<p>Ispitivana je zavisnost brzine fronta udarnih talasa u T-cevi od vi&scaron;e parametara. Izvr&scaron;eno je povezivanje ICCD kamere sa spektrometrom. Ispitane su karakteristike celokupnog sistema i izvr&scaron;ena je njegova optimizacija i kalibracija. Izmerene su &Scaron;tarkove polu&scaron;irine 45 spektralnih linija OII, 13 spektralnih linija Si II i 14 spektralnih linija Si III. Dobijene vrednosti su upoređene sa vrednostima koje se mogu naći u literature, kao i sa teorijskim vrednostima. Urađena je detaljna analiza rezultata iz ovog rada kao i svih dostupnih prethodno dobijenih eksperimentalnih podataka.</p> / <p>The dependence of shock front velocity on different parameters was examined. The ICCD camera was mounted on the spectrometer. The characteristics of the whole system were examined and the system was optimized and calibrated. The Stark halfwidths of 45 O II spectral lines, 13 Si II spectral lines and 14 Si III spectral lines were measured. The obtained values were compared with the data available in the literature, as well as with theoretical values. A detailed analysis of both the experimental results given in this dissertation and previously published experimental data was done.</p>

The purpose of this study was to investigate the thermochemical properties of a transient supersonic flame. Creation of the transient flame was controlled by pulsing air in 200 millisecond intervals into a combustor filled with flowing methane. The combustor was designed following well-known principles of jet engine combustors. A flame holder and spark plug combination was used to encourage turbulent mixing and ignition of reactant gases, and to anchor the transient flame. Combustion created a high temperature and pressure environment which propelled a flame through a choked de Laval nozzle. The nozzle accelerated the products of combustion to a Mach number of 1.6, creating an underexpanded transient flame which burned for approximately 25 milliseconds. Qualitative information of the flame was gathered by two optical systems. An intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) was constructed from constitutive components to amplify and capture the chemiluminescence generated by the transient flame, as well as the spatial structure of the flame at specific phases. To gather temporal data of a single transient event as it unfolded, a z-type schlieren optical system was constructed for use with a high speed camera. The system resolves the data in 1 millisecond increments, sufficient for capturing the transient phenomenon. The transient system was modeled computationally in Cantera using the GRI-3.0 reaction mechanism. Experimental conditions were simulated within the zero- dimensional computation by explicit control of the reacting gas mass flow rates within the system. Results from the computational model were used to describe the ignition process. The major limitation of the zero-dimensional reactor model is homogeneity and lack of spatial mixing. In this work a Lagrangian tracking model was used to describe the flame behavior and properties as it travels within the zero-dimensional reactor towards the nozzle. Following this, the flow expansion through the de Laval nozzle was calculated using one-dimensional isentropic relations. The computed reactor model data was then contrasted to experimental results from the ICCD and high speed schlieren images to fully describe the events in the transient supersonic flame.

During the past decade, new advanced combustion systems that share the same basic concept of using a substantially diluted and high-temperature oxidizer in the reaction volume have gained a great deal of interest regarding their application in industrial and power systems. These novel combustion technologies have proved to offer significant benefits compared to traditional combustion techniques. These benefits include reductions in pollutant emissions and energy consumption, as well as a higher and more uniformly distributed heat flux. This entails the potential to, for example, reduce the size of equipment in industrial units or increase production rates while fuel consumption and the subsequent CO2 emissions are decreased or maintained at the same level. Although the development of these new combustion technologies has occurred fairly recently, it has gained worldwide recognition. During the past few years the technique has been used commercially with several different types of burners. Despite its widespread use, the basic understanding of the chemical-physical phenomena involved is limited, and a better understanding of the combustion phenomena is required for more effective utilization of the technology. The objectives of this work have been to obtain fuel-jet characteristics in combustion under high-temperature, low-oxygen conditions and to develop some theoretical considerations of the phenomena. The effect of the preheat temperature of the combustion air, combustion stoichiometry and the fuel-jet calorific value on flame behavior was investigated. Temperature and heat-flux distribution were also studied using a semi-industrial test furnace to see if similar flame features would be found for the small- and large-scale experiments. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used for the first time to obtain information on the flow dynamics of a fuel jet injected into a crossflow of oxidizer at either a normal temperature or a very high temperature. Light emission spectroscopy was used to collect information on time-averaged radical distributions in the combustion jet. Jet turbulence, time-averaged velocity distribution, fuel-jet mixing, the distribution of radicals such as CH, OH and C2, and flame photographs were investigated. The results showed delayed mixing and combustion under high-temperature low-oxygen-concentration conditions. The combustion air preheat temperature and oxygen concentration were found to have a significant effect on the burning fuel-jet behavior. The results of the semi-industrial-scale tests also showed the features of even flame temperature and heat flux. / QC 20100610

