The aim of this work was to assess the long-term effect of excessive iodine intake on thyroid activity and selected immunological, haematological and biochemical parameters in blood of ewes and their lambs. The experiment was conducted from August 2009 to February 2010 in an experimental barn of Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice. Into the experiment were used Šumava sheep breed ewes and their born lambs. Group A (control) consisted of 6 ewes after lambing was extended to 7 born lambs, group B (experimental) 6 of 6 ewes and lambs. Lambs were put into the experiment from the 1st to the 60th day after birth and received iodine in the milk of their mothers. Iodine supplementation to the diet of ewes was launched during the first to second months of pregnancy and finished 60 days after birth. During the experiment, a group of ewes A received 3,1 and group B 5,1 mg iodine per kg of dietary dry matter in the form of calcium iodate. During the experiment was regularly collected blood of ewes (before lambing and 1st, 10th, 30th and 60th day after birth) and lambs (1st, 3rd, 10th, 30th and 60th day after birth) to determine the concentration of thyroid stimulating hormone and immunoglobulin G (ELISA) in blood serum, thyroid hormones (RIA), total protein, urea and alkaline phosphatase activity in the blood plasma (biochemical analyser), the content of haemoglobin, white blood cell´s and red blood cell´s counts and haematocrit values in blood (haematological analyser), percentage of albumin, -1-globulins, -2-globulins, -globulins, and -globulins in blood serum (electrophoresis) and the content of iodine in the blood plasma, urine and milk of ewes (colorimetric method Sandell-Kolthoff). During the experiment were not observed in ewes and lambs clinical symptoms associated with an excessive intake of iodine. In experimental group of ewes with iodine intake 5,1 mg/kg of dietary dry matter were found higher values of thyroid stimulating hormone, lower values of free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, IgG, white blood cells, -1-globulins, -2-globulin and -globulin, significantly lower values of -globulins after parturition, significantly higher values of urea and alkaline phosphatase activity. The iodine content in blood plasma, milk and urine of ewes is increased in direct proportion to its concentration in diet. Lambs of mothers with iodine intake of 5,1 mg/kg of dietary dry matter were significantly higher values of thyroid stimulating hormone from the 10th day after birth, significantly lower values of free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine first day after birth, immunoglobulin G and -globulins in 30th day after birth, lower (statistically significant in middle samples) values of total protein and white blood cells, higher values of urea and alkaline phosphatase activity. The weight gains of lambs were not significantly affected by iodine supplementation. These results in ewes with iodine intake of 5,1 mg/kg dietary dry matter and especially their lambs drawn to risk of reduce the activity of the thyroid gland and the negative impact of parameters of humoral immunity, mainly IgG and -globulins.

Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte das Ziel, die Korrelation zwischen der Avidität der Anti-Masern-IgG-Antikörper und deren In-Vitro-Neutralisationsfähigkeit zu untersuchen, sowie mittels Datenbankanalyse die Seroprävalenz von schützenden Antikörpern gegen Masern und den Impfstatus der Kinder- und Jugendlichen festzustellen. Die lineare Korrelation zwischen Neutralisationsfähigkeit und Avidität war in dieser Stichprobe schwach (ρ=0,240, p=0,006). Für hohe IgG Konzentrationen über 1000 mIU/ml fand sich eine mittlere Korrelation zwischen Avidität und Neutralisationstiter (ρ=0,612; p<0,001). Bei den untersuchten Jahren von 1997 bis 2013 zur Seroprävalenz (n=8611) wiesen im Durchschnitt 93,4 % der Patienten IgG-Konzentrationen im positiven Bereich (>200 mIU/ml) auf. In allen Jahrgängen lag der Anteil über 90 %. Zur Ermittlung des Impfstatus wurde eine Stichprobe 2- bis 18-Jähriger aus dem Jahr 2012 untersucht. Insgesamt hatten 81,1 % die erste Masernimpfung erhalten. Die zweite Masernimpfung erhielten noch 59,7 % der Kinder und Jugendlichen.

