The mass media influences our worldviews and perceptions, especially of social problems and potential solutions. Importantly, media messages, especially when repeated over time and during a crisis (real or perceived), tend to influence future public policy. Consistent with other periods of crisis and uncertainty, the COVID-19 pandemicization has led to an increased consumption of and reliance on news for accurate information and guidance on what to do and how to act amidst changing public health regulations and social norms. While the aging demographic has made media headlines before the COVID-19 pandemic was declared, the death of nearly 4,000 long-term care facility patients in Ontario alone since March 2020, most of them older adults, has increased the salience of Long-Term Care in the news (television, radio, newspapers, and digital news platforms). In this regard, many claims have been made in the media regarding older adults and their care and safety. But how are the problems leading to mass deaths in LTCFs defined and subsequent solutions presented in the mass media? In order to answer this question, this research asks: how are aging, care, and safety constructed or portrayed in newspaper coverage of LTC in Ontario during the first eight months of the COVID-19 pandemicization? Moreover, what are the implications of these portrayals for an aging population whereby nearly all of us will either need assistance at some point in our lives, provide this assistance to others, or both? Newspaper articles in the National Post on the topic of LTC from March to November 2020 were reviewed using Critical Discourse Analysis. Findings indicate event bias in reporting, journalistic ignorance on the issues in LTC and for those confined therein, dehumanization of older adult subjects, and highly medicalized notions of care and safety. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA) / The mass media influences our perceptions, especially of societal problems and potential solutions. Consistent with other periods of uncertainty, since the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic, consumption of and reliance on news has increased among the public. Importantly, media messaging during a crisis often influences future public policy with the potential to further exacerbate the crisis. The death of nearly 4,000 long-term care facility patients in Ontario alone since March 2020, most of them older adults, has increased the salience of Long-Term Care in the news, but toward what end? In order to deconstruct media messages during this time of tremendous upheaval, this research asks: how are age(ing), care, and safety portrayed in newspaper coverage of LTC in Ontario during the first eight months of the COVID-19 pandemic? What are the consequences of these portrayals for an aging population whereby nearly all of us will either need assistance at some point in our lives, provide this assistance to others, or both?