Depuis le début des années 2000, de nouvelles sources plasma à pression atmosphérique ont été développées. Ces dernière permettent la propagation d'un jet de plasma froid (plasma hors équilibre thermodynamique) à l'air. Du fait de leurs intéressantes propriétés (en terme d'espèces réactives, de basse température et de leurs facultés à s'étendre dans l'air), ils sont étudiés dans une large gamme d'applications parmi lesquelles la médecine, la décontamination, la synthèse de nanoparticules ou encore la chimie analytique. Certains jets sont générés par des sources basées sur des configurations de décharges à barrières diélectriques (DBD), c'est le cas de cette étude. Ce travail propose la caractérisation expérimentale d'un jet de plasma ayant comme objectif d'être couplé à un spectromètre de masse à temps de vol (TOF-MS) dans le cadre d'une application à la chimie analytique dans les conditions ambiantes. La source se compose d'un diélectrique, dans lequel le gaz de décharge est injecté, entouré par deux électrodes alimentées par un signal de tension alternatif carré. Les diagnostics utilisés lors de la caractérisation de la décharge sont principalement optiques. Il s'agit de spectroscopie d'émission optique ainsi que d'imagerie réalisée avec une caméra ICCD, dans un premier temps employée sans filtre puis avec des filtres passe-bandes. Le spectromètre de masse a également été utilisé comme outil de diagnostic afin d'identifier les ions créés par l'interaction du plasma dans l'air. Le jet a été étudié pour différentes conditions de tensions appliquées et de débits de gaz, et ce pour deux gaz de décharge, le néon et l'hélium. Les mécanismes de propagation du jet dans l'air ont été étudiés indépendamment pour les deux alternances de la tension, mettant en évidence la propagation de streamers, respectivement positif et négatif, ainsi que la présence d'un canal ionisé persistant d'un streamer à l'autre. Les distributions spatio-temporelles des émissions des principales espèces radiatives ont été étudiées lors de la propagation de chacun des streamers permettant d'observer et d'identifier plusieurs mécanismes intervenant dans le peuplement des états supérieurs de ces espèces. Ces résultats ont révélé que les mécanismes mis en jeu diffèrent pour certaines espèces en fonction de l'alternance de la tension. Il est également apparu que les mécanismes intervenant dans les décharges initiées avec le néon ou l'hélium étaient globalement semblables mais différaient tout de même légèrement du fait de la différence d'énergie entre les états métastables du néon et de l'hélium. Afin d'évaluer les capacités d'ionisation de la source dans le cadre de son application à la chimie analytique dans les conditions ambiantes, les ions créés par le plasma dans l'air ont été détectés et identifiés à l'aide du TOF-MS puis différents échantillons volatils ont été testés. Les résultats ont mis en évidence que le jet initié avec le néon est aussi efficace que celui initié avec l'hélium pour ioniser ces échantillons. Une étude semi-quantitative d'un des échantillons volatils a également été réalisée. / Since the beginning of the 2000's, new atmospheric pressure plasma sources have been developed. They allow the propagation of a cold plasma jet or plasma plume in open air (non-equilibrium plasma jets). Their particular properties (in terms of reactive species, low temperature and ability to extend in open air) make them useful tools in a large range of research fields such as biomedicine, decontamination and sterilization, nanomaterial synthesis and analytical chemistry. Among the plasma jet sources, some are based on a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) configuration, which is the case of this study. This work proposes the experimental characterization of a plasma jet developed with the aim to be coupled with a Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (TOF-MS) in order to perform ambient chemical analysis. The source consists of a dielectric body surrounded by two electrodes. The source is fed by a discharge gas (helium or neon) and powered by a square alternative voltage. The main diagnostics are optical emission spectroscopy and imaging with an ICCD camera. The mass spectrometer has also been used as a diagnostic tool to identify the ions created by the jet interacting with the species present in ambient air. The jet has been studied for two gases, neon and helium, with different experimental conditions of flow rates and applied voltages. The mechanisms of the jet propagation in open air have been studied for both half periods of the voltage (positive and negative), where the passage between positive and negative streamers transited through a remnant ionized channel. The spatial and temporal distributions of the main radiative species were investigated independently for each streamer allowing the observation and identification of mechanisms responsible of the populating of the upper level of observed emissions. It was shown that the mechanisms differ according to the half period studied and also the type of gases (neon and helium) due to the difference between the energies of their metastable states. In order to lay the groundwork in ambient analytical chemistry with the plasma source, its ionization capability was evaluated. Firstly, the ions created by the jet in open air were identified and analyzed with the TOF-MS, secondly the analysis was performed with different volatile samples. The results highlighted that the jet initiated with neon as discharge gas is able to ionize as well as the jet initiated with helium. A semi quantitative study of one of the volatile samples has also been realized.