Hepatitis-C Virus (HCV) remains the leading cause of liver transplant in the US and the UK, and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 71 million people are infected worldwide. A vaccine would drastically impact the healthcare-associated burdens that HCV causes globally. The objective of this master’s thesis project is to produce human antibody (IgG) against HCV. This project will focus on the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) HEPC3, AR3C, HEPC74, and HCV1. These four antibodies have been isolated from patients who have successfully cleared the infection, and their sequences and structures are available in the public domain. These four antibodies have also shown to bind to E2, a glycoprotein on the surface HCV that is crucial for viral binding and entry. This interaction of the mABs with E2 has been implicated in viral neutralization, making them promising choices for this study. Overall, 3 out of 4 mAbs were successfully cloned and produced. The unsuccessful antibody, HEPC74, was discovered to have failed due to an error in the plasmid sequence. Just as the western blot to confirm secretion was ready to be run, the laboratory closed due the Covid-19 outbreak. Therefore, the data can officially declare a ¾ mAb production success, however it is safe to assume that the alternative clone for HEPC74 was also a success due to a perfect sequence match. Since the primary objective of this project was to successfully clone and produce these four antibodies, then this study is considered an overall success. Lastly, this study examined how the same protocol  could be applied the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, by the cloning and production of anti-RBD IgG and testing them for viral neutralization. / Hepatit-C (HCV) är fortsatt den enskilt största orsaken till levertransplantationer med uppskattningsvis 71 miljoner infekterade globalt sett, enligt världshälsoorganisationen (WHO).Ett vaccin mot HCV skulle drastiskt minska trycket på global hälso- och sjukvård. Syftet med detta projekt är att producera antikroppar (igG) mot HCV. Projektet fokuserar på HEPC3, AR3C, HEPC74 och HCV1 som är monoklonala antikroppar (mAbs). Dessa antikroppsvarianter har isolerats från patienter som tillfrisknat från infektion. Både DNA-sekvenser och strukturer av antikropparna finns offentligt tillgängliga. Dessa fyra antikroppar har också visats kunna binda till E2 som är ett membranbundet glykoprotein hos HCV som är centralt för viral adhesion och fusion. Interaktionen mellan dessa mAbs och E2 har visat sig neutralisera virulens, vilket gör dem till lovande kandidater för denna studie. Tre av fyra mAbs kunde klonas och produceras framgångsrikt. Försöket med HEPC74 misslyckades på grund av ett fel i plasmidsekvensen och just som western blot skulle genomföras för att bekräfta sekretion av en alternativ klon avslutades the praktiska arbetet med anledning av Covid-19 utbrottet. Resultaten visar entydigt att tre av fyra mAb producerades framgångsrikt. Det går dock att anta att det andra försöket med HEPC74 sannolikt också lyckades pga perfekt sekventiell matchning. Då det huvudsakliga syftet med projektet var att framgångsrikt klona och producera dessa fyra antikroppar så kan studien anses vara framgångsrik. Slutligen så undersöktes huruvida samma förfarande kunde appliceras mot SARS-CoV-2 genom kloning och produktion av anti-RBD IgG och tester av viral neutralisering.

Genetic engineering has allowed the design and production of recombinant antibodies (rmAbs) in plants. Nowadays, rmAbs are used in the treatment of a wide range of pathologies such as infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer, making rmAbs an important group of biomolecules within the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry. By the time this study was started, the immunoglobulin G (IgG) was the antibody isotype predominantly expressed in plants. In recent years Modular DNA cloning technology has facilitated antibody engineering, with the development and expression of new rmAbs formats. However, there is hardly any study where different antibody formats are produced and compared in terms of yield and neutralizing capacity. Therefore, the starting point of the first chapter of this thesis is a comparative study where five different formats of the same commercial rmAb (Infliximab) against the human cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-¿) were expressed and compared. The results obtained in Chapter 1 demonstrate that both the isotype and the structure of the chosen rmAb influence the yield and the neutralizing capacity of rmAb. The expression of new antibody formats not only refers to the antibody isotype or structure; the format also refers to the combination of antibody idiotypes, leading to the production of oligo or polyclonal antibodies. Therefore, the possibility of co-expressing different monoclonal antibodies