Este trabalho aborda o tema do potencial iatrogênico da psicanálise. Desde a Grécia Antiga, com Hipócrates, estabeleceu-se como princípio basilar das práticas de cura a necessidade de que, antes de tudo, não se deve causar mal ao paciente. Sabe-se que qualquer tratamento com potencial para curar um paciente tem também potencial de produzir efeitos iatrogênicos. Contudo, no campo da saúde mental, a pesquisa sobre o tema ainda pouco avançou, enfrentando resistência por parte dos profissionais e também obstáculos metodológicos, em particular, a falta de terminologia adequada para identificar, classificar e analisar os efeitos iatrogênicos. Pesquisas sobre o tema mostram que tratamentos em saúde mental provocam piora do quadro clínico do paciente em até 10% dos casos. Indicam também a importância da relação entre paciente e terapeuta, enquanto fonte de eficácia do tratamento, mas também fonte de produção de efeitos iatrogênicos. O presente trabalho é uma pesquisa teórica, que por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre o tema do potencial iatrogênico da Psicanálise, visa investigar em que condições o psicanalista e/ou o tratamento psicanalítico podem produzir efeitos iatrogênicos e de que modo a formação psicanalítica pode contribuir para redução desses efeitos. Espera-se que a pesquisa sirva de base para o desenvolvimento de um esquema teórico conceitual que amplie a discussão sobre o tema do potencial iatrogênico da psicanálise. Até o momento foi possível elaborar a proposta de terminologia aplicável ao campo das iatrogenias, a partir da diferenciação entre iatrogenias dolosas e culposas, e com uso das categorias como: imperícia, negligencia e imprudência. Abordamos também a questão dos diversos usos feitos do poder no curso do tratamento, articulado ao tema da responsabilidade do psicanalista, a partir da proposta de formalização da práxis psicanalítica à semelhança de um jogo composto por três elementos - o sujeito, o saber e o sexo, tal como proposto por Jacques 11 Lacan no Seminário XII. Concluímos que nas tentativas de simplificação, redução, recortes ou amputações da prática e da teoria psicanalítica é que residem os maiores riscos de aumento no potencial iatrogênico do tratamento. Espera-se que a presente pesquisa contribua de modo relevante para a construção de um esquema teórico conceitual que amplie a discussão sobre o tema da iatrogenia dos tratamentos em saúde mental, visando, em última instancia, compreender as possibilidades de redução de danos decorrentes do tratamento psicanalítico / This paper discusses the iatrogenic potential of psychoanalysis. Since ancient Greece, with Hippocrates, it was established as a basic principle of healing practices that, first of all, the doctor shall not cause harm to the patient. Today, it is known that any potential treatment for curing a patient also has the potential of producing iatrogenic effects. However, in the field of mental health, research on the subject has made little progress, facing resistance from professionals and methodological obstacles, particularly the lack of a proper terminology to identify, classify and analyze the iatrogenic effects. Research on the subject shows that mental health treatments may cause worsening of the clinical condition of the patient in up to 10% of cases. Researches also indicate the importance of the relationship between patient and therapist, as a source of treatment efficacy, but also as the source of iatrogenic effects. This work is a theoretical research that through a systematic review of the literature on the iatrogenic potential of psychoanalysis, aims to investigate under what conditions the analyst and/or psychoanalytic treatment may produce iatrogenic effects and how psychoanalytic training can help reduce these effects. It is hoped that this research will serve as a basis for the development of a conceptual theoretical framework to broaden the discussion on the subject of the iatrogenic potential of psychoanalysis. So far it was possible to develop a proposal of terminology applicable to the field of iatrogenic effects in mental health, based on the distinction between intentional and culpable iatrogenic, and use of categories such as malpractice, negligence and recklessness. This research also addressed the issue of the different uses made of power in the course of treatment, linked to the psychoanalysts responsibility when conducting a treatment, based on the proposed formalization of psychoanalytic practice like a game, revolving around three elements - the subject, knowledge and sex - as proposed by Jacques Lacan, in Seminar XII. We conclude to argue that in the attempts of simplification, reduction, cuts or amputations of psychoanalytical practice and theory resides the greatest increases in iatrogenic potential of psychoanalysis. It is hoped that this research will 13 contribute in a relevant way for the construction of a conceptual theoretical framework to broaden the discussion on the subject of iatrogenic treatments in mental health, aimed at ultimately, understand the harm reduction opportunities arising from psychoanalytical treatment

