Denna undersökning syftar till att undersöka vilka attribut som ska tas hänsyn till vid skapande av ikoner. Undersökningen utgår från en taiwanesisk undersökning där attribut har identifierats och undersökts med hjälp av grafiska designers. Som grund för ikonförståelse appliceras semiotik och Charles Sanders Peirces triadiska modell på ikoner. Intervjuer och enkäter har utförts för att rangordna attribut, samt diskutera dess relevans vid ikonskapande. Resultatet visar att kontext (kultur, ikonens placering, medium etc.) och målgrupp har mycket stor betydelse vid ikonskapande och respondenterna uppvisade därför svårigheter med att rangordna attributen. / This study aims to investigate what attributes to take into consideration when designing computer icons. The study is based on a Taiwanese study where attributes are identified and investigated by Taiwanese graphic designers. The theoretical basis is semiotics, Charles Sanders Peirces triad model in particular, applied on icons. Interviews and surveys has been executed to rate attributes as well as discussing their relevance to icon design. The results shows that context (culture, the placement of the icon, medium etc.) and target group is a high priority when creating icons and the respondents showed difficulties with rating the attributes.

abstract: Hollywood's portrayal of African American men was replete with negative stereotypes before Shelton Jackson Lee, commonly known as Spike Lee, emerged as one of the most creative and provocative filmmakers of our time. Lee has used his films to perform a corrective history of images of black men, by referencing African American male icons in his narrative works. This strategy was evident in his third feature film, Do the Right Thing (1989). Baseball great Jackie Robinson, and freedom fighters, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X, were the black male icons featured prominently in the film. The Brooklyn-raised filmmaker's film journals, published interviews, and companion books, have provided insight into his thoughts, motivations, and inspirations, as he detailed the impact of the black male historical figures he profiles in Do the Right Thing (1989), on his life and art. Lee deployed his corrective history strategy, during the 1980s, to reintroduce African American heroes to black youth in an effort to correct media portrayals of black men as criminal and delinquent. He challenged the dominant narrative in mainstream Hollywood films, such as Cry Freedom (1987) and Mississippi Burning (1989), in which white heroes overshadowed black male icons. Lee's work parallels recent scholarship on the history of African American males, as called for by Darlene Clarke Hine and Ernestine Jenkins. The prolific director's efforts to radically change stereotypical depictions of black men through film, has not gone without criticisms. He has been accused of propagating essentialist notions of black male identity, through his use of African American male icons in his films. Despite these alleged shortcomings, Lee's reintroduction of iconic figures such as Jackie Robinson, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X, in Do the Right Thing (1989), marked the beginning of a wave of commemorative efforts, that included the retiring of Robinson's number forty-two by Major League Baseball, the popularization of the Martin Luther King National Holiday, and the rise of Malcolm X as a icon embraced by Hip Hop during the 1990's. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. History 2012

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T12:52:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_JESIEL DE SALES PONTES.pdf: 3642331 bytes, checksum: 651e9ef13826aa021542abfa35381574 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-29 / This study aims to propose digital icons for learning object authoring tool Cacuriá, for the creation of Learning Objects for iDTV (digital TV) and Web site of the Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA) in AVA (a virtual learning framework). The present research work was based on the guidelines of Informational Ergonomics applying a Production Test and a Comprehensive Test. Following this approach, concepts were investigated involving learning objects, informational ergonomics and digital icons. Parameters were used for analysis of typographic elements and readability of icons represented in the applications of the tests according to criteria required by ANSI Z535.3. As the final result, the present work proposes a set of seven digital icons for the graphical interface of the Cacuriá tool based on Production Tests of 72 UFMA students of Pedagogy, Mathematics, Chemistry and Design. The Comprehensive Test involved 100 students, also UFMA students Course Bachelor in Interdisciplinary Science and Technology. Summarizing the different applications, over 172 individuals participated the production tests. / Este trabalho tem por objetivo propor ícones digitais para a ferramenta de autoria de objeto de aprendizagem Cacuriá, destinada a criação de Objetos de Aprendizagem para a TVDI e Web da Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA) no AVA. O mesmo foi fundamentado nos princípios da Ergonomia Informacional, precisamente através do Teste de Produção e do Teste de Estimativa de Compreensibilidade. Para isto, foram investigados conceitos que envolveram objetos de aprendizagem, ergonomia informacional e ícones digitais. Foram utilizados parâmetros para análise dos elementos tipográficos e da legibilidade dos ícones representados nas aplicações dos testes segundo critérios exigidos pela ANSI Z535.3. Dessa forma, apresenta-se como resultado final uma proposta de 7 (sete) ícones digitais para a interface gráfica da ferramenta Cacuriá baseada nos resultados dos testes de produção. Nessa etapa participaram 72 (setenta e dois) estudantes da UFMA, dos cursos de Pedagogia, Matemática, Química e Design; e do teste de Estimativa de Compreensibilidade, universo que envolveu 100 (cem) alunos, também graduandos da UFMA, do Curso Bacharelado Interdisciplinar em Ciência e Tecnologia. Somando-se as diferentes aplicações, participaram ao todo 172 (cento e setenta e dois) indivíduos.