simultaneously in plants (creating oligoclonal or polyclonal formats) was raised. In the second chapter of this thesis, the expression of three rmAbs against the Ebola virus glycoprotein was studied. The three rmAbs were transiently expressed in N. benthamiana individually, by establishing separated production lines; in parallel, all three rmAbs were also co-expressed simultaneously in the same production line. The results obtained in this chapter demonstrated that the individual expression of rmAbs is feasible. However, when all three rmAbs are co-expressed, a drastic decrease in the binding of the antibody to the antigen was observed due to chain shuffling, as each heavy chain (HC) can be bound to any light chain (LC) other than its cognate chain, giving rise to an antibody cocktail with lower activity. With the objective of developing a method that allows co-expression of several rmAb in a single production line, we next proposed to exploit the viral interference phenomenon (also known as superinfection exclusion, SE). The results shown in Chapter three demonstrate that the production of an oligoclonal cocktail composed of 36 rmAbs in plants was possible using a viral expression system showing SE. The data obtained in this chapter showed that the resulting oligoclonal cocktail was active and capable of neutralizing toxic activities of the venom of the snake Bothrops asper in vitro and in vivo, wich was used as a model for studying the efficacy of the oligoclonal antibodies produced. The results of this thesis confirm and support the use of plants as platforms for the expression of alternative formats of antibodies. / La ingeniería genética ha permitido el diseño y la producción de anticuerpos recombinantes (rmAbs) en plantas. Hoy en día, los rmAbs se utilizan en el tratamiento de un amplio rango de patologías como enfermedades infecciosas, enfermedades inflamatorias y cáncer, convirtiéndose en un importante grupo de biomoléculas dentro de la industria farmacéutica y biotecnológica. Hasta la fecha de este estudio, en plantas se ha producido mayoritariamente la inmunoglobulina del tipo G (IgG). Gracias al desarrollo de la ingeniería del ADN recombinante y de la ingeniería de anticuerpos, es posible diseñar y producir nuevos formatos de rmAbs. Sin embargo, apenas existen estudios comparativos donde se demuestre si el formato de anticuerpo elegido es el idóneo en términos de rendimiento y capacidad neutralizante. Por tanto, el punto de partida del primer Capítulo de esta tesis consistió en la realización de un estudio comparativo de la expresión en plantas de cinco formatos distintos de un mismo rmAb comercial (Infliximab) frente a la citoquina humana Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-¿). Los resultados obtenidos en el Capítulo 1 demuestran que tanto el isotipo como la estructura del rmAb elegido influye en los niveles de rendimiento y en la capacidad neutralizante del rmAb. La expresión de nuevos formatos de anticuerpos no solo afecta al isotipo o a la estructura de las regiones constantes, sino que también se puede incluir en este término la expresión conjunta de distintos idiotipos de anticuerpos recombinantes, dando lugar a anticuerpos policlonales u oligoclonales recombinantes. Por tanto en esta tesis se planteó la posibilidad de co-expresar simultáneamente distintos anticuerpos monoclonales en plantas formando un cóctel oligoclonal. En el segundo Capítulo de esta tesis se diseñaron tres rmAbs frente a la glicoproteína de la cubierta del virus del Ébola. Los tres rmAbs se expresaron transitoriamente en N. benthamiana de manera individual mediante el establecimiento de líneas paralelas de producción y también se co-expresaron los tres rmAbs simultáneamente en una misma línea de producción. Los resultados obtenidos en este Capítulo demostraron que la expresión de los rmAbs de manera individual es factible. Sin embargo, cuando se co-expresan los tres rmAbs se observa una drástica disminución en la unión del anticuerpo al antígeno debido al barajado de cadenas, fenómeno por el cual cada cadena pesada (HC) se puede unir con cualquier cadena ligera (LC) distinta de su acompañante, dando lugar a un anticuerpo con una baja actividad. Finalmente, con el objetivo de desarrollar un método que permita co-expresar en una misma línea de producción varios rmAbs de forma reproducible se propuso explotar el fenómeno de la exclusión viral, un característica propia de los virus de plantas. Los resultados mostrados en el Capítulo 3 demuestran que es posible la producción de un cóctel oligoclonal compuesto por 36 rmAbs en N. benthamiana aprovechando el fenómeno de la exclusión viral. Los datos obtenidos en este capítulo muestran que el cóctel oligoclonal producido de esta forma mantiene intactas las actividades de los anticuerpos individuales y es capaz de neutralizar las actividades tóxicas del veneno de la serpiente Bothrops asper en