Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CleuzaPela.pdf: 925629 bytes, checksum: 39dda141b486ab991d8c25882872138f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study, developed as a doctoral thesis in the Program of Post-Graduated Studies in the Portuguese Language at PUC/SP, was conducted in the reading, writing and language teaching research fields and has as its main theme the reading of a specific genre, the detective story, and its processes of referentiation. Based on the hypothesis that, by getting in touch with a specific textual genre, the reader immerses himself in a number of multi-referential webs that arise and transform themselves into language, enabling critical reading on behalf of the reader, we establish as the main aim of this research the proposal of reading strategies that may contribute to the formation of a reader-subject as a social, historical, cultural agent and, as specific aims, to verify: a) if the categories referring to DSG made the constitution of the referentiation process possible, either by means of introducing (new) textual referents, or by anaphorization; b) if the choice of specific textual-linguistic resources contribute to the composition of referential expressions and to the construction of meaning in a text. This research is justified by three reasons: 1st. The reading of the textual detective story genre has become popular in Brazil in the last decades; 2nd. The textual detective story genre has been included in primary and secondary school projects, and even at graduation level; 3rd. there are few works related to the studying of the process of referentiation concerning the textual detective story genre. To give support to the discussion, some concepts such as reading (Compagnon, 2001, 1999; Jouve, 2002), textual genre and textual detective story genre (Albuquerque e Medeiros, 1979; Mandel, 1988; Bakhtin, 2000, 1993; Schneuwly, 2002), referentiation processes (Cavalcante, 2003; Francis, 2003; Koch, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 e 1995; Marcuschi, 2000, 1999; Neves, 2000, 1999, 1997), the question-answer-pair (Urbano et al, 2002), among others coming from Socio-Interactionism, Textual Linguistics and the Grammar of the Uses of the Portuguese language have been adopted. The corpus of this study is composed of a number of occurrences of lexical items of the Portuguese language in two detective stories, A Morte no Envelope by Luiz Lopes Coelho and Cabeças de Segunda-feira by Ignácio de Loyola Brandão. For reading this corpus, we proposed, based on the theoretical research, the following strategies: a reading contract, interaction and the collaborative construction of referentiation, which have been applied to each structuring categories of the textual detective story genre. The results allowed us to confirm our hypothesis and to obtain the proposed objectives, as well as to contribute to reading studies and, therefore, providing perspectives to the teaching of the Portuguese language / Este trabalho, desenvolvido como tese de doutoramento no Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Língua Portuguesa da PUC/SP, está situado na linha de pesquisa Leitura, Escrita e Ensino de Língua e tem por tema a leitura de um gênero textual específico, o policial (GTP), e de seus processos de referenciação. