Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente estudo CASO-CONTROLE teve como objetivo principal verificar a associação entre a Hipomineralização de molares e incisivos (HMI) e a necessidade de tratamento operatório em dentes permanentes. Avaliou-se também o grau de ansiedade relacionada à consulta odontológica e o impacto das condições bucais na qualidade de vida. Os grupos CASO e CONTROLE foram selecionados a partir da lista de pacientes nascidos de 2002 a 2004, atendidos na Clínica de Odontopediatria da FO-UERJ nos anos de 2011 e 2012. O grupo CASO foi composto por pacientes com necessidade de tratamento operatório em pelo menos um dente permanente. O grupo CONTROLE, por pacientes sem necessidade de tratamento operatório em dentes permanentes. Os exames foram realizados por um examinador calibrado. Hipomineralização do esmalte e cárie foram avaliadas ao nível de superfície dentária. A avaliação do risco de cárie baseou-se no método do Cariograma. A escala de imagens faciais foi utilizada para avaliar a ansiedade antes e depois da consulta. O impacto das condições bucais na qualidade de vida foi avaliada pelo Childs Perception Questionnaire (CPQ8-10). A amostra constou de 155 pacientes, com idade entre 7 e 11 anos, sendo 57 CASOS e 98 CONTROLES. No grupo CASO, 47,4% dos pacientes apresentaram HMI, enquanto no grupo CONTROLE este percentual foi de 13,3%. A chance de ter dentes permanentes com necessidade de tratamento operatório foi 5,89 (IC: 2,69-12,86) vezes maior para pacientes com HMI. O número médio de primeiros molares permanentes e de superfícies de primeiros molares permanentes com necessidade de intervenção operatória foi significativamente mais alto dentre as crianças com HMI (p<0,05; p<0,01). O grau de ansiedade ao final da consulta foi mais alto no grupo CASO (p=0,04). Embora os valores médios do CPQ8-10 global e da subcategoria do bem estar emocional tenham sido um pouco mais elevados no grupo CASO, a diferença não foi significativa estatisticamente (p>0,05). Os valores da subcategoria de limitações funcionais foram um pouco mais elevados para o grupo CASO na presença de HMI, mas a diferença também não foi significativa (p=0,05). Com base nos dados do presente estudo, pôde-se concluir que: a HMI aumentou a necessidade de tratamento operatório da dentição permanente significativamente; a ansiedade após a consulta foi maior naqueles que tinham necessidade de tratamento operatório; a necessidade de tratamento operatório não interferiu significativamente na auto-percepção do impacto das condições bucais na qualidade de vida. / This CASE-CONTROL study aimed to evaluate the association between Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) and the need of operatory treatment in permanent teeth. Dental anxiety and the impact of oral conditions on the quality of life were also assessed. CASE and CONTROL groups were selected from the list of patients assisted at the Pediatric Dental Clinic of the State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2011 and 2012 who were born in 2002, 2003 and 2004. CASES were those who needed operatory treatment in at least one permanent tooth and CONTROLS were those who did not need any operatory treatment in permanent teeth. One single calibrated examiner performed all the examinations. Enamel hypomineralization and caries were assessed at the tooth surface level. Caries risk was assessed using Cariogram. The facial images scale was used to assess dental anxiety before and after the dental appointment. The Childs Perception Questionnaire (CPQ8-10) assessed the impact of oral conditions on the quality of life. The sample comprised 155 patients, aged 7 to 11 years, 57 CASES and 98 CONTROLS. Among CASES, 47.4% of the children had MIH, and among CONTROLS, MIH was present in 13.3% of the children. The chance of needing operatory treatment in permanent teeth was 5.89 (CI: 2.69-12.86) times higher in patients with MIH. The mean number of first permanent molars and the mean number of tooth surfaces of first permanent molars, which needed operatory intervention, were significantly higher among children with MIH (p<0.05; p<0.01). Dental anxiety after the dental appointment was higher in the CASE group (p=0.04). Although the Global CPQ8-10 scores and the scores of the subscale Emotional well-being were slightly higher in the CASE group, the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Functional limitations scores were slightly higher in the CASE group when MIH was present, but not statistically significant (p=0.05). Based on the data of the present study it can be concluded that: MIH increased the need of operatory intervention in permanent teeth significantly; dental anxiety after the dental appointment was higher among those who needed operatory treatment in permanent teeth; childs perception about the impact of oral conditions on the quality of life was not different between those who needed and did not need operatory intervention in permanent teeth.