ensayos in vitro e in vivo. Los resultados de esta tesis confirman y avalan el uso de las plantas como plataformas de expresión de formatos alternativos de anticuerpos. / El desenvolupament de l'enginyeria genètica ha permès el disseny i la producció d'anticossos recombinants (rmAbs) en plantes. Hui en dia, els rmAbs s'utilitzen en el tractament d'un ampli rang de patologies com malalties infeccioses, malalties inflamatòries i càncer convertint-se en un important grup de biomolècules dins de les indústries farmacèutiques i biotecnològiques. Fins a la data, s'han expressat majoritàriament la immunoglobulina del tipus G. Gràcies al desenvolupament de l'enginyeria de l'ADN recombinant i l'enginyeria dels anticossos s'han desenvolupat i expressat formats alternatius de rmAbs. Tanmateix, hi ha molts pocs estudis comparatius on es demostra si el format de l'anticòs elegit influeix en el rendiment i en la capacitat neutralitzant. Per tant, el punt de partida del primer Capítol d'esta Tesi és la realització d'un estudi comparatiu on s'expressen cinc formats diferents d'un mateix anticòs comercial (Infliximab) front a la citocina humana Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-¿). Els resultats obtesos demostren que tant l'isotip com l'estructura del rmAb elegit influeix en el rendiment i en la capacitat neutralitzant del rmAb. L'expressió de nous formats d'anticossos no sols afecta a l'isotip o a l'estructura del rmAb sinó que també pot incloure's dins d'aquest concepte l'expressió individual i l'expressió conjunta de diferents rmAbs. Partint d'aquesta hipòtesi, es va plantejar la possibilitat de co-expressar diferents rmAbs (còctel oligoclonal) en plantes. En el segon Capítol d'esta tesi es dissenyaren tres rmAbs front a la glicoproteïna del virus de l'Ébola. Els tres rmAbs s'expressaren transitòriament en N. benthamiana de manera individual mitjançant l'establiment de línies paral·leles de producció i també es co-expressaren els tres rmAbs en la mateixa línia de producció. Els resultats obtesos en este Capítol demostraren que l'expressió dels rmAbs de manera individual és factible. Tanmateix, quan es co-expressaren els tres rmAbs s'observà una dràstica disminució en la unió de l'anticòs a l'antigen com a conseqüència del shuffling chain, pel qual la cadena pesada (HC) s'uneix amb qualsevol cadena lleugera (LC) diferent a la seua acompanyant, formant un anticòs amb una baixa capacitat d'unió a l'antigen. Amb l'objectiu de desenvolupar un mètode que permeta co-expressar, en una mateixa línia de producció, un còctel oligoclonal es proposà explotar el fenomen de l'exclusió viral. Els resultats obtesos en el Capítol 3 demostren que l'expressió d' un còctel oligoclonal format per 36 rmAbs en plantes és possible. Els resultats mostren que el nostre còctel oligoclonal es capaç de neutralitzar activitats tòxiques del verí de la serp Bothrops asper en assaigs in vitro i in vivo. Els resultat obtesos en aquesta Tesi confirmen i avalen l'ús de les plantes com plataformes d'expressió de formats alternatius d'anticossos. / Huet Trujillo, E. (2017). Nuevas metodologías para la producción de anticuerpos recombinantes en plantas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90469

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) which causes gonorrhea has become multidrug-resistant, necessitating the development of novel therapeutics and vaccines. mAb 2C7 which targets an epitope within an important virulence factor, the lipooligosaccharide (LOS), is a candidate therapeutic mAb. Ninety-four percent of clinical isolates express the 2C7-epitope which is also a vaccine target. Ng expresses multiple LOS(s) due to phase-variation (pv) of LOS glycosyltransferase (lgt) genes. mAb 2C7 reactivity requires a lactose extension from the LOS core Heptose (Hep) II (i.e. lgtG ‘ON’ [G+]). Pv results in HepI with: two (2-), three (3-), four (4-), or five (5-) hexoses (Hex). How HepI glycans impact Ng infectivity and mAb 2C7 function are unknown and form the bases of this dissertation. Using isogenic mutants, I demonstrate that HepI LOS glycans modulate mAb 2C7 binding. mAb 2C7 causes complement (C’)-dependent bacteriolysis of three (2-Hex/G+, 4-Hex/G+, and 5-Hex/G+) of the HepI mutants in vitro. The 3-Hex/G+ mutant (resistant to C’-dependent bacteriolysis) is killed by neutrophils in the presence of mAb and C’. In mice, 2- and 3-Hex/G+ infections are significantly shorter than 4- and 5-Hex/G+ infections. A chimeric mAb 2C7 that hyperactivates C’, attenuates only 4- and 5-Hex/G+ infections. This study enhances understanding of the role of HepI LOS pv in gonococcal infections and shows that longer HepI glycans are necessary for prolonged infections in vivo. This is the first study that predicts in vitro efficacy of mAb 2C7 against all four targetable HepI glycans thereby strengthening the rationale for development of 2C7-epitope based vaccines and therapeutics.