Le système de tags pour un système d’organisation des connaissances centralise et fournit les tags qui peuvent être utilisés pour classer, partager et rechercher des connaissances sur le web pour l’utilisation personnelle ou organisationnelle. Bien que les études précédentes aient pensé à améliorer le système de tags visuels en utilisant des icônes, il existe dans ce cas le problème de reconnaissance, de mémorisation et de désorientation. Notre recherche se consacre à la recherche d'une nouvelle approche pour améliorer la représentation des tags et surtout de leur structure, dans un système où les icônes bien structurées pourront améliorer l'efficacité de tagage en considérant la qualité et la rapidité. Ce système de tags iconiques s’organise sur un LVD (Langage Visuel Distinctif) lui-même basé sur le modèle Hypertopic pour la représentation de cartes de thèmes multipoints de vue développé par l’équipe Tech-CICO. Cette solution est proposée pour améliorer principalement l'interprétation sémiotique du sens de l’icone et renforcer la compréhension et l’usage de la structure de tags dans un système informatisé de partage des connaissances, notamment pour gérer et partager les tags iconiques sur une plate-forme collaborative / Tags systems for Knowledge Organization System centralize and provide the tags that can be employed in classifying, sharing and seeking knowledge on the web for personal or organizational use. However, an increased variety of vocabularies and languages cause connections between tags and documents marked by textual tags to become less and less distinctive, making the use and reuse of tags systems even harder. Although previous attempts have been made onto visual tags system by using icons, it caused the disorientation when users facing with plant of isolated symbols. Our research dedicates to searching a new approach to improve the representation of tags and their structure in a tags system, where well-structured icons enhance the tagging effectiveness by considering tagging quality and tagging speed. The LVD (Visual Distinctive Language)-based iconic tags system is proposed and presented in this thesis to bring amelioration mainly from semiotic interpretation of tag meaning and graphical code of tag structure. The arrangement of icons is as well another interesting topic that was deal with in our research to offers a more complete definition of iconic tags system. Apart from modeling and evaluating the LVD-based iconic tags system we have considered the way to build up such icon system in today’s cooperative knowledge sharing context and made it possible to manage and share iconic tags on a collaborative plate-form

Please read the abstract in the section, 00front, of this document / Dissertation (MA (AAC))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC) / unrestricted

This thesis analyzes and demonstrates the similarities and differences between some of the national symbols of France and the United States. This includes the shared and borrowed aspects of each one and the ways in which each culture is reflected through, and built around them. The flags, national anthems, and several national icons such as France's Marianne and Uncle Sam are discussed. This analysis deals with the historical contexts and cultural meanings of the symbols, showing the changes each has undertaken in form and in national and international importance. Through the study of national symbols, this thesis reveals the similarities along with the differences between the two nations, which are often perceived as being highly dissimilar and even opposing in belief systems, cultures, and histories.

