A Serra Gaúcha é considerada uma área densa de vocações turística, histórico-cultural, enogastronômica e industrial. Entendendo Serra Gaúcha‟ como demarcação de determinados setores regionais, parte-se do princípio de que se constitua, segundo processos de conceptualização, como uma categoria conceitual. Assim, com o aparato da Linguística Cognitiva, analisa-se como essa categoria SERRA GAÚCHA é demarcada no discurso turístico publicitário. Há diversas formas de demarcação: regiões culturais (em função de traços da imigração), geografia, setor turístico (divisão em microrregiões turísticas conforme Secretaria do Turismo do Estado), agrupamentos em função de interesses econômicos (setor moveleiro, vinícola e metalúrgico). Nesta dissertação, investigam-se as diferentes formas de categorizar a região nomeada Serra Gaúcha‟ um topônimo pela perspectiva do setor turístico, com o objetivo de identificar os modelos cognitivos e culturais subjacentes aos discursos que constituem o corpus de estudo, composto de material de divulgação turística da Serra Gaúcha. Verifica-se que as demarcações regionais no discurso turístico publicitário fazem uso de modelos metafóricos e metonímicos, que geram efeitos de prototipicidade. Especificamente, SERRA GAÚCHA é conceptualizada, metonimicamente, por referência aos produtos gerados na região, demarcando-a como mercados potenciais de consumo. As características (metonimizadas ou metaforizadas) têm o papel de atrair o turista para um mercado de opções de consumo: natureza, patrimônio cultural, gastronomia, produtos "típicos", entre outros. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-05T17:02:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Garine Andrea Keller.pdf: 6628976 bytes, checksum: 553e0efb515deb17c15973bad00c07d7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-05T17:02:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Garine Andrea Keller.pdf: 6628976 bytes, checksum: 553e0efb515deb17c15973bad00c07d7 (MD5) / Serra Gaúcha is considered a dense area of tourist vocations tourist, historical-cultural, enogastronomy and industrial. Understanding "Serra Gaúcha" as the demarcation of certain regional areas, we start from the principle that it constitutes, according to a conceptualization process, as a conceptual category. Through means of Cognitive Linguistics, we analyze how the category SERRA GAUCHA is constructed on tourist advertising discourse. There are several forms of demarcation: cultural regions (due immigration traces), geography, tourism industry (division in micro tourist region following State Secretariat of Tourism) and sectorial groups of economic interests (furniture, metallurgical and wine). In this dissertation, we investigated different ways of categorizing the region named "Serra Gaúcha" a toponym from tourism sector perspective. We look forward to identify cognitive and cultural models underlying the discourses that constitute the corpus of study, compound of tourism advertising material of the Serra Gaúcha . It appears that the regional demarcations in tourist advertising discourse use metaphoric and metonymic models, which generate effects of prototypically. Specifically, Serra Gaúcha is conceptualized, metonymically, by reference to the products generated in the region, demarcating it as a potential consumer markets. Characteristics (metonymically or metaphorically) have a role in attracting tourists to a market of consumer choices: nature, cultural patrimony, gastronomy, typical products, among others.