The IgG Fc domain mediates a range of antibody effector functions, including antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement activation, phagocytosis, and the recently emerged general anti-inflammatory effect of immunoglobulin therapy (IVIg). The conserved N-glycan attached to Fc N297 maintains the Fc structural integrity for the effector functions, while its glycoform is known to modulate the affinity for the Fc γ-receptors (FcγRs), complement, and the C-type lectin DC-SIGN. IgG Fc exhibits protein-directed glycosylation characterized by a series of biantennary complex type glycoforms, with a small population of sialylated species. The sialylated Fc has been proposed to bind DC-SIGN and initiate an anti-inflammatory signalling pathway. The restricted Fc glycan processing is partially attributed to the hydrophobic interaction between Fc glycan and the hydrophobic Fc protein backbone. Mutations within the hydrophobic Fc protein-glycan interface dramatically increases Fc glycan processing, while concomitantly decreases Fc affinity for the FcγRs. However, it is unclear whether this disrupted Fc-FcγR interaction was due to the increased terminal glycan processing, or the perturbed Fc protein-glycan interface. Here, the integrity of the Fc protein-glycan interface was demonstrated to be important in maintaining the productive Fc-FcγR interaction independently of glycoform. This glycoform-independent effect was exploited to generate novel inhibitory Fc variants. In addition, the interaction between sialylated IgG and the putative IVIg receptor DC-SIGN was re-evaluated. Analysis shows that IVIg binds DC-SIGN in a glycan-independent, Fab-mediated manner. Furthermore, the effect of IVIg sialylation on human antigen presenting cells was examined; evidence presented here indicate that IVIg deglycosylation, not desialylation, has an anti-inflammatory effect on human dendritic cells (DCs). These data suggest the need for a general re-evaluation of the current mechanistic model of anti-inflammatory IVIg.

Antibodies passively administered together with their specific antigen can enhance or suppress the specific antibody response. This phenomenon is known as antibody feedback regulation. Whether this modulation causes up- or downregulation of the antibody response depends both on the antibody isotype and the antigen used. IgG antibodies passively administered together with particulate antigens, e.g. erythrocytes, can completely prevent the induction of an antibody response to the antigen. The suppressive capacity of IgG has been routinely used in the clinic since the 1960’s in RhD-prophylaxis to prevent hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Although studied for decades, the underlying mechanism of IgG-suppression has remained elusive. The main focus of this thesis has been to elucidate the mechanism behind IgG-suppression of antibody responses in vivo in mouse models using intravenous immunization with specific IgG together with native or haptenated sheep red blood cells, SRBC. We show that IgG-suppression of IgM and long-term serum IgG-responses operates independently of activating FcγRI, III, IV, or the inhibitory FcγRIIB, thus confirming and extending previous findings. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that C1q, C3 and CR1/2 are dispensable for IgG-suppression of antibody responses. These findings strongly argue against the involvement of Fc-dependent mechanisms as the explanation for IgG-suppression. Interestingly, GC formation occurs in IgG-suppressed mice although the antibody response to surface SRBC epitopes are completely suppressed. The data suggests that these GCs develop in response to intracellular SRBC epitopes as well as to the passively administered suppressive IgG. Moreover, we demonstrate that passively administered IgG suppresses several parameters of an antibody/B cell response including antigen specific GC and non-GC B cells, extra-follicular antibody secreting cells, long-lived plasma cells and induction of immunological memory. Before the onset of the present study, two mechanisms appeared compatible with the majority of experimental findings: IgG-mediated antigen clearance and epitope masking. Herein we show that the contribution of IgG-mediated antigen clearance is negligible and that suppression of IgG-responses is strictly epitope specific. This provides compelling evidence that a very important mechanism underlying IgG-suppression is epitope masking.

