upoređivanje glikemijskog i lipidnog delovanja ekstrakta kore bora Pinus nigra sa komercijalnim preparatom piknogenol; uticaj ekstrakta kore bora Pinus nigra i piknogenola na delovanje standardnih antidijabetika metformina i gliklazida; kao i uticaj na parametre oksidativnog stresa nakon izlaganja životinja toksičnoj dozi paracetamola. In vitro ispitivanja su uključivala analizu ekstrakata dobijenih različitim rastvaračima. Ukupni sadržaj fenola, tanina, flavonoida i proantocijanidna, kao i ispitivanje antioksidativne aktivnosti kroz pet različitih metoda, određivani su spektrofotometrijski. Vr&scaron;ena je analiza ekstrakata kore bora visokoefikasnom tečnom hromatografijom (HPLC). In vivo ispitivanje je rađeno na 156 albino laboratorijska pacova soja Wistar. Eksperimentalne ţivotinje su tokom 7 dana per os primale ekstrakt kore crnog bora poreklom sa Mokre gore 100 mg/kg, koji je pokazao najbolju aktivnost, piknogenol 50 mg/kg, metformin 100 mg/kg, gliklazid 10 mg/kg, kao i njihove kombinacije. Za ispitivanje uticaja primenjivanih supstanci na glikemiju ţivotinja kori&scaron;ćeni su test oralnog podno&scaron;enja glukoze i indukcija trajne hiperglikemije aloksanom. Od biohemijskih parametara u serumu je određivana koncentracija lipida, kao i parametric pokazatelji funkcije bubrega i jetre. Ex vivo ispitivanja uključivala su određivanje intenzitet lipidne peroksidacije i anktivnosti enzima antioksidativne za&scaron;tite u homogenatu jetre ispitivanih ţivotinja, nakon primene toksične doze paracetamola. HPLC analizom ekstrakata kore crnog bora utvrđeno je da ekstrakti poreklom sa Mokre gore i Tare u najvećoj meri sadrţe taksifolin, a zatim katehin, njegove derivate, kafenu kiselinu i epikatehin. PotvrĎen je visok antioksidativni kapacitet piknogenola, ali takođe i značajan antioksidativni kapacitet ekstrakata kore crnog bora, sa najboljim rezultatima kod ekstrakta poreklom sa Mokre gore. Sedmodnevni tretman ekstraktom kore bora 100 mg/kg, metforminom 100 mg/kg, gliklazidom 10 mg/kg i piknogenolom 50 mg/kg, kod ţivotinja sa aloksanski izazvanim dijabetesom, doveo je do sniženja glikemije u krvi. Uočeno je povećanje konentracije HDL holesterola i značajno sniženje serumskih triglicerida kod dijabetičnih i normoglikemičnih ţivotinja koje su primale piknogenol, ekstrakta kore bora, gliklazid i metformin u poređenju sa kontrolnom grupom ţivotinja. Zajednička primena ekstrakta kore bora i standardnih antidijabetika značajno je snizila vrednosti AST, ALP i direktni bilirubin u grupi dijabetičnih i normoglikemičnih ţivotinja u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu, čime se ukazuje na potencijalno hepatoprotektivno delovanje ekstrakta kore crnog bora. O&scaron;tećenje jetre izazvano toksičnom dozom paracetamola je potvrđeno ispitivanim parametrima, uključujući oksidativni status u homogenatu jetre i histolo&scaron;ka ispitivanja. Rezultati na&scaron;eg istraživanja su pokazali da piknogenol 50 mg/kg, kao i ekstrakt kore crnog bora 100 mg/kg značajno smanjuju nivo MDA u poređenju sa kontrolnom grupom i grupom koja je primala paracetamol. Na osnovu rezultata istraţivanja može se zaključiti da primena piknogenola i ekstrakta kore crnog bora: ublaţava poremećaj homeostaze glukoze, utiče povoljno na lipidni status, značajno potencira antihiperglikemijsko delovanje metformina i hipoglikemijski efekat gliklazida, sprečava poremećaj biohemijskih parametara pokazatelja funkcije jetre i bubrega u serumu ispitivanih životinja i ispoljava značajno in vitro antioksidativno delovanje i sprečava o&scaron;tećenje jetre laboratorijskih životinja izazvano toksičnom dozom paracetamola.</p> / <p>A pine is any conifer in the genus Pinus of the family Pinaceae. In the Republic of Serbia there are natural and artificial forests of black pine Pinus nigra Arnold. Pine bark has been used for centuries in traditional medicine, but only recently its positive biological effects has been revealed and confirmed in medicine. The most famous commercial pine bark product is Pycnogenol, a standardized extract of the French maritime pine bark (Pinus pinaster Aiton), which grows along the coast of southwestern France. The positive effects of Pycnogenol, such as antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, are based on its high content of phenolic compounds. Nowdays, despite the knowledge that the pine bark is rich in secondary metabolites, it usually ends up as a by-product of the wood industry. The objectives of this dissertation were to investigate the qualitative and quantitative characteristics and biochemical activities of the black pine (Pinus nigra) extracts from Mokra gora and Tara, obtained by different solvents; comparison of glycemic and lipid action of Pinus nigra bark extract with commercial product Pycnogenol; the influence of black pine bark extract and Pycnogenol on the action of standard antidiabetics metformin and gliclazide; as well as the influence on the parameters of oxidative stress in animals exposed to the toxic dose of paracetamol. In vitro analyses included the analysis of extracts obtained with different solvents. The total phenolic, tannin, flavonoid and proanthocyanidin content, as well as the antioxidant activity tests, were determined