This thesis deals with the study of parameters of diaphragm discharge in liquids. NaCl solution of different conductivity was used as a conductive medium. Conductivities were adjusted in the range from 220 to 1000 µS cm-1. Two diagnostic methods were used for the study of plasma parameters. The first one was employed in the laboratory of plasma chemistry at Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, namely the optical emission spectroscopy. The second method used for plasma diagnostics was the time resolved ICCD camera at the Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas at the École Polytechnique in Paris. The reactor for the diagnostics by optical emission spectroscopy had the volume of 4 l, and it was made of polycarbonate. PET diaphragm was placed in the barrier separating the cathode and the anode space. Electrodes were made of titanium coated with platinum. Electric power source supplied a constant DC voltage of maximum 5 kV and electric current up to 300 mA. Spectrometer Jobin Yvon TRIAX 550 with CCD detector was used during the experiments in order to measure overview spectra within the range from 200 to 900 nm as well as OH molecular spectra and Hß line spectra. All spectra were scanned in both discharge polarities, i.e. at the cathode and the anode part of reactor. The basic parameters of the discharge plasma were calculated from the spectra, that means rotational and electron temperature and electron density. Another part of experiment consisted of measurements by the ICCD camera iStar 734. Two types of reactors were used. The first one was the same as the reactor for the measurements by the optical emission spectroscopy. The second one was also made of polycarbonate, but the volume of conductive solution was 110 ml, only. HV electrodes made of stainless steel were placed in this reactor. Ceramic diaphragm (Shapal-MTM) was used in both reactors. Diaphragms had different thickness and diameter of holes. ICCD camera acquired photographs with details of processes of the bubbles generation and discharge operation (propagation of plasma channels), depending on solution conductivity, dimensions of the diaphragm, and with respect to the electrode part of the reactor.

The on-going interest in thermoelectric (TE) materials, in the form of bulk and films, motivates investigation of materials that exhibit low thermal conductivity and good electrical conductivity. Such materials are phonon-glass electron-crystals (PGEC), and the multi-component type-I clathrate Ba8Ga16Ge30 is in this category. This work reports the first investigation of Ba8Ga16Ge30 films grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). This dissertation details the in-situ growth of polycrystalline type-I clathrate Ba8Ga16Ge30 thin-films by pulsed laser ablation. Films deposited using conventional laser ablation produced films that contained a high density of particulates and exhibited weak crystallinity. In order to produce high quality, polycrystalline, particulate-free films, a dual-laser ablation process was used that combines the pulses of (UV) KrF excimer and (IR) CO2 lasers that are temporally synchronized and spatially overlapped on the target surface. The effect of the laser energy on stoichiometric removal of material and morphology of the target has been investigated. In addition, in-situ time-gated emission spectroscopy and imaging techniques were used to monitor expansion of components in the ablated plumes. Through these investigations, the growth parameters were optimized not only to significantly reduce the particulate density but also to produce large area stoichiometric films. Structure and electrical transport properties of the resultant films were also evaluated. This work provides new insight toward the in-situ growth of complex multi-component structures in thin-film form for potential TE applications.