La sialylation des N-glycanes du fragment Fc des immunogobulines G (IgG) est une modification peu fréquente des IgG humaines. Pourtant, elle est l’objet de beaucoup d’attention depuis que deux articles fondateurs ont été publiés, qui montrent l’un que la sialylation des IgG diminue leur capacité à déclencher la cytotoxicité cellulaire dépendant de l’anticorps (ADCC), et l’autre que les IgG sialylées en α2,6 seraient la fraction efficace des IgG intraveineuses (IgIV) anti-inflammatoires. Les anticorps monoclonaux thérapeutiques, qui sont le plus souvent des IgG recombinantes produites en culture de cellules de mammifère, connaissent depuis la fin des années 90 un succès et une croissance phénoménaux sur le marché pharmaceutique. La maîtrise de la N-glycosylation du Fc des IgG est une clé de l’efficacité des anticorps monoclonaux. Si les IgG sialylées sont des molécules peu fréquentes in vivo, elles sont très rares en culture cellulaire. Dans cette étude, nous avons développé une méthode de production d’IgG avec une sialylation de type humain en cellules CHO. Nous avons travaillé principalement sur la mise au point d’une stratégie de production d’IgG sialylées par co-expression transitoire d’une IgG1 avec la β1,4-galactosyltransférase I (β4GTI) et la β-galactoside-α2,6-sialyltransférase I (ST6GalI). Nous avons montré que cette méthode permettait d’enrichir l’IgG1 en glycane fucosylé di-galactosylé mono-α2,6-sialylé G2FS(6)1, qui est le glycane sialylé présent sur les IgG humaines. Nous avons ensuite adapté cette méthode à la production d’IgG présentant des profils de glycosylation riches en acides sialiques, riches en galactose terminal, et/ou appauvris en fucosylation. L’analyse des profils de glycosylation obtenus par la co-expression de diverses combinaisons enzymatiques avec l’IgG1 native ou une version mutante de l’IgG1 (F243A), a permis de discuter des influences respectives de la sous-galactosylation des IgG1 en CHO et des contraintes structurales du Fc dans la limitation de la sialylation des IgG en CHO. Nous avons ensuite utilisé les IgG1 produites avec différents profils de glycosylation afin d’évaluer l’impact de la sialylation α2,6 sur l’interaction de l’IgG avec le récepteur FcγRIIIa, principal récepteur impliqué dans la réponse ADCC. Nous avons montré que la sialylation α2,6 augmentait la stabilité du complexe formé par l’IgG avec le FcγRIIIa, mais que ce bénéfice n’était pas directement traduit par une augmentation de l’efficacité ADCC de l’anticorps. Enfin, nous avons débuté le développement d’une plateforme d’expression stable d’IgG sialylées compatible avec une production à l’échelle industrielle. Nous avons obtenu une lignée capable de produire des IgG enrichies en G2FS(6)1 à hauteur de 400 mg/L. Cette étude a contribué à une meilleure compréhension de l’impact de la sialylation sur les fonctions effectrices des IgG, et a permis d’augmenter la maîtrise des techniques de modulation du profil de glycosylation des IgG en culture cellulaire. / Only a fraction of the N-glycans present on the Fc fragment of the human IgGs is sialylated. However, a new interest for sialylation has risen since two major articles were published, one showing that sialylation reduces the capacity of the antibody to trigger antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC), whereas the other showed that the IgGs carrying α2,6-sialic acids on their Fc N-glycans were responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) injected at high doses. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are in majority recombinant IgGs produced in mammalian cell culture. Since the end of the nineties, mAbs have become a major class of pharmaceutical products, and their success is still growing. The control of Fc N-glycosylation is a key parameter for the improvement of the therapeutic efficacy of mAbs. Sialylated IgGs are found only as traces in the classic CHO cell culture processes. In this study, we developed a method for the production of IgGs with a human-like sialylation in CHO cells. We focused on a production strategy relying on the transient co-expression of an IgG1 with the β1,4-galactosyltransferase I (β4GTI) and the β-galactoside-α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6GalI). We showed that this method allowed the enrichment of the IgG1 glycoprofile in the fucosylated di-galactosylated mono-α2,6-sialylated glycane G2FS(6)1, which is the main sialylated glycan found in human IgGs. We then adapted this method to the production of highly galactosylated or highly sialylated IgGs with and without core-fucosylation. The analysis of the glycosylation profiles obtained using the various enzyme combinations co-expressed with the native IgG1 or the mutant IgG1 F243A allowed us to discuss the influence of the under-galactosylation found in IgGs produced in CHO cells versus the Fc structural constraints on the limitation of IgG sialylation in CHO cells. We used the IgG1 glycovariants produced with our method to assess the impact of Fc α2,6-sialylation on the interaction of the IgG with the receptor FcγRIIIa, which is the main receptor mediating the ADCC response. We showed that the presence of α2,6-sialylation in the Fc increased the stability of the IgG-FcγRIIIa complex. This benefit however did not translate into an improved ADCC capacity. Finally, we initiated the development of a stable expression platform for the production of sialylated IgGs at yields relevant for the industry. We obtained a cell line capable of producing IgGs enriched in G2FS(6)1 at 400 mg/L. This may eventually represent a novel approach to manufacture a recombinant IVIG surrogate. With this work, we contributed to a better understanding of the impact of sialylation on the effector functions of IgGs. We also improved our understanding of the techniques allowing for the modification and control of the glycosylation profile of IgGs in cell culture.

O lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) é uma doença autoimune e a suscetibilidade às infecções está associada as suas anormalidades imunológicas e a sua terapia imunossupressora e citotóxica. Dentre as alterações que predispõem às infecções no LES estão anormalidades moleculares e funcionais dos neutrófilos: clearance e fagocitose ineficientes de imunocomplexos (IC) e bactérias, neutropenia, defeitos na quimiotaxia, redução do burst oxidativo e redução da expressão de receptores para IgG (Fc?R) e para complemento (CR). Além disso, os polimorfismos genéticos dos Fc?R têm sido associados com as disfunções imunes do LES. Os Fc?R são importantes mediadores das funções efetoras do neutrófilo e atuam em sinergismo com os CR (CR1 e CR3). O polimorfismo dos genes Fc?RIIA e Fc?RIIIB determina a expressão de variantes alélicas com diferenças funcionais, as quais podem influenciar as respostas biológicas e a suscetibilidade e o prognóstico das doenças infecciosas. Em particular, o alótipo Fc?RIIa-R131, tem menor afinidade para a IgG2, o que resulta em prejuízo na fagocitose mediada por esta imunoglobulina. A IgG2 é essencial contra bactérias encapsuladas e os pneumococos são responsáveis por 6-18% das infecções bacterianas no LES. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a influência dos polimorfismos genéticos dos Fc?R na fagocitose e desgranulação dos neutrófilos, associados ao polimorfismo do CR3, e à ocorrência de infecções bacterianas no LES. Os genótipos foram determinados por reações da polimerase em cadeia para os polimorfismos das variantes alélicas; a fagocitose e desgranulação foram estimuladas por IC contendo IgG (IC-IgG) e por IC-IgG e complemento (IC-IgG/SHN); a fagocitose de IC por neutrófilos e a expressão dos Fc?R e CR3 foram avaliadas por citometria de fluxo; e a desgranulação dos neutrófilos estimulada por IC foi medida pela liberação de elastase e lisozima. Os resultados mostraram: maior frequência para o genótipo R-131 no LES; associação do genótipo HNA-4a negativo para o CR3 com a suscetibilidade para o LES e associação do HNA-4a positivo com proteção; fagocitose menor em neutrófilos de pacientes com LES com genótipo HR-131 comparados aos neutrófilos do grupo controle com genótipo R-131 (IC-IgG e IC-IgG/SHN); no polimorfismo do Fc?RIIIb, a fagocitose e a lisozima foram menores em neutrófilos de pacientes com LES com genótipo HNA-1b e maior para HNA-1a/1b comparados aos controles com os respectivos genótipos (IC-IgG/SHN); a ocorrência de infecções foi mais frequentemente associada à presença do alelo R-131 e HNA-1b; nenhuma diferença foi observada para o polimorfismo HNA-4a do CR3, bem como para e elastase. Este estudo contribui para o entendimento das anormalidades nas funções dos neutrófilos no LES e para a identificação de indivíduos, cujo polimorfismo dos Fc?R e CR3 possa conferir suscetibilidade ou proteção às infecções. / Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which disease-related and genetic factors and immunosuppressive and cytotoxic therapies all contribute to an increased susceptibility to infections. Factors predisposing to infection include defects in chemotaxis, abnormalities in neutrophil phagocytic activity, decreased immune complex (IC) and bacteria clearance, neutropenia, reduced oxidative burst, abnormalities in the expression of Fc?R (Fc?R) and complement (CR) receptors. Recent data have provided evidence that genetic polymorphism of Fc?R is associated with immune abnormalities and risk to development of SLE. Fc?R can mediate neutrophil effector functions and play a synergistic action with CR. Fc?RIIa and Fc?RIIIb display functionally relevant genetic polymorphisms, which allelic variants can influence the biological responses and the susceptibility to and course of infectious diseases. In particular, the presence of the Fc?RIIa-R131 allotype results in lower affinity binding to IgG2, a subclass of IgG specific for encapsulated bacteria. Since pneumococci accounts for 6-18% of all bacterial infections in SLE, the R131 allele can be relevant as a risk factor for infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the Fc?R polymorphisms on the phagocytosis and degranulation of neutrophils, associated with CR3 polymorphism, and bacterial infections in SLE. Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reactions for the polymorphisms of the allelic variants; the phagocytosis and the degranulation were stimulated with IC-containing IgG (IC-IgG) and IC-IgG and complement (IC-IgG/NHS); the phagocytosis of IC by neutrophils and expression of Fc?R and CR3 were evaluated by flow cytometry, and degranulation of neutrophils stimulated with IC was measured by the release of lysozyme and elastase. The results showed a higher frequency for the genotype R-131 in SLE and association of genotype HNA-4a negative for the CR3 with susceptibility to SLE and association of HNA-4a with protection; the phagocytosis was lower in neutrophils from patients with SLE with HR-131 genotype than those in neutrophils from control group with genotype R-131 (IC-IgG and IC-IgG/NHS); in the Fc?RIIIb polymorphism, the phagocytosis and lysozyme were lower in neutrophils from patients with SLE with genotype HNA-1b and higher for HNA-1a/1b than those controls with the respective genotypes (IC-IgG/NHS); the occurrence of infections was more frequently associated with the presence of the allele R-131 and HNA-1b; no difference was observed for polymorphism HNA-4a of the CR3, neither for elastase. This study can contribute for the understanding of neutrophil abnormalities in SLE and identifying genetic markers that would predict patients Who are at high risk for infections.