Com vistas à conceptualização do conceito de BANDIDO em 32 expressões com a estrutura bandido de x, descrevemos, nesta dissertação, os modelos cognitivos idealizados subjacentes à construção de sentido de tais expressões, postulando-lhes um caráter de modelo cognitivo complexo, nos termos de Lakoff (1987), produtivo na língua. Constituem ainda o arcabouço teórico deste estudo a Teoria da Mesclagem Conceptual (FAUCONNIER e TURNER, 2002) e a Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual (LAKOFF e JOHNSON, 1980). A análise das construções bandido de x foi realizada a partir de 137 comentários retirados da internet e definições elaboradas por 15 alunos do ensino fundamental; 18 do ensino médio e 20 alunos do ensino superior. Os alunos que colaboraram com a pesquisa definiram 24 expressões bandido de x. A pesquisa obedeceu ao procedimento qualitativo de análise dos dados, no qual observamos as diferentes interpretações dadas para as expressões, fundamentando-as a partir dos processos cognitivos envolvidos no sentido das mesmas. Assim com base na análise dos comentários de internautas e nas definições de alunos, propomos quatro processos de conceptualização para as expressões bandido de x: (a) conceptualização com base em modelos cognitivos proposicionais, em que x é um locativo interpretado como lugar de origem ou de atuação do bandido bandido de morro, bandido de rua, bandido de cadeia ; (b) conceptualização com base em modelos esquemático-imagéticos, em que observamos a atribuição de uma espécie de escala ao sentido atribuído à construção, culminando em diferentes status para a categoria BANDIDO DE X, subjacente a expressões bandido de primeira/segunda/quinta categoria/linha; (c) conceptualização de BANDIDO DE X com base em modelos metonímicos, em que x é uma peça do vestuário/calçado/acessório, de modo a interpretar o BANDIDO como pertencendo a uma categoria que costuma utilizar determinada peça de roupa, acessório ou calçado bandido de colarinho branco, bandidos de farda, bandido de chinelo ; (d) conceptualização de BANDIDO DE X com base em modelos metafóricos, em que x é um conceito abstrato que pode ser entendido como um objeto possuído pelo bandido, de forma a caracterizá-lo pela maneira de agir ou expertise bandido de conceito, bandido de atitude, bandido de fé. Acreditamos, assim, na possibilidade de descrição de padrões que regem a conceptualização de BANDIDO DE X, cujos sentidos alcançados por meio de modificadores revelam a produtividade e complexidade do modelo cognitivo BANDIDO / The theme of this study is the concept of bandit. We intend to investigate, analyze and describe the idealized cognitive models of 32 expressions resulted from the construction bandit of x .We organized a corpus composed of 137 comments taken from the internet that contain bandit of x expressions. We provide a description of the Idealized Cognitive Models. It counts on the contributions of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (LAKOFF and JONHSON, 1980), Conceptual Blending Theory (FAUCONNIER and TURNER, 2002) and Idealized Cognitive Models Theory (LAKOFF, 1987). The another part of the corpus was made by analyzing responses of 15 elementary school students, 18 middle school students and 20 college students which students set 24 expressions bandit x. The research followed a qualitative procedure of data analysis which we see the different interpretations given to the terms on the basis of various cognitive processes Thus, based on analysis of comments from netizens and definitions of students, we propose four processes of conceptualization to outlaw expressions of x: (a) conceptualization based on propositional cognitive models, where x is interpreted as a rental place of origin or acting bandit - bandit hill, street thug, thug in jail - (b) conceptualization based on the schematic, pictorial models, we observe the allocation of a kind of scale to the meaning attributed to construction, culminating in different status for category villain of x, the underlying expressions bandit first / second / fifth category / line, (c) conceptualization of x-based metonymic models, where x is a piece of clothing / footwear / accessories, so to interpret the bandit as belonging to a category that tends to use certain piece of clothing, accessory or footwear - white collar crook, uniformed bandits, bandit slipper - (d) conceptualization of BANDIT of x, based on metaphorical models in x is an abstract concept that can be understood as an object owned by the BANDIT in order to characterize it by way of acting or expertise - bandit concept, attitude bandit, bandit of faith. We believe, therefore, the possibility of description of standards governing the conceptualization of BANDIT of x, whose senses achieved through modifiers reveal productivity and complexity of the cognitive model BANDIT

A Serra Gaúcha é considerada uma área densa de vocações turística, histórico-cultural, enogastronômica e industrial. Entendendo Serra Gaúcha‟ como demarcação de determinados setores regionais, parte-se do princípio de que se constitua, segundo processos de conceptualização, como uma categoria conceitual. Assim, com o aparato da Linguística Cognitiva, analisa-se como essa categoria SERRA GAÚCHA é demarcada no discurso turístico publicitário. Há diversas formas de demarcação: regiões culturais (em função de traços da imigração), geografia, setor turístico (divisão em microrregiões turísticas conforme Secretaria do Turismo do Estado), agrupamentos em função de interesses econômicos (setor moveleiro, vinícola e metalúrgico). Nesta dissertação, investigam-se as diferentes formas de categorizar a região nomeada Serra Gaúcha‟ um topônimo pela perspectiva do setor turístico, com o objetivo de identificar os modelos cognitivos e culturais subjacentes aos discursos que constituem o corpus de estudo, composto de material de divulgação