I tidigare forskning visas ett samband mellan framställningen av kvinnor i media och kvinnors självbildsuppfattning. Studier har även gjorts med fokus på män där ett samband mellan media och mäns självbild visas. Studien avser undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan medias framställning av ideala modeller och unga vuxnas syn på kroppslig självbild, samt hur mediaanvändning skiljer sig mellan könen och om användningen har en effekt på kroppslig självbild. En enkätundersökning med 90 deltagare (43 kvinnor och 47 män) i ålder 18-30 utfördes. Deltagarna fick fylla i en internetenkät med antingen ideala bilder, alldagliga bilder eller en enkät utan bilder. Mätinstrumentet som används är The Body Self Esteem Scale. Inget signifikant resultat gavs kring effekten av bildexponering, däremot hittades signifikanta skillnader mellan könen på olika BES-Items, däribland lår, vikt och midja. Det förväntade mönstret återspeglade sig i resultatet, om än inte signifikant. I resultatdiskussionen diskuteras studiens svagheter såsom den korta exponeringen av bilderna.

This thesis began with an interest in apartment housing typology. I am familiar with this typology, yet it remains mysterious. The topic was never touched on in five years of architectural education or the time spent working in firms. I felt the need to study this typology. It is through the repetition of working with the realization that the hand and mind are one; I understand what I am working toward and the hand informs the mind of what it is doing. The notion of centralization, transparency, spatial ambiguity, symmetry, dematerialization, are used as a method to organize space and architectural elements. Spatial orders and conditions are examined through the use of idealized color. This work is the result of a year long study of the above architectural vocabulary. It is my hope that through this study, I can begin to establish a point of view. This thesis is a cross section of a thought. / Master of Architecture

<p>The contribution of surface evapotranspiration (ET) to moist convection, cloudiness and precipitation along the eastern flanks of the Andes (EADS) was investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW-WRF3.4.1) model with nested simulations of selected weather conditions down to 1.2 km grid spacing. To isolate the role of surface ET, numerical experiments were conducted using a quasi-idealized approach whereby at every time step the surface sensible heat effects are exactly the same as in the reference simulations, whereas the surface latent heat fluxes are prevented from entering the atmosphere. </p><p>Energy balance analysis indicates that local surface ET along the EADS influences moist convection primarily through its impact on conditional instability, because it acts as an important source of moist entropy in this region. The energy available for convection decreases by up to ~60% when the ET contribution is withdrawn. In contrast, when convective motion is not thermally driven, or under conditionally stable conditions, latent heating from the land surface becomes secondary. At the scale of the Andes proper, removal of surface ET weakens upslope flows by increasing static stability of the lower troposphere, as the vertical gradient of water vapor mixing ratio tends to be less negative. Consequently, moisture convergence is reduced over the EADS. In the absence of local surface ET, this process operates in concert with damped convective energy, suppressing cloudiness, and decreasing daily precipitation by up to ~50% in the simulations presented here.</p><p>When the surface ET is eliminated over the Amazon lowlands (AMZL), the results show that, without surface ET, daily precipitation within the AMZL drops by up to ~75%, but nearly doubles over the surrounded mountainous regions. This dramatic influence is attributed to a dipole structure of convergence-divergence anomalies over the AMZL, primarily due to the considerable cooling of the troposphere associated with suppressed convection. Further examination of moist static energy evolution indicates that the net decrease in CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) over the AMZL is due to the removal of surface ET that is only partially compensated by related regional circulation changes. Because of the concave shape of the Andean mountain range, the enhanced low-level divergence promotes air mass accumulation to the east of the central EADS. This perturbation becomes sufficiently strong around nightfall and produces significant eastward low-level pressure gradient force, rendering wind currents more away from the Andes. Moisture convergence and convection over the EADS vary accordingly, strengthened in the day but attenuated at night. Nocturnal convective motion, however, is more widespread. Analytical solutions of simplified diagnostic equations of convective fraction suggest that reduction of lower troposphere evaporation is the driving mechanism. Additional exploratory experiments mimicking various levels of thinning and densification of AMZL forests via changes in surface ET magnitude demonstrate that the connection between the AMZL ET and EADS precipitation is robust.</p> / Dissertation

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Este estudo propÃe analisar as concepÃÃes de VIOLÃNCIA emergentes no discurso de jovens de 11-13 anos, estudantes de duas escolas situadas nas cidades de Fortaleza, Cearà e Libourne, FranÃa. A leitura e a anÃlise dos dados basearam-se nos aportes teÃricos da LinguÃstica Cognitiva, em especial, da SemÃntica Cognitiva com foco na Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados âTMCI. A TMCI permite uma sistematizaÃÃo analÃtica, pautada na linguagem em uso; propÃe que o raciocÃnio humano à amparado e caracterizado por estruturas de conhecimento organizadas e construÃdas socioculturalmente a partir da interaÃÃo do ser humano com o ambiente. O trabalho foi realizado com base na pesquisa qualitativa, tendo como eixo um estudo comparativo que possibilita analisar a heterogeneidade, a singularidade e a complexidade do processo de construÃÃo da categoria VIOLÃNCIA em termos sociocognitivos e culturais. O corpus analÃtico à constituÃdo de trechos de entrevistas realizadas com 24 estudantes, divididos em 06 grupos de 04 integrantes (12 brasileiros e 12 franceses). Em relaÃÃo Ãs estratÃgias de registro, todas as atividades foram gravadas em Ãudio e vÃdeo. A partir da anÃlise do corpus, verifica-se nos dois grupos, a recorrÃncia da violÃncia com dano fÃsico perceptÃvel, cujo Modelo de esquema de imagem cinestÃsico estruturante da categoria à FORÃA FÃSICA, seguidos do esquema ORIGEM-PERCURSO-META, CONTATO e o esquema de imagem RECIPIENTE. No entanto, observamos uma evocaÃÃo significativa da violÃncia verbal com danos morais e psicolÃgicos, como insultos mais recorrentes nos grupos de estudantes franceses. Os Modelos Cognitivos Proposicionais do tipo frame evocaram os seguintes cenÃrios referentes à violÃncia urbana no Brasil: trÃfico de drogas, assaltos, tiroteios, briga entre gangues, vinculados Ãs experiÃncias diretas e Ãs indiretas dos estudantes. Para os participantes franceses os frames foram: terrorismo polÃtico, terrorismo religioso, fatos histÃrios como Escratura de Negros na AmÃrica e Guerras â os adolescentes franceses acionaram situaÃÃes gerais de violÃncia nÃo prÃximas de sua realidade cotidiana â estas emergeram de seus conhecimentos de mundo alÃm de conhecimentos aprendidos na escola. Os modelos metonÃmicos mais frequentes nos dois grupos foram efeitos pela causa e parte pelo todo. Tanto no grupo de brasileiros quanto no de franceses a projecÃo metonÃmica, efeito pela causa, foi estruturada em termos corpÃreos: como sangue e morte. Apesar de os dois grupos conceitualizarem violÃncia de forma metonÃmica parte pelo todo, as motivaÃÃes socioculturais foram diferenciadas â no grupo de brasileiros, os exemplos salientes foram aqueles repercutidos pela mÃdia e exemplos advindos de experiÃncias diretas ou recontadas por colegas, entretanto, no grupo de franceses a parte evocada metonimicamente diz respeito aos sentimentos decorrentes de empatia pelas vÃtimas de cenas inespecÃficas de violÃncia como horror, pavor, terror. Em virtude da categoria VIOLÃNCIA envolver noÃÃes de bem-estar e mal-estar, estas vinculadas à moralidade, o Sistema da MetÃfora da Moral surgiu nos Modelos Cognitivos referentes ao julgamento de aÃÃes violentas ou Ãs aÃÃes de promoÃÃo a nÃo violÃncia â como no grupo de brasileiros DEUS à JUIZ, e no de franceses MORALIDADE DA BONDADE ABSOLUTA, expressa pelo ato de perdoar, PERDÃO GERA CRÃDITO MORAL. Foi identificada a MetÃfora OntolÃgica, ESTADOS EMOCIONAIS SÃO ENTIDADES DENTRO DE UMA PESSOA, metÃfora recorrente de base corpÃrea nos dois grupos ao comunicarem sentimentos associados a atos de violÃncia como a dor e a tristeza. Por fim, o nosso estudo mostrou que a construÃÃo de sentidos para VIOLÃNCIA emerge de estruturas diretamente significativas baseadas em experiÃncias fÃsicas e socioculturais, a violÃncia à vista de forma predominante como um dano fÃsico e moral, embora