Thesis (M. Sc. (Computer Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / The task of automatic speaker recognition, wherein a system verifies or identifies speakers from a recording of their voices, has been researched for several decades. However, research in this area has been carried out largely on freely accessible speaker datasets built on languages that are well-resourced like English. This study undertakes automatic speaker recognition research focused on a low-resourced language, Sepedi. As one of the 11 official languages in South Africa, Sepedi is spoken by at least 2.8 million people. Pre-recorded voices were acquired from a speech and language national repository, namely, the National Centre for Human Language Technology (NCHLT), were we selected the Sepedi NCHLT Speech Corpus. The open-source pyAudioAnalysis python library was used to extract three types of acoustic features of speech namely, time, frequency and cepstral domain features, from the acquired speech data. The effects and compatibility of these acoustic features was investigated. It was observed that combining the three acoustic features of speech had a more significant effect than using individual features as far as speaker recognition accuracy is concerned. The study also investigated the performance of machine learning algorithms on low-resourced languages such as Sepedi. Five machine learning (ML) algorithms implemented on Scikit-learn namely, K-nearest neighbours (KNN), support vector machines (SVM), random forest (RF), logistic regression (LR), and multi-layer perceptrons (MLP) were used to train different classifier models. The GridSearchCV algorithm, also implemented on Scikit-learn, was used to deduce ideal hyper-parameters for each of the five ML algorithms. The classifier models were evaluated on recognition accuracy and the results show that the MLP classifier, with a recognition accuracy of 98%, outperforms KNN, RF, LR and SVM classifiers. A graphical user interface (GUI) is developed and the best performing classifier model, MLP, is deployed on the developed GUI intended to be used for real time speaker identification and verification tasks. Participants were recruited to the GUI performance and acceptable results were obtained

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<p>This thesis examines how American icons, such as Jim Morrison, become the focus of "secular" religious followings. Morrison died in Paris, France, in 1971. His grave site, in Paris, attracts thousands of visitors each year. As the lead singer of 1960s era band, The Doors, Morrison achieved extraordinary fame. Tiring of his rock star status, Morrison moved to Paris in 1971, where he died under mysterious circumstances at age 27.</p> <p>After his death, Morrison remained a focus of popular biographies and films; many attributed mythic qualities to the dead singer. The continued interest in the celebrity of Morrison, following his death, generated much popularity among a new generation of fans.</p> <p>The motivation for visiting the Morrison grave, in Paris, is not only the music of Morrison or the Doors. Rather, fans gather in Paris each year to remember Morrison as cultural hero and the values he represents: freedom and rebellion against authority.</p> <p>An ethnography in Paris completed during the anniversary of his death, July 3, supplements an analysis of the subculture surrounding Morrison. A wider conclusion concerning the purpose of dead celebrity followings, in contemporary society, is a final focus.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

In the driving task, vision, hearing, and the haptic senses are all used by the driver to gather required information. Future Intelligent Transportation Systems components are likely to further increase the volume of information available to or required by the driver, particularly in the case of commercial vehicle operators. The use of alternate modalities to present in-vehicle information is a possible solution to the potential overload of the visual channel. Auditory icons have been shown to improve operator performance and decrease learning and response times, not only in industrial applications, but also as emergency braking warnings. The use of auditory icons in commercial truck cabs has the potential to increase the number of auditory displays that can be distinguished and understood by commercial vehicle operators, and this experiment sought to determine the utility of auditory icons in that situation. Nine auditory icons were evaluated by commercial vehicle operators as they drove an experimental vehicle over public roads. A comparison of the data collected in the truck-cab environment to data collected in a laboratory study on the same auditory icons revealed some differences in the perceived meaning, perceived urgency, and association with the auditory icons' intended meanings between the two conditions. The presence of these differences indicates that driver evaluations of auditory icons can be affected by the environment, and testing should therefore be conducted in a situation that approximates the end-user environment as closely as possible. A comparison of the drivers' brake response times across the three warning conditions (no warning, auditory icon, and soft braking) was also conducted on a closed, secure handling course. Dependent measures included overall brake reaction time and its components, steering response time, time to initial driver action, and categorical measures of driver responses (steering, swerving, braking, and stopping). The results indicated numerically shorter mean response times (on the order of 0.5 seconds for Total Brake Response Time) for the two conditions with warnings, but the differences were not statistically significant. The most likely reason for this lack of significance is the extreme between-subject variability in response times in the no warning condition. An analysis of the response time variance across the three conditions did indicate significantly less variability in operator responses in the two warning conditions. Two of the five dependent measures (Brake Pedal Contact Time and Total Brake Response Time) exhibited significantly reduced variance in the auditory icon warning condition compared to the no warning condition. The soft braking warning condition exhibited significantly reduced variance for four of the dependent measures (Accelerator Reaction Time, Brake Pedal Contact Time, Total Brake Response Time, and First Reaction Time). These results indicate that a soft braking stimulus like that used in this study could potentially prove to be a more effective emergency braking warning than simple auditory warnings alone. / Master of Science