turística da Serra Gaúcha. Verifica-se que as demarcações regionais no discurso turístico publicitário fazem uso de modelos metafóricos e metonímicos, que geram efeitos de prototipicidade. Especificamente, SERRA GAÚCHA é conceptualizada, metonimicamente, por referência aos produtos gerados na região, demarcando-a como mercados potenciais de consumo. As características (metonimizadas ou metaforizadas) têm o papel de atrair o turista para um mercado de opções de consumo: natureza, patrimônio cultural, gastronomia, produtos "típicos", entre outros. / Serra Gaúcha is considered a dense area of tourist vocations tourist, historical-cultural, enogastronomy and industrial. Understanding "Serra Gaúcha" as the demarcation of certain regional areas, we start from the principle that it constitutes, according to a conceptualization process, as a conceptual category. Through means of Cognitive Linguistics, we analyze how the category SERRA GAUCHA is constructed on tourist advertising discourse. There are several forms of demarcation: cultural regions (due immigration traces), geography, tourism industry (division in micro tourist region following State Secretariat of Tourism) and sectorial groups of economic interests (furniture, metallurgical and wine). In this dissertation, we investigated different ways of categorizing the region named "Serra Gaúcha" a toponym from tourism sector perspective. We look forward to identify cognitive and cultural models underlying the discourses that constitute the corpus of study, compound of tourism advertising material of the Serra Gaúcha . It appears that the regional demarcations in tourist advertising discourse use metaphoric and metonymic models, which generate effects of prototypically. Specifically, Serra Gaúcha is conceptualized, metonymically, by reference to the products generated in the region, demarcating it as a potential consumer markets. Characteristics (metonymically or metaphorically) have a role in attracting tourists to a market of consumer choices: nature, cultural patrimony, gastronomy, typical products, among others.

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Frågeställning: Vilka ledarförmågor tillämpar ledare för att möta några av de utmaningar som de ställs inför i praktiken? Syfte:  Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka och beskriva vilka ledarförmågor som används av ledare i praktiken för att möta och hantera de utmaningar som uppstår inom organisationer. Genom att analysera och jämföra olika teoretiska perspektiv på ledarskap med ledarnas egna uppfattningar och erfarenheter, avser studien att bidra till en mer realistisk och användbar förståelse av vilka ledarförmågor som är efterfrågade och effektiva i dagens arbetsliv. Metod: Studien bygger på en kvalitativ dagboksstudie, där deltagarna antecknade dagliga reflektioner kring ledarskapets utmaningar. Utifrån dagboksanteckningarna hölls semistrukturerade intervjuer för att kunna identifiera och analysera vilka förmågor som deltagarna använder för att hantera dessa utmaningar.   Slutsats: Ledarförmågorna som har identifierats är; kommunikativ, närvarande, beslutsfattande och strukturerande. Ledarna har använt kommunikativa färdigheter för att hantera missförstånd och bygga starka teamrelationer   genom öppen och anpassningsbar kommunikation. De har visat vikten av fysisk och mental närvaro för att bygga förtroende och snabbt lösa problem. Vidare har deras beslutsfattande förmåga hjälpt dem navigera genom osäkerhet och fatta strategiska beslut under press. Slutligen har de strukturerat arbetsprocesser och delegerat ansvar effektivt för att hantera komplexa projekt och arbetsbelastningar. Genom att syntetisera dessa förmågor framträder en bild av en ideal ledare som är dynamisk och anpassningsbar, som skapar en miljö av öppen kommunikation, tillit och strukturerad effektivitet. Dessa ledarförmågor är universella och kan anpassas för att möta specifika behov i olika organisatoriska miljöer, vilket resulterar i långsiktig framgång. / Research question: Which leadership skills do leaders apply to address some of the challenges they face in practice? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine and describe which leadership skills are used by leaders in practice to meet and manage the challenges that arise within organizations. By analyzing and comparing various theoretical perspectives on leadership with the leaders' own perceptions and experiences, the study aims to contribute to a more realistic and useful  understanding of which leadership skills are in demand and effective in today's working life.  Method:  The study is based on a qualitative diary study, where the participants noted   down daily reflections on the challenges of leadership. Based on the diary notes, semi-structured interviews were held in order to identify and analyze which skills the participants use to deal with these challenges. Conclusion: The leadership skills that have been identified are communicative, present, ability to make decisions and structured. The leaders have used communication skills to manage misunderstandings and build strong team relationships through open and adaptive communication. They have shown the importance of physical and mental presence in building trust and quickly solving problems. Furthermore, their decision-making skills have helped them navigate through uncertainty and make strategic decisions under pressure. Finally, they have structured work processes and delegated responsibilities effectively to manage complex projects and workloads. By synthesizing these skills, an impression of an ideal leader emerges that is dynamic and adaptable, and creates an environment of open communication, trust, and structured effectiveness. These leadership skills are universal and can be adapted to meet specific needs in different organizational settings, resulting in long-term success.