inserida em cenÃrios distintos nos dois paÃses a partir de modelos socioculturalmente motivados. / This study proposes to analyze the conceptions of VIOLENCE that emerges from 11-13 â year old â young peopleâs â speech, students from two schools located in Fortaleza, Cearà and Libourne, France. Reading and data analysis were based on Cognitive Linguistics theoretical framework, especially Cognitive Semantics focusing on the Theory of Idealized Cognitive Models (ICMT). ICMT allows for an analytical systematization of the data, based on language in use; it proposes that human reasoning is supported and characterized by knowledge organized structures socioculturally constructed from human interaction with the environment. The work was carried out based on qualitative research, considering a comparative study that enables to retrieve the heterogeneity, the singularity and the complexity of the socio-cognitive and cultural construction process of the VIOLENCE category. The analytical corpus consists of excerpts from interviews with 24 students, divided into 06 groups of 04 members (12 Brazilian and 12 French). Regarding the registration strategies, all the activities were recorded on audio and video. From corpus analysis, it is seen in both groups, the recurrence of violence as an apparent physical damage, whose category kinesthetic image schema is PHYSICAL STRENGTH, followed by the schema SOURCE-PATH-GOAL, CONTACT and the image schema RECIPIENT. However, we noticed a significant evocation of verbal violence with moral and psychological harm, such as insults more recurent in the French students group. Frame Propositional Cognitive Models evoked the following scenarios related to urban violence in Brazil: drug traffic, assaults, shootings, gang fights, linked to direct and indirect studentsâ experiences. For the French participants frames were: political terrorism, religious terrorism, historical facts as slavery of blacks in America and wars â French adolescents set violent general situations not close to their reality â these ones emerge from their world knowledge besides knowledge learned at school. The most frequent metonymic models in both groups were effects for the cause and part for the whole. In both Brazilian and French groups the metonymic projection, effect for the cause, was structured in corporeal terms: as blood and death. Although both groups conceptualize violence in the metonymic form part for the whole, the sociocultural motivations were differentiated - in the Brazilian group, the prominent examples were those reverberated by media and examples from direct experiences or reported by friends, on the other hand, in the French group the part evoked metonymically refers to feelings arising out of empathy towards victims of nonspecific violent scenes as horror, dread, terror. Due to, the fact that the VIOLENCE category involves notions of well-being and malaise, related to morality, the System of Moral Metaphor appeared in the Cognitive Models for the judgment of violent actions or actions to promote non-violence. For exemple, in the Brazilian group GOD IS JUDGE, and in the French one MORALITY IS ABSOLUTE KINDNESS, expressed by the act of forgiveness, FORGIVENESS GENERATES MORAL CREDIT. The Ontological Metaphor, EMOTIONAL STATES ARE ENTITIES WITHIN A PERSON, was identified as a recurrent metaphor of corporeal basis in both groups when communicating feelings associated with violent acts such as pain and sorrow. Finally, our study showed that the construction of meanings for VIOLENCE emerges from structures directly significant to the individual, based on physical and sociocultural experiences. Violence is, thus, seen predominantly as a physical and moral harm, although inserted in different scenarios in both countries from socioculturally motivated models.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A expressÃo convencional cabra à uma expressÃo polissÃmica tanto do ponto de vista da SemÃntica Lexical como do ponto de vista da SemÃntica Cognitiva. Com efeito, tanto os dicionÃrios gerais como todos os demais dados por nÃs analisados, oriundos de fontes documentais â romances regionais, cordeis, dicionÃrio de cearÃs e dicionÃrio geral â e, de dados de campo - coletados a partir da aplicaÃÃo de cinco questionÃrios junto a 153 participantes - apontaram para uma compreensÃo de cabra ora como homem, sujeito, ora como homem de origem rural e mestiÃa, viril, valente, bom carÃter e atà mesmo violento. Dessa forma, investigamos a polissemia da expressÃo convencional cabra à luz dos postulados da SemÃntica Cognitiva, especialmente, à luz da Teoria da MetÃfora Conceptual, formulada por Lakoff e Johnson (1980) e da Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados, formulada por Lakoff (1987), de acordo com os quais a polissemia pode ser abordada com base no MCI Proposicional do tipo Categoria Radial. Nessa perspectiva e a partir da anÃlise empreendida em consonÃncia com nosso objetivo principal em examinar as correspondÃncias entre pensamento metafÃrico/conceitual, linguagem e cultura a partir da polissemia da mencionada expressÃo, verificamos que o MCI Proposicional HOMEM forma, por meio de mapeamentos metonÃmicos e metafÃricos, um agrupamento de modelos (ou agrupamento radial) com os demais MCIs CABRA e HOMEM CABRA, estruturando, assim, a relaÃÃo polissÃmica entre o significado nÃo metafÃrico animal e os significados metafÃricos homem, cabra da peste, cabra macho, morador de zona rural, mestiÃo e cangaceiro a partir de dois esquemas. Ou seja, de acordo com o resultado de nossa pesquisa, o MCI Proposicional HOMEM estrutura a polissemia da expressÃo convencional cabra ao organizar: de um lado, os entendimentos compartilhados por parte dos falantes fortalezenses na contemporaneidade com base nos quais o significado prototÃpico animal estabelece extensÃes metafÃricas com os significados mais representativos homem (sujeito), cabra macho e cabra da peste e extensÃes metafÃricas com os significados menos representaivos mestiÃo, morador de zona rural, capanga e cangaceiro; de outro lado, os entendimentos compartilhados por parte dos membros da comunidade nordestina rural em dado momento com base nos quais o significado prototÃpico animal estabelece extensÃes metafÃricas com os significados mais representativos morador da zona rural, mestiÃo e cangaceiro e extensÃes metafÃricas com os significados menos representativos cabra da peste, cabra macho e cabra bom. / The conventional expression cabra (goat) is a polysemic expression both from the point of view of Lexical Semantics and from the point of view of Cognitive Semantics. This is so because as well as dictionaries and all data we analyzed originated from documentary sources - novels regional, cordel literature, urban dictionaries and specialized publications - and field data collected from the application of five surveys, pointed to an understanding of a cabra (goat) as an ordinary man, a manly and courageous man; as a good character man, and even as violent man. Thus, our research investigated the polysemic aspect of the conventional expression cabra (goat) based on the tenets of Cognitive Semantics, especially based on the Theory of Conceptual Metaphor formulated by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and the Theory of Idealized Cognitive Models (ICM theory), formulated by Lakoff (1987), according to these postulates, polysemy can be addressed with basis on the Propositional ICM of Radial Category. In this perspective and from the analyzes undertaken with our main objective to examine the correspondences between metaphorical / conceptual thinking, language and culture of the polysemy of that expression, we found that based on metonymic and metaphorical mappings the Propositional ICM MAN forms a cluster of models (or radial cluster) with other ICMs CABRA (GOAT) and HOMEM CABRA (GOAT MAN), structuring the relationship between the non metaphorical meaning animal and metaphorical meanings, cabra macho (male goat), cabra da peste (plague goat), resident of rural area, mestizo and cangaceiro (bandit) from two schemes. In the others words, according to the results of our research, the Propositional ICM MAN structures a polysemy of the conventional expression cabra (goat) to organize: on one hand, understandings shared by the speakers from Fortaleza in contemporary society, based on which the prototypical meaning animal establishing metaphorical extensions to the meanings more representatives man (subject), cabra macho (male goat) and cabra da peste (goat plague) and metaphorical extensions to the meanings less representatives mestizo, a resident of rural area, hired killer, cangaceiro (bandit) ; on the other hand, understandings shared by members of the rural community in northeastern of Brazil in a given time based in which the prototypical meaning animal establishing metaphorical extensions to the meanings more representatives resident of rural area, mestizo, and cangaceiro (bandit) and metaphorical extensions to the meanings less representatives cabra da peste (goat plague), cabra macho (goat male) and cabra bom (good goat).