Este trabalho aborda o tema do potencial iatrogênico da psicanálise. Desde a Grécia Antiga, com Hipócrates, estabeleceu-se como princípio basilar das práticas de cura a necessidade de que, antes de tudo, não se deve causar mal ao paciente. Sabe-se que qualquer tratamento com potencial para curar um paciente tem também potencial de produzir efeitos iatrogênicos. Contudo, no campo da saúde mental, a pesquisa sobre o tema ainda pouco avançou, enfrentando resistência por parte dos profissionais e também obstáculos metodológicos, em particular, a falta de terminologia adequada para identificar, classificar e analisar os efeitos iatrogênicos. Pesquisas sobre o tema mostram que tratamentos em saúde mental provocam piora do quadro clínico do paciente em até 10% dos casos. Indicam também a importância da relação entre paciente e terapeuta, enquanto fonte de eficácia do tratamento, mas também fonte de produção de efeitos iatrogênicos. O presente trabalho é uma pesquisa teórica, que por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre o tema do potencial iatrogênico da Psicanálise, visa investigar em que condições o psicanalista e/ou o tratamento psicanalítico podem produzir efeitos iatrogênicos e de que modo a formação psicanalítica pode contribuir para redução desses efeitos. Espera-se que a pesquisa sirva de base para o desenvolvimento de um esquema teórico conceitual que amplie a discussão sobre o tema do potencial iatrogênico da psicanálise. Até o momento foi possível elaborar a proposta de terminologia aplicável ao campo das iatrogenias, a partir da diferenciação entre iatrogenias dolosas e culposas, e com uso das categorias como: imperícia, negligencia e imprudência. Abordamos também a questão dos diversos usos feitos do poder no curso do tratamento, articulado ao tema da responsabilidade do psicanalista, a partir da proposta de formalização da práxis psicanalítica à semelhança de um jogo composto por três elementos - o sujeito, o saber e o sexo, tal como proposto por Jacques 11 Lacan no Seminário XII. Concluímos que nas tentativas de simplificação, redução, recortes ou amputações da prática e da teoria psicanalítica é que residem os maiores riscos de aumento no potencial iatrogênico do tratamento. Espera-se que a presente pesquisa contribua de modo relevante para a construção de um esquema teórico conceitual que amplie a discussão sobre o tema da iatrogenia dos tratamentos em saúde mental, visando, em última instancia, compreender as possibilidades de redução de danos decorrentes do tratamento psicanalítico / This paper discusses the iatrogenic potential of psychoanalysis. Since ancient Greece, with Hippocrates, it was established as a basic principle of healing practices that, first of all, the doctor shall not cause harm to the patient. Today, it is known that any potential treatment for curing a patient also has the potential of producing iatrogenic effects. However, in the field of mental health, research on the subject has made little progress, facing resistance from professionals and methodological obstacles, particularly the lack of a proper terminology to identify, classify and analyze the iatrogenic effects. Research on the subject shows that mental health treatments may cause worsening of the clinical condition of the patient in up to 10% of cases. Researches also indicate the importance of the relationship between patient and therapist, as a source of treatment efficacy, but also as the source of iatrogenic effects. This work is a theoretical research that through a systematic review of the literature on the iatrogenic potential of psychoanalysis, aims to investigate under what conditions the analyst and/or psychoanalytic treatment may produce iatrogenic effects and how psychoanalytic training can help reduce these effects. It is hoped that this research will serve as a basis for the development of a conceptual theoretical framework to broaden the discussion on the subject of the iatrogenic potential of psychoanalysis. So far it was possible to develop a proposal of terminology applicable to the field of iatrogenic effects in mental health, based on the distinction between intentional and culpable iatrogenic, and use of categories such as malpractice, negligence and recklessness. This research also addressed the issue of the different uses made of power in the course of treatment, linked to the psychoanalysts responsibility when conducting a treatment, based on the proposed formalization of psychoanalytic practice like a game, revolving around three elements - the subject, knowledge and sex - as proposed by Jacques Lacan, in Seminar XII. We conclude to argue that in the attempts of simplification, reduction, cuts or amputations of psychoanalytical practice and theory resides the greatest increases in iatrogenic potential of psychoanalysis. It is hoped that this research will 13 contribute in a relevant way for the construction of a conceptual theoretical framework to broaden the discussion on the subject of iatrogenic treatments in mental health, aimed at ultimately, understand the harm reduction opportunities arising from psychoanalytical treatment

Bakgrund: Globalt inom hälso- och sjukvården skadas årligen tusentals patienter, somliga med dödligt utfall. Majoriteten av dessa skador sker inom den perioperativa vården där operationssjuksköterskan har ett ansvar att minimera risken för att en vårdskada ska uppkomma. En viktig del inom patientsäkerhets- och förbättringsarbetet är avvikelserapportering och detta är således ett viktigt ämne för vidare forskning. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att kartlägga inrapporterade avvikelser inom operationssjukvård samt att undersöka eventuellt samband mellan tidpunkt och avvikelseområde. Metod: Kvantitativ retrospektiv registerstudie. Studien innefattar Centraloperation i Skellefteå och Umeå universitetssjukhus samtliga operationsavdelningar. Avvikelserna samlades in via databasen Platina och materialet behandlades med hjälp av SPSS Statistics version 23. Resultat: Resultatet visade på en signifikant skillnad (p=,000) mellan för- och eftermiddag där förmiddag var vanligast förekommande tidsintervall för inrapportering av avvikelser. De tre vanligaste avvikelseområdena representerades av: Vård och rehabilitering, kommunikation och medicinsk teknik-produkt. Av de totalt 1621 inrapporterade avvikelserna så visade inte resultatet på något signifikant samband mellan tidsintervall och avvikelseområde. Ortopedoperation i Umeå var den klinik där de flesta avvikelser var inrapporterade samt den mest avvikelsefrekventa dagen var onsdag. Slutsats: En signifikant skillnad förelåg mellan antalet inrapporterade avvikelser under för- och eftermiddagar, med förmiddagar som mest frekvent. Inget signifikant samband kunde påvisas mellan tidsintervall och avvikelseområde, dock belyser båda resultaten trender i verksamheten som ur ett patientsäkerhetsperspektiv är av värde för vidare forskning. / Background: Globally within the health care system thousands of patients get injured annually, some with a deadly outcome. The majority of these injuries occur in the perioperative care, where the theatre nurse plays an important role in patient safety. An important part within patient safety and work enhancement is adverse event (AE) reporting and therefore makes it an important topic for further research. Objective: The aim of the study was to map reported AE’s in surgical care and to examine possible correlations between time and AE area. Method: Quantitative retrospective registry study. The study includes Central Operation in Skellefteå and Umeå University Hospital’s all surgical departments. The AE’s were collected through the database Platina and the material was processed with the help of SPSS Statistics version 23. Findings: The results showed a significant difference (p=,000) between morning and afternoon where morning was the most frequent. The three most common areas of AE's were represented by: Care and rehabilitation, communications and medical technology-product. Out of the total 1621 reported AE's the result showed no significant correlation between time interval and AE area. Orthopaedic surgery in Umeå was the clinic were the most AE’s was reported and the most AE frequent day was Wednesday. Conclusion: A significant difference between the numbers of reported AE's during mornings and afternoons was present, with mornings being the most frequent. No significant correlation could be found between the time interval and the AE area, both results however highlight trends in the business which from a patient safety perspective is of valuable for further research.