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:44:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 macari_ksm_dr_araca.pdf: 480126 bytes, checksum: e56b8b0fbeed551fd2eb339aaf423fa5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / É alta a incidência de traumatismos dentários principalmente nas crianças e nos adolescentes, sendo freqüente a ocorrência de complicações em decorrência destes traumas. Assim, realizou-se um estudo clínico e radiográfico de dentes anteriores decíduos e permane ntes traumatizados e também de dentes sucessores a decíduos traumatizados de crianças atendidas na Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba - UNESP e na Fundação Educacional de Barretos - FEB, analisando a ocorrência de seqüelas e os fatores relacionados. For am analisados 333 dentes decíduos, 212 permanentes e 264 sucessores permanentes, os dados registrados em fichas apropriadas e, posteriormente, submetidos à análise estatística. As complicações mais comuns em decorrência de traumatismos na dentição decídua foram a alteração de cor da coroa e a reabsorção radicular patológica. Na dentição permanente foram a fratura coronária e a alteração periapical. As associações de traumatismos (fratura + luxação) foram as maiores responsáveis pela condição de necrose pulp ar tanto na dentição decídua quanto na permanente. A proteção labial do paciente não influenciou na ocorrência de traumatismos, porém o overjet do paciente apresentou influência sobre a dentição permanente. A procura por atendimento imediato foi mais baixa quando do traumatismo acometendo a dentição decídua, com diferença estatisticamente significativa. A freqüência de distúrbios de desenvolvimento observada nos permanentes sucessores foi de 45,8%, sendo a hipomineralização do esmalte a seqüela mais encontr ada, a luxação do tipo intrusiva a que causou mais distúrbios e as faixas etárias mais baixas foram as mais relacionadas com a presença de seqüelas. Houve também uma relação entre a freqüência de hipomineralização do esmalte e a condição pulpar do dente de cíduo traumatizado. / It is high the incidence of dental traumatisms mainly in children and in adolescents, being frequent the occurrence of complications due to these traumas. Thus, was carried out a clinical and radiographic study of deciduous and permanent anterior teeth traumatized and also of teeth successors the deciduous traumatized of children assisted at School of Dentistry at Araçatuba - UNESP and at the School of Dentistry of Barretos - FEB, analyzing the occurrence of sequelae and the related factors. 333 deciduous teeth were analyzed, 212 permanent and 264 permanent successors, the data registered in appropriate records and, later, they were submitted to statistical analysis. The most common complications due to traumatisms in the deciduous teething were the alteration of color of the crown and the pathological root resorption. In the permanent dentition the complications were the coronary fracture and the alteration periapical. The associations of traumatisms (fractures + luxation) were the most responsible for the condition of pulpal necrosis in the primary dentition as in the permanent. The patient's labial protection does not seem to influence in the occurrence of traumatisms, however the patient's overjet presented influence on the permanent dentition. The search for immediate service it was lower when the traumatism occurs in the primary dentition, with statistically sig nificant difference. The frequency of development disturbances observed in the permanent successors was 45,8%, being the hypomineralização of the enamel the sequelae mostly found, the dislocation of the intrusive type the one that caused more disturbances and the lowest age groups were the most related with the presence of sequelae. Additionally, there seems to exist a relationship between the frequency of hipomineralização of the enamel and the pulpal condition of the traumatized deciduous tooth.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente estudo CASO-CONTROLE teve como objetivo principal verificar a associação entre a Hipomineralização de molares e incisivos (HMI) e a necessidade de tratamento operatório em dentes permanentes. Avaliou-se também o grau de ansiedade relacionada à consulta odontológica e o impacto das condições bucais na qualidade de vida. Os grupos CASO e CONTROLE foram selecionados a partir da lista de pacientes nascidos de 2002 a 2004, atendidos na Clínica de Odontopediatria da FO-UERJ nos anos de 2011 e 2012. O grupo CASO foi composto por pacientes com necessidade de tratamento operatório em pelo menos um dente permanente. O grupo CONTROLE, por pacientes sem necessidade de tratamento operatório em dentes permanentes. Os exames foram realizados por um examinador calibrado. Hipomineralização do esmalte e cárie foram avaliadas ao nível de superfície dentária. A avaliação do risco de cárie baseou-se no método do Cariograma. A escala de imagens faciais foi utilizada para avaliar a ansiedade antes e depois da consulta. O impacto das condições bucais na qualidade de vida foi avaliada pelo Childs Perception Questionnaire (CPQ8-10). A amostra constou de 155 pacientes, com idade entre 7 e 11 anos, sendo 57 CASOS e 98 CONTROLES. No grupo CASO, 47,4% dos pacientes apresentaram HMI, enquanto no grupo CONTROLE este percentual foi de 13,3%. A chance de ter dentes permanentes com necessidade de tratamento operatório foi 5,89 (IC: 2,69-12,86) vezes maior para pacientes com HMI. O número médio de primeiros molares permanentes e de superfícies de primeiros molares permanentes com necessidade de intervenção operatória foi significativamente mais alto dentre as crianças com HMI (p<0,05; p<0,01). O grau de ansiedade ao final da consulta foi mais alto no grupo CASO (p=0,04). Embora os valores médios do CPQ8-10 global e da subcategoria do bem estar emocional tenham sido um pouco mais elevados no grupo CASO, a diferença não foi significativa estatisticamente (p>0,05). Os valores da subcategoria de limitações funcionais foram um pouco mais elevados para o grupo CASO na presença de HMI, mas a diferença também não foi significativa (p=0,05). Com base nos dados do presente estudo, pôde-se concluir que: a HMI aumentou a necessidade de tratamento operatório da dentição permanente significativamente; a ansiedade após a consulta foi maior naqueles que tinham necessidade de tratamento operatório; a necessidade de tratamento operatório não interferiu significativamente na auto-percepção do impacto das condições bucais na qualidade de vida. / This CASE-CONTROL study aimed to evaluate the association between Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) and the need of operatory treatment in permanent teeth. Dental anxiety and the impact of oral conditions on the quality of life were also assessed. CASE and CONTROL groups were selected from the list of patients assisted at the Pediatric Dental Clinic of the State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2011 and 2012 who were born in 2002, 2003 and 2004. CASES were those who needed operatory treatment in at least one permanent tooth and CONTROLS were those who did not need any operatory treatment in permanent teeth. One single calibrated examiner performed all the examinations. Enamel hypomineralization and caries were assessed at the tooth surface level. Caries risk was assessed using Cariogram. The facial images scale was used to assess dental anxiety before and after the dental appointment. The Childs Perception Questionnaire (CPQ8-10) assessed the impact of oral conditions on the quality of life. The sample comprised 155 patients, aged 7 to 11 years, 57 CASES and 98 CONTROLS. Among CASES, 47.4% of the children had MIH, and among CONTROLS, MIH was present in 13.3% of the children. The chance of needing operatory treatment in permanent teeth was 5.89 (CI: 2.69-12.86) times higher in patients with MIH. The mean number of first permanent molars and the mean number of tooth surfaces of first permanent molars, which needed operatory intervention, were significantly higher among children with MIH (p<0.05; p<0.01). Dental anxiety after the dental appointment was higher in the CASE group (p=0.04). Although the Global CPQ8-10 scores and the scores of the subscale Emotional well-being were slightly higher in the CASE group, the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Functional limitations scores were slightly higher in the CASE group when MIH was present, but not statistically significant (p=0.05). Based on the data of the present study it can be concluded that: MIH increased the need of operatory intervention in permanent teeth significantly; dental anxiety after the dental appointment was higher among those who needed operatory treatment in permanent teeth; childs perception about the impact of oral conditions on the quality of life was not different between those who needed and did not need operatory intervention in permanent teeth.

A Paleopatologia estuda os sinais de doenças em populações já extintas, entre elas os indicadores de estresse tais como a hipoplasia de esmalte (HE), caracterizada por reduções na espessura do esmalte sobre a superfície dentária, na forma de orifícios, sulcos ou ausência completa de esmalte sobre uma considerável área. Estes defeitos resultam de uma interrupção da atividade dos ameloblastos durante o processo de formação do esmalte devido a estresse fisiológico sistêmico, sendo amplamente utilizados em Paleopatologia Humana e de vertebrados não-humanos como indicativos de estresse ambiental e/ou nutricional. Além disso, com base na histologia do esmalte dentário, é possível relacionar alterações microestruturais neste tecido com o impacto de vários fatores de estresse sobre os ameloblastos secretórios. Toxodon, um grande e robusto mamífero notoungulado herbívoro, com dentes de crescimento contínuo, do Pleistoceno da América do Sul frequentemente tem HE, e a apresenta sob várias formas, tais como linhas ou séries contínuas de orifícios onde o esmalte é mais delgado. Estes defeitos são alternados com áreas de esmalte normal, onde pode haver de uma a seis formas de HE no mesmo dente. Neste estudo foram observados 502 dentes superiores e inferiores de Toxodon pertencentes à Coleção de Paleovertebrados do Museu de Ciências Naturais da Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul e do Museu da Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, incluindo incisivos, pré-molares e molares de depósitos pleistocênicos da Formação Touro Passo e da Planície Costeira do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados obtidos foram comparados com resultados de inspeção macroscópica em 127 dentes superiores e inferiores de Toxodon de depósitos pleistocênicos da região pampeana da Província de Buenos Aires, Argentina, pertencentes ao Museo de La Plata. A classificação de seis tipos de HE observados foi realizada através de exame macroscópico direto e sob um estereomicroscópio. Nos molares superiores predominaram sulcos tênues sobre a superfície bucal, defeitos menos significantes do que aqueles observados nos dentes inferiores. Nos incisivos inferiores foram observados profundos sulcos sobre a superfície bucal em fileiras de orifícios mésio-distais, mostrando alterações cíclicas provavelmente devidas ao crescimento acelerado dos dentes eu-hipsodontes. Nos pré-molares inferiores foram observadas as alterações mais importantes, como séries de fileiras de orifícios verticais e mésio-distais, bem como orifícios distribuídos aleatoriamente. Para estudo comparativo com os resultados macroscópicos obtidos, oito espécimes foram analisados sob microscópio eletrônico de varredura, e sob microscópio óptico, os quais mostraram ocorrência de alterações microestruturais no esmalte. O esmalte subjacente ao orifício próximo de defeitos hipoplásicos era aprismático, perdendo o padrão prisma/interprisma, bem como proeminentes estrias patológicas (Bandas de Wilson) associadas. A condição patológica de sinais de HE em todos os tipos de dentes, com relativamente altas frequências em alguns, indica que provavelmente toxodontes foram expostos a condições severas de estresse, ou, mais provavelmente foi devida ao rápido crescimento dos dentes, os quais eram rapidamente desgastados. / The Paleopathology studies signs of diseases in extinct populations, among them stress indicators, such as enamel hypoplasia (EH), characterized by focal reductions of enamel thickness on the surface of the tooth, in the form of pits, grooves or a complete absence of enamel over a considerable area. These defects result from disruption of ameloblast activity during the process of enamel formation due to systemic physiological stress, being widely used in Human Paleopathology and of non-humans vertebrates as indicative of environmental and/or nutritional stress. On the basis of the histology of tooth enamel it is possible find microstructural changes in this tissue due to the impact of various stress factors on the secretory ameloblasts. Toxodon, a large and robust notoungulate mammalian herbivore, with continuous growing teeth, from the Pleistocene of South America has often EH, in the form of lines or series of pits where the enamel is much thinner. These defects are alternated with areas of normal enamel, where there may be one to six forms on the same tooth. In this study we observed 502 upper and lower teeth belonging to the Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul and from Museu da Universidade Federal de Rio Grande paleontological collections; including incisors, premolars and molars, from Pleistocene deposits of Touro Passo Formation and the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul State. Data were compared with results of macroscopic inspection in 127 upper and lower teeth from Pleistocene pampean region of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, belonging to the Museu de La Plata. The six types of EH were observed through direct macroscopic examination and under a stereomicroscope. In the upper teeth predominated mild grooves on the buccal surface, which less significant than those observed in the lower teeth. In the lower incisors there were observed deep grooves on the buccal surface in mesiodistal pit rows, showing cyclical changes probably due to accelerated growth of the euhypsodont teeth. In the lower premolars and molars there were observed the most important signs, as a series of vertical and mesiodistal pit rows, as well as randomly distributed pits. For comparative study with the macroscopic results obtained, eight specimens there were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy, and under optical microscopy, which showed the occurrence of microstructural changes in the enamel. The enamel underlying the bottom and the vicinity of hipoplastic defects was aprismatic, lacking a prism/interprism pattern, as well as prominent pathologic striae (Wilson bands) associated. Because there are signs of EH in all types of teeth, with relatively high frequencies in some, this pathological condition indicate that probably toxodonts had been exposed to severe stress conditions, or, much probably, defects were due to a rapid growing of teeth, which were easily abraded.