Survival of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) is a critical issue for business leaders. The Ghana Statistical Service reported that over 60% of SMEs, including Ghanaian small and medium scale private basic schools, fail during their first 5 years of operation. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the transformational leadership skills that proprietors of Ghanaian small and medium scale private basic schools have used to enhance employee performance for sustainability beyond 5 years. The conceptual framework for this study was Bass and Avolio's transformational leadership theory. Data collection included semistructured interviews to elicit narratives from 3 proprietors from 3 different Ghanaian private basic schools about what leadership skills they used to enhance employee performance. Data also came from a review of relevant school documents and a reflective journal. The data were analyzed with Yin's 5-step data analysis technique. Data analysis included identification of key themes and triangulation of data from interviews and relevant school documents. The main themes revealed that leaders used idealized influence, inspirational motivation, and intellectual stimulation to enhance employee performance for sustainability of the schools. Findings indicate school leaders can enhance employee performance when they adopt transformational leadership, particularly when leaders articulate a clear vision, encourage teamwork, and involve followers in decision-making. Social implications include helping proprietors of Ghanaian private basic schools enhance employee performance for sustainability beyond 5 years to improve student education, enhance employment, and contribute to improved living standards.

No description available.

Using a recently developed measure of extrinsic contingency focus (ECF; Williams, Schimel, Hayes & Martens, 2009), four studies were conducted to examine the relationship between extrinsic contingency focus and the extent to which individuals strive to meet the social ideals shown in advertising media. In Study 1 it was found that ECF predicted participants’ desire for the image oriented aspects of consumer products. Study 2 demonstrated the moderating effects of ECF on women’s food consumption and preference for healthy foods following exposure to thin models. Study 3 showed that ECF also moderated reactions to idealized body images among males who were exposed to idealized images. Study 4 extended the results of the previous studies, by demonstrating that reactance to idealized images among low ECF women can be limited by affirming the intrinsic self. The implications of these findings relative to a multifaceted conceptualization of self-esteem and the use of idealized images in media are discussed.

LIMA, Silvana Maria Calixto de. Entre os domínios da metáfora e da metonímia: um estudo de processos de recategorização. 2009. 205f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2009. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-25T16:51:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_tese_smclima.pdf: 1561424 bytes, checksum: d92bfe2b6a5a96e6030abf37344234a1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-25T17:12:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_tese_smclima.pdf: 1561424 bytes, checksum: d92bfe2b6a5a96e6030abf37344234a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-25T17:12:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_tese_smclima.pdf: 1561424 bytes, checksum: d92bfe2b6a5a96e6030abf37344234a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / The object of this study is recategorization in the referentiation process. From the proposed analyses, we argue for a broader notion of this phemenon, which may or may not reveal itself in referential expressions and yet be concentrated on these. Apothéloz and Reichler-Béguelin (1995), the pioneers in the investigations concentrated on this theme to the extent of Textual Linguistics, whose approach was restricted to lexical recategorizations in a textual-discoursive perspective. On the assumption of cognitive-referential nature of recategorization, we postulate, initially, the need for an interface between the Textual Linguistics and the Cognitive Linguistics to account for the complexity and dynamics of this process, in descriptive and explanatory terms. We focus on recategorizations treatment licensed by metaphors and metonymy, raising two linked hypotheses: the first dealing with the existence of a sort of recategorization through interaction among metonymy-metaphor, and the second addressing the recategorizations licensed by metaphors and metonymy in the context of a continuum. For