Iatrogenic injury resulting from psychiatric treatment represents a critical concern within the healthcare system and causes great harm to the afflicted individuals. This study delves into the multifaceted dimensions of iatrogenic harm attributed to psychiatric treatment, with a focus on the interplay between trust, accountability and recognition, and the social and relational experience of receiving treatment that ends up causing harm. The erosion of trust in psychiatric medicine on part of the individual, stemming from instances of iatrogenic injury where professional and systemic accountability was perceived as inadequate, challenges the foundation of the relationship between individual and treatment provider as well as the relationship between the individual and the psychiatric system. To mitigate this erosion, it is imperative to understand the factors that contribute to the individual’s lack of trust, in order to promote open communication and informed decision-making in psychiatric treatment. In that sense, being afflicted with iatrogenic injury is an inherently social experience. Furthermore, central to this study is the emphasis on recognizing the individual narratives of those who have experienced iatrogenic injury, as each individual’s unique circumstances and personal stories offer valuable insights into the human impact of medical maltreatment, and centering their experiences can contribute to a broader discourse on psychiatric care reform. This study underscores the need for a holistic re-evaluation of psychiatric treatment practices, where recognition of the individual’s experiences and open discussions on the limitations of psychiatric treatment are at the forefront. Ultimately, this study aims to contribute to the ongoing dialogue surrounding iatrogenic harm and the need for different pathways that improve the safety and quality of psychiatric care by focusing on the individual’s inherent right to control the process of undergoing psychiatric treatment and the right to not be harmed.

Illich, a critic of the medical profession in industrial societies, researched the "damage done" by the medical establishment on three levels. This study presents an application of Illich's three-level theory of iatrogenesis to a sample of elderly people in old-age homes in and around Pretoria. Fifty in-depth interviews were conducted with old-age home residents. In the focus on clinical iatrogenesis, the aspect of defenceless patients was investigated. With regard to social iatrogenesis, focus was on the interpretation of attitudes revealing an increased medical dependency. Cultural iatrogenesis, which involves the influence of values and norms on thinking patterns, is investigated in terms of the impact of institutionalisation on the autonomy, independence and personal responsibility of residents. Illich's solution to the problem of medicalisation is to be found in the de-bureaucratisation and de-industrialisation of society. Based on the assumptions of critical theory, the emancipation of the individual is suggested as a basis of Illich's proposed structural societal changes / M.A. (Sociology)

Illich, a critic of the medical profession in industrial societies, researched the "damage done" by the medical establishment on three levels. This study presents an application of Illich's three-level theory of iatrogenesis to a sample of elderly people in old-age homes in and around Pretoria. Fifty in-depth interviews were conducted with old-age home residents. In the focus on clinical iatrogenesis, the aspect of defenceless patients was investigated. With regard to social iatrogenesis, focus was on the interpretation of attitudes revealing an increased medical dependency. Cultural iatrogenesis, which involves the influence of values and norms on thinking patterns, is investigated in terms of the impact of institutionalisation on the autonomy, independence and personal responsibility of residents. Illich's solution to the problem of medicalisation is to be found in the de-bureaucratisation and de-industrialisation of society. Based on the assumptions of critical theory, the emancipation of the individual is suggested as a basis of Illich's proposed structural societal changes / M.A. (Sociology)

No description available.