會所為近年來我國新興之非營利組織，其基本性質應該屬於精神障礙障者病友自治團體，其發展係源自於美國活泉之家，目前我國全部僅有五所，但其中二所卻因故不得不嘎然結束原有之經營，殊為可惜。 本研究之方法，係採取質性研究方式，並對5所會所實際擔任經營管理之負責人作深度訪查。 本研究主要之目的，係在探討以下幾點： （一）探討如何延續已經創造之公益模式，能夠繼續永續經營。 （二）以資源管理模式，探討關鍵成功或失敗因素，供其他類似非營利組織做參考。 （三）保障並增進弱勢精神障礙者權益。 （四）為醫療體系運作創造一個參考架構之典範，作為修正現有精神醫療機構過度營利化、公司化之趨勢。 本研究在以資源為基礎來探討會所之經營管理模式後，獲得之主要結論，有以下幾點： （一）國內會所經費來源大多依靠政府補助支援，多半超過50％之比重，相對而言，自籌款比率偏低，亦即會所之資源來源，主要由政府提供。 （二）國內會所除與原先設置之非營利組織緊密相連結外，多數並未正式去連結其他組織以獲取外部資源。 （三）國內會所或許因為草創之初，經營規模尚未達到一定程度，因此，尚未使用經營管理所使用之績效與策略工具。 （四）國內會所逐漸往申請國際認證之經營管理方向前進，在引進更多外部資源，尤其是知識與技術資源，以強化其核心能耐。 本研究之結論，在經營管理上之意涵，主要有以下幾點： （一）降低過渡外部資源之依賴比重：會所於開辦與立案之初，應積極獲取政府所提供之資源，但為永續經營，必須逐漸減少依賴政府資源，降低政府補助佔總收入之比例。 （二）開發新資源：與企業合作，包括公益行銷、異業結盟等。 （三）減少成本，增加效率：訂定績效指標。 （四）ICCD認證：加入國際認證，其優點在於，可以建立政府補助之標準，也可以確保國際品質、建立品牌形象、獲得國際知識與技術等資源。 （五）設置委員會審查機制：會所內部應設置委員會，聘用引進外部獨立、公正之人士，以便審查內部業務，使內部財務等資訊透明，可增加外部資源連結，增加社會大眾給予資源挹注之願意與信心，可同時提升募款之比重、減少政府補助之比例、以及強化會所治理之機制。 / Clubhouse is an emerging non-profit organization in Taiwan in recent years. It is one kind of self-help group for mental handicaps and is originated from Fountain House in U.S.A. There have been 5 clubhouses set up with 2 of them resulting to an end because of certain causes. The outcome of this scenario is pitiful. The method of this thesis is qualitative and make in-depth interview with persons who materially manages in each clubhouse. The aims of this thesis are as follow: (1) Exploring how to sustain this clubhouse model which has built up in the way of charity. (2) Exploring the key success factors and the key failure factors in terms of resources, and proving these factors to other similar non-profit organizations for comparison. (3) Protecting and Promoting the rights and interests of mentally vulnerable population. (4) Providing a reference model for modern healthcare organizations which tend to be over-profiteering like companies. After exploring the model of management in terms of resources, the conclusions are made as follow: (1) Most of clubhouses in Taiwan are sponsored chiefly by government with more than 50%, in other words, relatively less from raising funds. (2) All clubhouses are closely interrelated with their affiliated organizations which set up them, however loosely and informally with other non-profit organizations. (3) All clubhouses in Taiwan have not yet used strategic tools such as BSC for management, probably due to still in early developmental stage with small scale. (4) All clubhouses in Taiwan have plans in the future to receive certification from ICCD in order to obtain resources, especially knowledge and skills, with promoting their own core competence. Addressing to implications of management, this thesis conclude several points as follow: (1) Decreasing the percent to be dependent to outside resources. (2) Developing new resources other than sponsorship from government. (3) Decreasing cost and increasing efficiency under establishment of performance indicators. (4) Getting qualified with a certification issued by ICCD. (5) Establishing an independent committee of review as an oversight mechanism.

QC 20100622