the construction of the postulated interface, we used the Theory Of Idealized Cognitive Models (Lakoff, 1987, and collaborators). The basic assumption of this theory is that knowledge is organized through structures called Idealized Cognitive Models (ICMs), and that the structure of categories and the effects are prototypical products of that organization. To this fundamentation we associated the cognitive studies that suggest that the treatment of metaphor and metonymy is an interactive processes (GOOSSENS, 2003, BARCELONA, 2003), with opening for the design of these cognitive processes from the perspective of a continuum (RADDEN, 2003). Furthermore, we analyzed occurrences of recategorization instantiated by metaphors and metonymy in a corpus consisting of four poems belonging to four authors from the Brazilian literature on the subject of death. The methodological steps of applying the model of the theory of Idealized Cognitive Models follows partially the proposed analysis model developed and applied in Feltes (2007), but we added to the model of the author the ICMs propositional-type frame, by which we evoked the description of the metaphorical and metonymy ICMs and, consequently, the description of the ICMs image schemes. The results point to the validation of the assumptions made, allowing a redefinition of the recategorization approach, until then only based on the theoretical Textual Linguistics apparatus, so that the interface with the Cognitive Linguistics brings significant contributions to the treatment of this complex linguistic phenomenon, once it allows the scope of the cognitive processes that underlie them. It is exactly the understanding of processes that extends the potential explanatory in the resizing of recategorization. / O objeto de estudo desta tese é a recategorização no processo de referenciação. A partir das análises propostas, argumentamos por uma noção mais ampla desse fenômeno, que pode, ou não, revelar-se por, e concentrar-se em, expressões referenciais, diferentemente do que propõem Apothéloz e Reichler-Béguelin (1995), pioneiros na investigação desse tema no âmbito da Linguística de Texto, cuja abordagem se restringia às recategorizações lexicais, numa perspectiva textual-discursiva. Partindo do pressuposto da natureza cognitivo-referencial da recategorização, postulamos, inicialmente, a necessidade de uma interface entre a Linguística de Texto e a Linguística Cognitiva para levar em conta a complexidade e a dinamicidade desse processo, em termos descritivos e explanatórios. Centramo-nos no tratamento de recategorizações licenciadas por metáforas e metonímias, levantando duas hipóteses encadeadas: a primeira a da existência de um tipo de recategorização por interação metáfora-metonímia, e a segunda a da abordagem das recategorizações licenciadas por metáforas e metonímias na perspectiva de um continuum. Para a construção da interface postulada, recorremos à Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados (LAKOFF, 1987, e colaboradores). O pressuposto básico dessa teoria é o de que o conhecimento se organiza por meio de estruturas denominadas de Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados (MCIs), compreendendo-se que a estrutura de categorias e os efeitos prototípicos resultam dessa organização. Reunimos a essa fundamentação os estudos cognitivos que sugerem o tratamento da metáfora e da metonímia como processos interativos (GOOSSENS, 2003; BARCELONA, 2003), com abertura para a sua concepção como um continuum (RADDEN, 2003). Sob esses fundamentos, analisamos ocorrências de recategorização instanciadas por metáforas e metonímias num corpus constituído por quatro poemas de autores da literatura brasileira sobre a temática da morte. Os passos metodológicos desta aplicação do modelo da Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados seguem parcialmente a proposta de análise desse modelo elaborada e aplicada em Feltes (2007), mas acrescemos ao modelo da autora os MCIs proposicionais do tipo frame, por meio dos quais evocamos a descrição dos MCIs metafóricos e metonímicos e, consequentemente, dos MCIs de esquemas de imagens. Os resultados da análise apontam para a validação das hipóteses formuladas, possibilitando um redimensionamento da abordagem da recategorização, até então só fundamentada pelo aparato teórico da Linguística de Texto, de forma que a interface com a Linguística Cognitiva traz contribuições significativas para o trato da complexidade desse fenômeno linguístico, uma vez que possibilita o alcance dos processos cognitivos que lhe subjazem. E é exatamente o entendimento desses processos que amplia o potencial explanatório no redimensionamento da recategorização.