A Paleopatologia estuda os sinais de doenças em populações já extintas, entre elas os indicadores de estresse tais como a hipoplasia de esmalte (HE), caracterizada por reduções na espessura do esmalte sobre a superfície dentária, na forma de orifícios, sulcos ou ausência completa de esmalte sobre uma considerável área. Estes defeitos resultam de uma interrupção da atividade dos ameloblastos durante o processo de formação do esmalte devido a estresse fisiológico sistêmico, sendo amplamente utilizados em Paleopatologia Humana e de vertebrados não-humanos como indicativos de estresse ambiental e/ou nutricional. Além disso, com base na histologia do esmalte dentário, é possível relacionar alterações microestruturais neste tecido com o impacto de vários fatores de estresse sobre os ameloblastos secretórios. Toxodon, um grande e robusto mamífero notoungulado herbívoro, com dentes de crescimento contínuo, do Pleistoceno da América do Sul frequentemente tem HE, e a apresenta sob várias formas, tais como linhas ou séries contínuas de orifícios onde o esmalte é mais delgado. Estes defeitos são alternados com áreas de esmalte normal, onde pode haver de uma a seis formas de HE no mesmo dente. Neste estudo foram observados 502 dentes superiores e inferiores de Toxodon pertencentes à Coleção de Paleovertebrados do Museu de Ciências Naturais da Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul e do Museu da Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, incluindo incisivos, pré-molares e molares de depósitos pleistocênicos da Formação Touro Passo e da Planície Costeira do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados obtidos foram comparados com resultados de inspeção macroscópica em 127 dentes superiores e inferiores de Toxodon de depósitos pleistocênicos da região pampeana da Província de Buenos Aires, Argentina, pertencentes ao Museo de La Plata. A classificação de seis tipos de HE observados foi realizada através de exame macroscópico direto e sob um estereomicroscópio. Nos molares superiores predominaram sulcos tênues sobre a superfície bucal, defeitos menos significantes do que aqueles observados nos dentes inferiores. Nos incisivos inferiores foram observados profundos sulcos sobre a superfície bucal em fileiras de orifícios mésio-distais, mostrando alterações cíclicas provavelmente devidas ao crescimento acelerado dos dentes eu-hipsodontes. Nos pré-molares inferiores foram observadas as alterações mais importantes, como séries de fileiras de orifícios verticais e mésio-distais, bem como orifícios distribuídos aleatoriamente. Para estudo comparativo com os resultados macroscópicos obtidos, oito espécimes foram analisados sob microscópio eletrônico de varredura, e sob microscópio óptico, os quais mostraram ocorrência de alterações microestruturais no esmalte. O esmalte subjacente ao orifício próximo de defeitos hipoplásicos era aprismático, perdendo o padrão prisma/interprisma, bem como proeminentes estrias patológicas (Bandas de Wilson) associadas. A condição patológica de sinais de HE em todos os tipos de dentes, com relativamente altas frequências em alguns, indica que provavelmente toxodontes foram expostos a condições severas de estresse, ou, mais provavelmente foi devida ao rápido crescimento dos dentes, os quais eram rapidamente desgastados. / The Paleopathology studies signs of diseases in extinct populations, among them stress indicators, such as enamel hypoplasia (EH), characterized by focal reductions of enamel thickness on the surface of the tooth, in the form of pits, grooves or a complete absence of enamel over a considerable area. These defects result from disruption of ameloblast activity during the process of enamel formation due to systemic physiological stress, being widely used in Human Paleopathology and of non-humans vertebrates as indicative of environmental and/or nutritional stress. On the basis of the histology of tooth enamel it is possible find microstructural changes in this tissue due to the impact of various stress factors on the secretory ameloblasts. Toxodon, a large and robust notoungulate mammalian herbivore, with continuous growing teeth, from the Pleistocene of South America has often EH, in the form of lines or series of pits where the enamel is much thinner. These defects are alternated with areas of normal enamel, where there may be one to six forms on the same tooth. In this study we observed 502 upper and lower teeth belonging to the Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul and from Museu da Universidade Federal de Rio Grande paleontological collections; including incisors, premolars and molars, from Pleistocene deposits of Touro Passo Formation and the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul State. Data were compared with results of macroscopic inspection in 127 upper and lower teeth from Pleistocene pampean region of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, belonging to the Museu de La Plata. The six types of EH were observed through direct macroscopic examination and under a stereomicroscope. In the upper teeth predominated mild grooves on