spectrophotometrically. High-efficiency liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed in order to determine black pine bark extract content. In vivo analyses was performed on 156 albino Wistar laboratory rats. Experimental animals received for 7 days per os: black pine bark extract obtained from Mokra gora 100 mg/kg, which showed the best activity; Pycnogenol 50 mg/kg; metformin 100 mg/kg; gliclazide 10 mg/kg; and their combinations. An oral glucose tolerance test and the aloxan-induced hyperglycaemia were used to examined the effects of the substances on experimental animals. Biochemical parameters, the lipids concentration and parameters of the kidney and liver function, were determined in animal serum. Ex vivo analyses included determination of lipid peroxidation activity and the activity of antioxidant protection enzymes in liver homogenates of the test animals, after administration of a toxic dose of paracetamol. HPLC analysis of black pine bark extracts obtained from Mokra gora and Tara showed the greatest content of taxifolin, then catechin, and its derivatives, caffeic acid and epicatechin. A high antioxidative capacity of Pycnogenol was confirmed, but also a significant antioxidant capacity of black pine bark extract, with the best results in the extract obtained from Mokra gora. Seven-day treatment in aloxan-induced diabetes animals with 100 mg/kg black pine bark extract, metformin 100 mg/kg, gliclazide 10 mg/kg and Pycnogenol 50 mg/kg led to a decrease of serum glycemic index. There was an increase in the HDL cholesterol concentration and a significant reduction in serum triglycerides in diabetic and normoglycemic animals which received Pycnogenol, black pine bark extract, gliclazide and metformin compared to the control group. Concomitant usage of the black pine bark extract and standard antidiabetics significantly reduced the levels of AST, ALP and direct bilirubin in the group of diabetic and normoglycemic animals compared to the control group, indicating the potential hepatoprotective action of the black pine bark extract. Damage to the liver caused by the toxic dose of paracetamol was confirmed by the liver homogenate oxidative status and histological examination. The results of our study have shown that Pycnogenol 50 mg/kg, as well as 100 mg/kg black pine bark extract significantly reduce the level of MDA in comparison with the control and the paracetamol treated group. Based on the results of the dissertation, it can be concluded that the use of Pycnogenol and black pine bark extract alleviate glucose homeostasis disorder; positively affects the lipid status; significantly increases the antihyperglycemic effect of metformin and the hypoglycemic effect of gliclazide; prevents impairment biochemical parameters of the liver and kidney function in the serum of the experimental animals; significantly exhibits in vitro antioxidant activity and prevents liver damage caused by toxic dose of paracetamol in experimental animals.</p>

Loh Shwu Chun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [109]-120). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; appendix also in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.iv / List of Abbreviations --- p.v / List of Tables --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.ix / Table of Contents / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction and Study Objectives / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Definition and diagnostic criteria of the metabolic syndrome --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Clinical states of the metabolic syndrome --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) and Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- The metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Dyslipidaemia --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Hypertension --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Obesity --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- Effects of weight loss on the metabolic syndrome --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- Ethnic differences in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5 --- Treatment of the metabolic syndrome --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6 --- Oral Hypoglycaemic agents and their failure in the metabolic syndrome --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Sulphonylureas --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Biguanides --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors --- p.20 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.4.1 --- Thiazolinedinediones --- p.22 / Chapter 1.6.4.1.1 --- Rosiglitazone --- p.24 / Chapter 1.6.4.1.1.1 --- Mode of Action --- p.24 / Chapter 1.6.4.1.1.2 --- Adverse events and current status --- p.26 / Chapter 1.7 --- Orlistat --- p.27 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Mode of Action --- p.28 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Adverse events and current status --- p.28 / Chapter 1.7.3 --- Therapeutic Potential in the Metabolic Syndrome --- p.29 / Chapter 1.8 --- Study Hypothesis --- p.30 / Chapter 1.9 --- Study Objectives --- p.30 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Research Design and Methods / Chapter 2 --- Study Protocol --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1 --- Overall Design --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Patients Selection Criteria --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Inclusion Criteria --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Exclusion Criteria --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Recruitment Period --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Screening Period --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Run- In Period (Visit 0) --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- Randomisation --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.2.4 --- Evaluation Periods (Visit 2 to 4) --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2 --- Investigations --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Anthropometric measurements --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3 --- Analytical Methods --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Determinations of insulin levels in plasma samples --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Principle of the Insulin assay --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Determinations of glucose concentrations in samples --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.2.1. --- Principle of the glucose assay --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4 --- Calculations --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Insulin (hepatic) sensitivity (HOMA) --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Area Under the Curves --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Sample Size Calculations --- p.45 / Chapter 2.5 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Study Population --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2 --- Randomisation --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3 --- Study Results --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Indices of Glycaemic Control --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- HbAlc --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Fasting Plasma Glucose --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- Fasting Insulin --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.1.4 --- 75g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.1.4.1 --- Glucose --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.1.4.1.1 --- 2hr-Glucose --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.1.4.1.2 --- GlucoseAuc --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.1.4.2 --- Insulin --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.1.4.2.1 --- 2-hr insulin --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.1.4.2.2 --- InsulinAuc --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.1.5 --- HOMA score --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Clinical Determinants --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Lipid Profiles --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.1. --- Total Cholesterol --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.2 --- HDL-Cholesterol --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.3 --- LDL-Cholesterol --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.4 --- Triglycerides --- p.72 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Anthropometric Evaluations --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.1 --- Body Weight --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.2 --- Waist Circumference Difference --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.3 --- Hip --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.4 --- Body Fat --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.5 --- BMI --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Blood Pressure --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.2.4 --- RCCA and LCCA --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.2.5 --- Other outstanding measurements --- p.82 / Chapter 3.4 --- Side Effects experienced --- p.82 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Discussion and Conclusion / Chapter 4.1 --- Summary of the results --- p.83 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Effects of Diet and Lifestyle Changes --- p.83 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Effects of Orlistat --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Effects of Rosiglitazone --- p.35 / Chapter 4.2 --- Implications for therapy --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Management of metabolic syndrome --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Early Diagnosis --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Lifestyle Modification --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Pharmacological Targets --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.4.1 --- Statins --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.4.2 --- Fibrates --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.4.3 --- ACE Inhibitors --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.4.4 --- Thiazolidinediones --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.4.4.1 --- Economic Evaluations of Thiazolidinediones --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.4.5 --- Orlistat --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2.4.5.1 --- Economic Evaluations of Orlistat --- p.102 / Chapter 4.3 --- Limitations of the study --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Small sample size --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Short period of study --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Adherence to lifestyle modifications --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Analytical assays --- p.106 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Follow up end of study --- p.106 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Ultrasound measurement of the common carotid arteries --- p.106 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- Availability of thiazolinediones --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion and Implications for future studies --- p.107 / References --- p.110 / Appendix I --- p.121 / Appendix II --- p.122 / Appendix III --- p.125

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-13T14:50:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-07-30Bitstream added on 2014-08-13T18:00:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000750041.pdf: 2177704 bytes, checksum: 3b2c1f34dc67cf43d4c50a885f043499 (MD5) / O termo Diabetes mellitus (DM) descreve uma desordem metabólica caracterizada por hiperglicemia crônica que leva a alterações no metabolismo de carboidratos, lipídeos e proteínas resultante de defeitos na ação, secreção de insulina, ou ambos. Tais alterações levam a sérias consequências no individuo diabético, como perda de peso, aumento dos níveis de lipídeos no sangue podendo levar ao aumento da incidência de doenças cardiovasculares como aterosclerose e infarto. Além disso, pode causar doenças renais e danos à visão, e em casos mais graves, óbito. A incidência de pessoas diabéticas tem aumentado a cada ano, e pesquisas realizadas recentemente apontam que esse é um número que só tende a aumentar nos próximos anos, principalmente devido aos péssimos hábitos alimentares e estilo de vida sedentário. O tratamento para o DM inclui insulinoterapia e o uso de hipoglicemiantes orais. No entanto, sabe-se que esses medicamentos possuem efeitos adversos, como ganho de peso, desconfortos abdominais e diarreias. Partindo dessas informações, a busca de novas alternativas para o tratamento de DM tem crescido muito nos últimos anos. O uso de plantas medicinais no tratamento de diversas doenças, como o diabetes, é feito desde os primórdios da humanidade. Diante disso, a pesquisa envolvendo plantas medicinais com propriedades hipoglicemiantes tem sido alvo dos pesquisadores nos últimos anos, principalmente para comprovação da sua eficácia e verificação da toxicidade das mesmas. A família Fabaceae possui aproximadamente 300 espécies, popularmente conhecidas como pata-de-vaca ou unhade- boi, devido ao formato de suas folhas e são amplamente utilizadas como analgésicos, antiinflamatórios e no tratamento de diabetes. O gênero Bauhinia, pertencente a essa família possui muitas espécies que são utilizadas no tratamento do diabetes. Diante disso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a atividade hipoglicemiante do ... / The term Diabetes mellitus (DM) defines a metabolic disorder characterized by cnronic hyperglycemia, which leads to alterations in carbohydrate, proteins and lipids metabolism resultant of defects in insulin action andJor secretion. Those alterations lead to serious consequences to diabetic people as weight loss, increase incidence of cardiovascular diseases, renal and optical diseases, and in some cases, death. The incidence of diabetic people is increasing every year and recent1y researches showed that this number will increase on next years, mainly due to bad eating habits and sedentary life style. The treatment of DM inc1udes insulin therapy and the use of oral hypoglycemic agents. However, those medicaments have many collateral effects as weight gain, abdominal discomforts and diarrheas. Based on this information, studies involving new altematives for the treatment of DM are growing in the last years. The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of diverse diseases like diabetes has been done since the beginning of humanity. Due to this, the studies involving medicinal plants with hypoglycemic properties have been the target of researches in the last years, mainly to verify its effectiveness and toxicity. The family Fabaceae has approximately 300 species, which are popular1y called cow's foot and nail ox, due the format of theirs leafs and are largely used as analgesic, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic. The genus Bauhinia, belonging to this family has many species, which are used in diabetes treatment, and it has been researches target showing promising results. Because of that, the objective of this work was to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of crude extract of Bauhinia holophylla, a species very used in traditional medicine. There are no studies that prove its effectiveness in the diabetes treatment. Swiss mice diabetic (STZSAL and STZEXT) and normoglycemic (CTLSAL and CTLEXT) received treatment for 15 days with the crude ...