CAVALCANTI, Fernanda Carneiro. A análise da expressão convencional cabra sob a perspectiva da teoria dos modelos cognitivos idealizados. 2014. 244f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2014 / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-27T12:41:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_fccavalcanti.pdf: 3231349 bytes, checksum: 8d0d2ab78d74cbd3493613f41bc35ac9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-27T14:54:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_fccavalcanti.pdf: 3231349 bytes, checksum: 8d0d2ab78d74cbd3493613f41bc35ac9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-27T14:54:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_fccavalcanti.pdf: 3231349 bytes, checksum: 8d0d2ab78d74cbd3493613f41bc35ac9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / The conventional expression cabra (goat) is a polysemic expression both from the point of view of Lexical Semantics and from the point of view of Cognitive Semantics. This is so because as well as dictionaries and all data we analyzed originated from documentary sources - novels regional, cordel literature, urban dictionaries and specialized publications - and field data collected from the application of five surveys, pointed to an understanding of a cabra (goat) as an ordinary man, a manly and courageous man; as a good character man, and even as violent man. Thus, our research investigated the polysemic aspect of the conventional expression cabra (goat) based on the tenets of Cognitive Semantics, especially based on the Theory of Conceptual Metaphor formulated by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and the Theory of Idealized Cognitive Models (ICM theory), formulated by Lakoff (1987), according to these postulates, polysemy can be addressed with basis on the Propositional ICM of Radial Category. In this perspective and from the analyzes undertaken with our main objective to examine the correspondences between metaphorical / conceptual thinking, language and culture of the polysemy of that expression, we found that based on metonymic and metaphorical mappings the Propositional ICM MAN forms a cluster of models (or radial cluster) with other ICMs CABRA (GOAT) and HOMEM CABRA (GOAT MAN), structuring the relationship between the non metaphorical meaning animal and metaphorical meanings, cabra macho (male goat), cabra da peste (plague goat), resident of rural area, mestizo and cangaceiro (bandit) from two schemes. In the others words, according to the results of our research, the Propositional ICM MAN structures a polysemy of the conventional expression cabra (goat) to organize: on one hand, understandings shared by the speakers from Fortaleza in contemporary society, based on which the prototypical meaning animal establishing metaphorical extensions to the meanings more representatives man (subject), cabra macho (male goat) and cabra da peste (goat plague) and metaphorical extensions to the meanings less representatives mestizo, a resident of rural area, hired killer, cangaceiro (bandit) ; on the other hand, understandings shared by members of the rural community in northeastern of Brazil in a given time based in which the prototypical meaning animal establishing metaphorical extensions to the meanings more representatives resident of rural area, mestizo, and cangaceiro (bandit) and metaphorical extensions to the meanings less representatives cabra da peste (goat plague), cabra macho (goat male) and cabra bom (good goat). / A expressão convencional cabra é uma expressão polissêmica tanto do ponto de vista da Semântica Lexical como do ponto de vista da Semântica Cognitiva. Com efeito, tanto os dicionários gerais como todos os demais dados por nós analisados, oriundos de fontes documentais – romances regionais, cordeis, dicionário de cearês e dicionário geral – e, de dados de campo - coletados a partir da aplicação de cinco questionários junto a 153 participantes - apontaram para uma compreensão de cabra ora como homem, sujeito, ora como homem de origem rural e mestiça, viril, valente, bom caráter e até mesmo violento. Dessa forma, investigamos a polissemia da expressão convencional cabra à luz dos postulados da Semântica Cognitiva, especialmente, à luz da Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual, formulada por Lakoff e Johnson (1980) e da Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados, formulada por Lakoff (1987), de acordo com os quais a polissemia pode ser abordada com base no MCI Proposicional do tipo Categoria Radial. Nessa perspectiva e a partir da análise empreendida em consonância com nosso objetivo principal em examinar as correspondências entre pensamento metafórico/conceitual, linguagem e cultura a partir da polissemia da mencionada expressão, verificamos que o MCI Proposicional HOMEM forma, por meio de mapeamentos metonímicos e metafóricos, um agrupamento de modelos (ou agrupamento radial) com os demais MCIs CABRA e HOMEM CABRA, estruturando, assim, a relação polissêmica entre o significado não metafórico animal e os significados metafóricos homem, cabra da peste, cabra macho, morador de zona rural, mestiço e cangaceiro a partir de dois esquemas. Ou seja, de acordo com o resultado de nossa pesquisa, o MCI Proposicional HOMEM estrutura a polissemia da expressão convencional cabra ao organizar: de um lado, os entendimentos compartilhados por parte dos falantes fortalezenses na contemporaneidade com base nos quais o significado prototípico animal estabelece extensões metafóricas com os significados mais representativos homem (sujeito), cabra macho e cabra da peste e extensões metafóricas com os significados menos representaivos mestiço, morador de zona rural, capanga e cangaceiro; de outro lado, os entendimentos compartilhados por parte dos membros da comunidade nordestina rural em dado momento com base nos quais o significado prototípico animal estabelece extensões metafóricas com os significados mais representativos morador da zona rural, mestiço e cangaceiro e extensões metafóricas com os significados menos representativos cabra da peste, cabra macho e cabra bom.