the buccal surface, which less significant than those observed in the lower teeth. In the lower incisors there were observed deep grooves on the buccal surface in mesiodistal pit rows, showing cyclical changes probably due to accelerated growth of the euhypsodont teeth. In the lower premolars and molars there were observed the most important signs, as a series of vertical and mesiodistal pit rows, as well as randomly distributed pits. For comparative study with the macroscopic results obtained, eight specimens there were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy, and under optical microscopy, which showed the occurrence of microstructural changes in the enamel. The enamel underlying the bottom and the vicinity of hipoplastic defects was aprismatic, lacking a prism/interprism pattern, as well as prominent pathologic striae (Wilson bands) associated. Because there are signs of EH in all types of teeth, with relatively high frequencies in some, this pathological condition indicate that probably toxodonts had been exposed to severe stress conditions, or, much probably, defects were due to a rapid growing of teeth, which were easily abraded.

The mass grave in Västergarn, Gotland, Sweden is located between two medieval churches and thought to be a bone depot from when one of the churches expanded their wall in more recent time. The bone depot is problematic in a way because it could contain individuals from a wide time frame, making it hard to ask certain questions regarding how the individuals lived and died. Also conducting individual studies of the skeletons is hard since the osteological material is highly fragmented and the individual graves has been disturbed post burial. Therefore this osteological study will not focus on studying the health of the people individual by individual, but rather examine the permanent teeth of this material and then apply statistics to study the overall oral health of Västergarns mass grave. Enquiries regarding tooth health and how people experienced their life because of it, are questions that I will be trying to answer in this study. A deeper and thorough investigation regarding certain teeth conditions such as dental calculus, caries, enamel hypoplasia as well as mechanical damage will be conducted. There will also be comparisons between other historic locations in Sweden such as Uppsala, Skara and the older cemetery and its ruin in Västergarn. Last but not least a discussion regarding the difficulty of examining a diverse material with different timeframes.

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Masters of Science / The infants of women who smoke during pregnancy have a lower birth mass than those born of women who abstain. Animal studies reveal that reduced growth due to maternal nicotine exposure during gestation is accompanied by lung hypoplasia. Biochemical analysis suggests that these lungs contain more cells which implies that lung damage occurs. In this study we examined the in vivo effects of maternal nicotine exposure (lmg/Kg/day), the equivalent of 32 cigarettes per day, on the following parameters of fetal and neonatal Wistar rat lung:(i) the content and distribution of glycogen in fetal and neonatal lung (ii) the status of connective tissue in neonatal lung (iii) the cell composition of the alveoli in neonatal lung. Fetal rat lungs of ages 17, 18, 19 and 20 days and neonatal lungs of 1, 7, 14 and 21 day old pups were used. Light microscope techniques and special stains were used to investigate glycogen, connective tissue, macrophage numbers and morphological status of the lungs. Fetal rat lungs of ages 17, 18, 19 and 20 days and neonatal lungs of 1, 7, 14 and 21 day old pups were used. Light microscope techniques and special stains were used to investigate glycogen, connective tissue, macrophage numbers and morphological status of the lungs. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques were employed to investigate the characteristics and composition of the alveolus The results show clearly that maternal nicotine exposure elevates pulmonary alveolar macrophage numbers'(PAM's) and lung glycogen levels. The quantity of elastic fibres in 1 day old neonates was significantly reduced but no changes in the quantity of reticulin and collagen fibres was observed. As a result of this change in connective tissue status, emphysema-like lesions and alveolar collapse was evident in the lungs of nicotine-exposed pups. TEM investigations revealed that changes to the composition of alveoli occurred. These included increased numbers of type II pneumocytes with high numbers of lamellar bodies with degenerative changes. Thickening of the blood-air barrier was also observed. The effect of maternal nicotine exposure has been documented in this study. However, it has not been possible to pinpoint the mechanisms involved but explanations have been proposed. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanisms by which nicotine produces these effects. Information thus obtained could help prevent the harmful effects to the fetus and neonate caused by smoking during pregnancy.