En jämförelse av Abetongs beräkningsunderlag och statistik från tryckprov visar att sliprarna klarar mycket mer belastning än vad beräkningarna visar. I den här studien har en utvärdering av använda beräkningsmetoder gjorts, samt en jämförelse mellan olika dimensioneringsprinciper för att komma så nära resultaten vid tryckprov som möjligt. Beräkningar med förenklat tryckblock och idealiserad-rektangulär parabolisk arbetskurva visade att det senare alternativet gav ett något högre värde på sliprarnas momentkapacitet, men förändringen förklarade inte varför den verkliga momentkapaciteten är så mycket högre än den framräknade. Den faktor som enligt den här undersökningen påverkar betongens tryckhållfasthet och i sin tur ger en större momentkapacitet än vad tidigare beräkningar visar är förhindrad tvärutvidgning. Studien visar att hänsyn till förhindrad tvärutvidgning bör tas med i beräkningar på betongsliprars hållfasthet. Detta medför att det finns utrymme att minska betongklass på Abetongs slipermodell A26 från C58/70 till C50/60. / A comparison of the calculation data from Abetong and statistics from pressure tests shows that the sleepers can handle more load than the calculations show. In this study, an evaluation of used calculation methods has been made and a comparison between different principles of dimensioning to get as close to the result from the pressure tests as possible. Calculations with rectangular stress distribution and idealized parabola-rectangle diagram showed that the second alternative gave a bit higher value on the sleeper bending moment capacity, but the difference did not explain why the real bending moment capacity is so much higher than the calculated one. According to this study confined concrete gave a larger capacity than the previous calculations. With regards to that effect the compressive strength of the concrete almost doubled, which together with an increased critical strain gave a bending moment capacity very close the one obtained from the pressure tests. This study concludes that the confined concrete effect should be considered when calculating the concrete strength. This also means that there is a possibility to reduce the concrete strength of Abetong’s sleeper model A26 from C58/70 to C50/60.

In Swedish dialects we find the terms ris,skäver and skärva referring to illnesses in children. The words are also parts of various compounds which refer to variants of the illnesses. The terms are linguistic expressions denoting two folk categories of illnesses, RIS and SKÄVER/SKÄRVA. These categories are investigated from a cognitive semantic perspective. The cognitive perspective argues that we organize our understanding of reality by using Idealized Cognitive Models (ICM) based on our physical, mental and emotional experiences of the world. The aim is twofold: to demonstrate the bases on which an experienced illness is placed in a certain category, and to show how a folk conception of illness is reflected in the word formation strategies. The word formation strategies emanate from notions of characteristic symptoms, and from notions of causes of illnesses. Both categories, RIS and SKÄVER/SKÄRVA, are based on a number of ICM's. The category RIS is a radial structure, which means that the category is held together although its members have no structural criteria in common. The category SKÄVER/SKÄRVA is a concentrating structure, meaning that all members share all structural criteria. There is a strong connection between word formation strategies and the structures of the categories. Terms related to symptoms refer to members of a category which are part of a radial structure, while terms related to causes refer to members of a category which are part of a concentrating structure. This can be explained by two of the basic assumptions of cognitive semantics: semantic content is structred and symbolized overtly on the surface form of a language and categories are conventional, based on cultural assumptions about the world. / digitalisering@umu

Community Climate Model 3 (CCM3) is run on an idealized all land zonally symmetric planet (Terra Blanda) with no seasonality, no snow and fixed soil moisture to obtain a stationary time series effectively much longer than conventional runs with geography and seasons. The surface temperature field generated is studied to analyze the spatial and temporal spectra, estimate the length scale and time scale of the model, and test the linearity of response to periodic and steady heat source forcings. The length scale of the model is found to be in the range of 1000-2000 km and the time scale is estimated to be 24 days for the global average surface temperature field. The response of the global average temperature is found to be fairly linear to periodic and the steady heat source forcings. The results obtained are compared with the results of a similar study that used CCM0. Fluctuation Dissipation theorem is also tested for applicability on CCM3. The response of the surface temperature field to a step function forcing is demonstrated to be very similar to the decay of naturally occurring anomalies, and the auto-correlation function. Return period of surface temperature anomalies is also studied. It is observed that the length of the data obtained from CCM3, though sufficient for analysis of first and second moments, is significantly deficient for return period analysis. An AR1 process is simulated to model the global averaged surface temperature of Terra Blanda 3 to assess the sampling error associated with short runs.

The aim of this paper is to investigate dominant beliefs and approaches to the "cultural entrepreneur" both within a public context, and also among business owners within the cultural field. What happens when ideas and attitudes in the public sector towards culture driven businesses meets the perspective of individual cultural entrepreneurs? This study is based on analysis of political documents about the cultural and creative industries (CCI) from the European union, national level and regional level. Interviews with six business owners in the field of culture and one representative of the Swedish region with the fictive name “Alma” has been conducted. The research is also based on participant observation in public seminars and conferences about the creative industries in Sweden. The paper mainly uses Queer phenomenological theory (Sara Ahmed) to analyze the informants life worlds and how they are oriented in the same. The study is also based on poststructuralist discourse analysis and the logics approach, developed by Jason Glynos and David Howarth when analyzing political documents. This research shows there is a complex and contradictory approach towards the CCI and the cultural entrepreneur based on idealized images about the artist and the businessman, idealized images thats been existing in the discourses over a long time and which created deep structures. The cultural entrepreneurs are being described as the hope and future of the economy and welfare in Europe and its regions and at the same time as something very costly which no one really have faith in. This dual approach is a contributing factor to change being prevented.

就筆者所觀察，至今有關日語動轉名詞之研究大都僅止於語義分類或是分析其句法現象，複合詞語義擴張之結構與因詞彙複合所產生的選擇制約(selectional restriction)之原因尚未闡明。然而，透過認知語意學之基模、理想化認知模組等，我們可以正確掌握在論元結構或是詞彙概念結構所無法得知之信息，如以下三點。 1. 複合詞的多義現象 2. 複合詞的選擇限制 3. 複合詞的句法特徵 　　首先，複合詞的多義現象所指的是同一個形態帶有兩種或兩種以上語義之詞彙，如「歯磨き」。在以往的研究皆被視為是動詞語基轉為名詞時所發生之現象，筆者則主張本現象是起因於轉喻。 　　其次，選擇限制所指的是如「?洗剤を水割りで使う」、「?部屋で立ち読みする」、「??こんにゃくを輪切りにする」之類，未必不合語法但會令人感到不自然之用法。本論文將由「命名功能」來探討此現象。 　　最後，複合詞的句法特徵所指的是，詞彙結構雖同樣能夠分解為「內部論元＋動詞」或「附加語＋動詞」，卻未必能夠與「-する」結合來做為一個動詞使用之現象。 　　以上三點中特別是1和2在先前研究中幾乎未被提及。筆者認為此二點在動轉名詞中尚有待研究。因此，本論文將藉由認知語意學之方法來嘗試提出新的構詞模式。 / In this paper, I attempt to interpret some phenomena of deverbal nouns in Japanese as shown following, by the method of cognitive semantics. 1. The polysemy of deverbal nouns 2. The selectional restriction of deverbal nouns 3. The syntactic characteristics of deverbal nouns At first, I will explain the polysemy of deverbal nouns as the lexicon “Hamigaki”, which is considered as a phenomenon of conversion of the base verb, is due to metonymy. Second, I will make an explanation about the selectional restriction of deverbal nouns such as “? Senzaiwo mizuwaride tsukau”, “? Heyade tachiyomi suru”, “??Konnyakuwo wagirini suru”, which are easy to be regarded unnatural but not ungrammatical usage via “naming function”. Last, I will discuss the relation of the affix “-suru” and deverbal nouns which can be analyzed to “theme + verb” or “adjunct + verb”.