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-02-12T16:34:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_RespostaAnticorposIgg.pdf: 547749 bytes, checksum: 04594bfaa7574a1eacf4888685d0d373 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-04-07T16:12:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_RespostaAnticorposIgg.pdf: 547749 bytes, checksum: 04594bfaa7574a1eacf4888685d0d373 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-04-07T16:12:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_RespostaAnticorposIgg.pdf: 547749 bytes, checksum: 04594bfaa7574a1eacf4888685d0d373 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Neste estudo avaliamos o potencial antigênico da proteína recombinante His6-P119 contendo a região C-terminal da Proteína 1 da Superfície de Merozoítos de Plasmodium vivax. Analisamos a aquisição e os níveis de anticorpos IgG, e comparamos duas áreas com transmissão de malária, localizadas nos municípios de Trairão e Itaituba, Pará. Foram analisadas 391 amostras, sendo 208 amostras coletadas em Três Boeiras (TB) e 183 em São Luiz do Tapajós (SLT). No momento da coleta, foi realizado o exame da gota espessa e foram obtidos dados como idade, número de episódios prévios de malária e tempo decorrido desde o último episódio. As amostras foram analisadas por (ELISA) e os aspectos imunoepidemiológicos foram descritos. A comparação entre as duas áreas mostrou que tanto a freqüência de soros que reconheceram a His6-MSP119 como a concentração dos anticorpos IgG foi maior na população de TB, quando comparado com SLT. A freqüência de soros positivos foi 64,42% e 20,22% e a média dos índices de reatividade foi 6,11 ± 4,58 e 2,56 ± 1,96, respectivamente. A idade não influenciou a aquisição de anticorpos IgG na população mais expostas (TB), mas na população menos exposta (SLT) a percentagem de positivos aumentou entre os adultos. Nos grupos de indivíduos que relataram nunca terem tido malária, a freqüência de positivos foi semelhante nas duas localidades. No grupo que relatou ter tido malária, a percentagem de positivos foi maior em TB. Nesses dois grupos, a concentração de anticorpos IgG foi maior na população de TB. Nas duas áreas, o número de episódio influenciou a resposta de anticorpos específicos, sendo que em TB contribuiu para o aumento da percentagem de positivos e da concentração de anticorpos, mas em SLT influenciou apenas na percentagem de positivos. Entretanto, nas duas áreas, não foi possível associar a resposta de anticorpo com proteção, uma vez que os mais expostos estavam tendo malária recentemente. As áreas de estudo apresentaram perfil diferente quanto à intensidade da transmissão de malária e a aquisição natural de anticorpos. Os aspectos imunoepidemiológicos mostraram que a exposição contínua ao parasito contribuiu para a aquisição de anticorpos IgG específicos contra antígeno da fase sangüínea de P. vivax. No entanto, esta resposta não foi efetiva para conferir proteção. / In this study we evaluated the antigenic potential of recombinant protein His6-MSP119 containing the C-terminal region from Merozoite Surface Protein -1 of the Plasmodium vivax. We analyzed the acquisition and the levels of IgG antibodies, and we compared two areas where there is malaria transmission, located in Trairão and Itaituba municipity of Pará state. Were analyzed 391 samples, which 208 were collected in Três Boeiras (TB) and 183 in São Luiz do Tapajós (SLT). In the moment of the collect of the samples, was performed the thick film examination and obtained the data as age, number of previous episodes of malaria and the time since the last episode. Samples were analyzed by ELISA and the immunoepidemiological aspects were described. The comparison between the two areas showed that either the percentage of sera that recognized His6-MSP119 and the concentration of antibodies IgG were more higher into TB population when compared with SLT. The percentages of positive serum were 64.42% and 20.22% and the averages of reactivity were 6.11 ± 4.58 e 2.56 ± 1.96, respectively. The age did not influence the lgG antibodies response acquired by more exposed populations (TB), however, in less exposed population (SLT) the positive percentage increased among the adults. In the group of individuals that reported never ever had malaria, the percentage of positives samples was similar in two localities. In exposed groups to malaria, the percentage of positive samples was higher in TB. The number of episodes influenced the specific antibodies response in both areas, and in TB contributed for the increase of the positive percentage and antibodies concentration, but in SLT, it influenced only the frequency of positives. However, it was not possible to associate the IgG antibodies response with protection, because the most exposed one related that had malaria recently. In different areas of study we observed different profile for the transmission intensity of malaria and natural acquisition of antibodies. Immunoepidemiological aspects showed that the continuous exposition to the parasite contributed for lgG specific antibodies acquisition against the antigens of the blood stage of P. vivax, however antibodies response was not protective.