Abstract: Recent debate concerning the suitability of mortality profile analysis for identifying secondary product utilisation within archaeozoological assemblages has prompted the search for alternative methodologies. This research explores the potential of using weaning age to provide insight into herding strategies in ovicaprines, determined through the prevalence of developmental enamel defects. A histological methodology was developed, adapted to the specific nature of sheep molars through an understanding of formation processes and enamel structures. This established a relationship between weaning and developmental defects in modern sheep, revealed as distinct patterns in defect distribution within the enamel. Based on historical/archaeological data a weaning age model was developed for the North Atlantic region by which herding strategies could be recognised, specifically: mixed milk/meat subsistence, with an emphasis on milk (0-2 months) or on meat (2-4 months), and the optimisation of meat and/or wool (4-6 months). This methodology was then tested on archaeological material to interpret husbandry at Iron Age and Norse/Viking period sites. The results of this analysis showed that interpretations were in general agreement with those of mortality profile and correspondence analysis conducted as a methodological comparative. Some disparity, however, highlighted the ability of this new technique to provide more sensitivity in cases of mixed subsistence systems, possibly identifying the economic focus of husbandry, or where mortality profiles are confused. It was concluded that the study of weaning age has potential to provide valuable insight into ovicaprine husbandry in archaeological contexts, adding to the understanding of faunal assemblages, especially when supported with other evidence. / Recent debate concerning the suitability of mortality profile analysis for identifying secondary product utilisation within archaeozoological assemblages has prompted the search for alternative methodologies. This research explores the potential of using weaning age to provide insight into herding strategies in ovicaprines, determined through the prevalence of developmental enamel defects. A histological methodology was developed, adapted to the specific nature of sheep molars through an understanding of formation processes and enamel structures. This established a relationship between weaning and developmental defects in modern sheep, revealed as distinct patterns in defect distribution within the enamel. Based on historical/archaeological data a weaning age model was developed for the North Atlantic region by which herding strategies could be recognised, specifically: mixed milk/meat subsistence, with an emphasis on milk (0-2 months) or on meat (2-4 months), and the optimisation of meat and/or wool (4-6 months). This methodology was then tested on archaeological material to interpret husbandry at Iron Age and Norse/Viking period sites. The results of this analysis showed that interpretations were in general agreement with those of mortality profile and correspondence analysis conducted as a methodological comparative. Some disparity, however, highlighted the ability of this new technique to provide more sensitivity in cases of mixed subsistence systems, possibly identifying the economic focus of husbandry, or where mortality profiles are confused. It was concluded that the study of weaning age has potential to provide valuable insight into ovicaprine husbandry in archaeological contexts, adding to the understanding of faunal assemblages, especially when supported with other evidence.

The present research seeks to assesses the presence and prevalence of two distinct dental pathologies: linear enamel hypoplasia and caries in an ancient Maya juvenile subsample from Altun Ha, Belize spanning the Preclassic (ca. 600 B.C.) through the Terminal Classic (ca. 900 A.D.) periods. Teeth offer a remarkable wealth of information about the human experience in the past. Developmental and post-eruption pathology can provide insight into cultural and evolutionary processes by illuminating social and biological factors such as diet, weaning, illness, and overall health that manifest in observable changes to the composition of teeth. In addition, growth and developmental stages of juveniles provide an ideal framework in which to qualify paleopathological research. From a biological standpoint, high ante-mortem resistance to physiological stress and post-mortem preservation make teeth ideal for analyses of pathology in archaeological contexts. For the analysis of the Altun Ha juvenile subsample, a cohort approach is used in the presentation and discussion of results. Discrete pathologies are analyzed based on age cohorts, individual, tooth type, tooth surface location, and archaeological time period. The results indicate an increase in prevalence of pathology concurrent with increasing dental age as well as a predisposition to pathology among specific tooth types and locations on the crown surface and within the dental arcade as well as temporal shifts in pathology prevalence. These analyses demonstrate the importance of assessing juveniles within the archaeological record with emphasis on the transitory developmental stages experienced by children.