Diabetes Mellitus is considered a disease in ascension worldwide. In Brazil, the rate of diabetes increased by 40% in the last six years. The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetes has great relevance, as a chronic treatment, by seem harmless and be easily accessible for the population. The literature highlights the presence of drugs in herbal formulations used in the treatment of diabetes, which can lead to serious consequences such as metabolic acidosis and severe hypoglycemia. In the last decade, the ANVISA has intensified the control and concern with the market for herbal medicines in Brazil. As a consequence, it is demanded the development of methodologies for detection of the hypoglycemic drugs added as contaminants in vegetable-based formulations used in the treatment of diabetes. In this sense the present study developed and validated a method by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection for determination of some hypoglycemic adulterants. Mobile phase was composed of 0.1% phosphoric acid (pH 2.0) (90%:0%) and acetonitrile (10%:100%) The following conditions were defined; column C18; 230 nm; and flow rate of 0.5 mL. min-1 to 0.9 ml. min-1, 20 minutes of analysis. Another method based on capillary electrophoresis, MEKC UV, was tested to analyse the same hypoglycemic agents. However, the conditions studied did not present acceptable results. The method based on HPLC UV proved to be suitable for the simultaneous determination of metformin, glipizide, chlorpropamide, gliclazide, glibenclamide and glimepririda and it showed low limits of detection and quantification, besides to be specific, precise, exact and linear (p < 0.01), within the determined range (2.5 - 15mg L-1). After validation, the HPLC UV method was applied in the analysis of twenty samples acquired in the national market. Among the samples analyzed were not detected the presence of adulterants validated in this work. / Diabetes Mellitus (tipo II) é considerada uma doença em ascensão no mundo inteiro. No Brasil, o índice de diabéticos cresceu 40% em seis anos. O uso de plantas medicinais no tratamento desta patologia crônica tem grande relevância, por parecer inofensivo e ser de fácil acesso à população. A literatura destaca que é possível encontrar a presença de fármacos em formulações fitoterápicas utilizadas no tratamento do diabetes, podendo trazer consequências graves, como acidose metabólica e hipoglicemia grave. Na última década a Anvisa tem intensificado a fiscalização e a preocupação com o mercado de fitoterápicos no Brasil. Para tanto, se torna grande a procura por metodologias capazes de detectar fármacos hipoglicemiantes adicionados de forma ilegal em formulações de base vegetal utilizadas no tratamento do Diabetes Mellitus (tipo II). Neste sentido no presente trabalho foi desenvolvido e validado um método por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência com detecção ultravioleta (HPLC-UV) para determinação de adulterantes hipoglicemiantes. Foram definidas as seguintes condições: fase móvel ácido fosfórico 0,1% (pH 2,0) (90% a 0%) acetonitrila (10% a 100%); coluna C18; 230 nm; e fluxo de 0,5 mL. min-1 a 0,9 mL. min-1, com menos de 20 minutos de análise. Outro método, através de Cromatografia Capilar de Eletrocinética Micelar (MEKC-UV) foi utilizado para análise destes hipoglicemiantes, porém não se obteve resultados aceitáveis. O método por HPLC-UV mostrou-se adequado para a determinação simultânea dos fármacos metformina, glipizida, clorpropamida, glicazida, glibenclamida e glimepririda, visto que apresentou baixos limites de detecção e quantificação, além de mostrar-se específico, preciso, exato e linear (p< 0,01), dentro do intervalo testado (2,5 15 mg. L-1). Após a validação, o método HPLC-UV foi aplicado na análise de vinte amostras adquiridas no mercado nacional, dentre estas não foram detectados a presença dos adulterantes pesquisados.

Orientador: José Roberto Bosqueiro / Banca: Luiz Otávio Regasini / Banca: Débora Cristina Damasceno / Resumo: O termo Diabetes mellitus (DM) descreve uma desordem metabólica caracterizada por hiperglicemia crônica que leva a alterações no metabolismo de carboidratos, lipídeos e proteínas resultante de defeitos na ação, secreção de insulina, ou ambos. Tais alterações levam a sérias consequências no individuo diabético, como perda de peso, aumento dos níveis de lipídeos no sangue podendo levar ao aumento da incidência de doenças cardiovasculares como aterosclerose e infarto. Além disso, pode causar doenças renais e danos à visão, e em casos mais graves, óbito. A incidência de pessoas diabéticas tem aumentado a cada ano, e pesquisas realizadas recentemente apontam que esse é um número que só tende a aumentar nos próximos anos, principalmente devido aos péssimos hábitos alimentares e estilo de vida sedentário. O tratamento para o DM inclui insulinoterapia e o uso de hipoglicemiantes orais. No entanto, sabe-se que esses medicamentos possuem efeitos adversos, como ganho de peso, desconfortos abdominais e diarreias. Partindo dessas informações, a busca de novas alternativas para o tratamento de DM tem crescido muito nos últimos anos. O uso de plantas medicinais no tratamento de diversas doenças, como o diabetes, é feito desde os primórdios da humanidade. Diante disso, a pesquisa envolvendo plantas medicinais com propriedades hipoglicemiantes tem sido alvo dos pesquisadores nos últimos anos, principalmente para comprovação da sua eficácia e verificação da toxicidade das mesmas. A família Fabaceae possui aproximadamente 300 espécies, popularmente conhecidas como pata-de-vaca ou unhade- boi, devido ao formato de suas folhas e são amplamente utilizadas como analgésicos, antiinflamatórios e no tratamento de diabetes. O gênero Bauhinia, pertencente a essa família possui muitas espécies que são utilizadas no tratamento do diabetes. Diante disso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a atividade hipoglicemiante do ... / Abstract: The term Diabetes mellitus (DM) defines a metabolic disorder characterized by cnronic hyperglycemia, which leads to alterations in carbohydrate, proteins and lipids metabolism resultant of defects in insulin action andJor secretion. Those alterations lead to serious consequences to diabetic people as weight loss, increase incidence of cardiovascular diseases, renal and optical diseases, and in some cases, death. The incidence of diabetic people is increasing every year and recent1y researches showed that this number will increase on next years, mainly due to bad eating habits and sedentary life style. The treatment of DM inc1udes insulin therapy and the use of oral hypoglycemic agents. However, those medicaments have many collateral effects as weight gain, abdominal discomforts and diarrheas. Based on this information, studies involving new altematives for the treatment of DM are growing in the last years. The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of diverse diseases like diabetes has been done since the beginning of humanity. Due to this, the studies involving medicinal plants with hypoglycemic properties have been the target of researches in the last years, mainly to verify its effectiveness and toxicity. The family Fabaceae has approximately 300 species, which are popular1y called cow's foot and nail ox, due the format of theirs leafs and are largely used as analgesic, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic. The genus Bauhinia, belonging to this family has many species, which are used in diabetes treatment, and it has been researches target showing promising results. Because of that, the objective of this work was to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of crude extract of Bauhinia holophylla, a species very used in traditional medicine. There are no studies that prove its effectiveness in the diabetes treatment. Swiss mice diabetic (STZSAL and STZEXT) and normoglycemic (CTLSAL and CTLEXT) received treatment for 15 days with the crude ... / Mestre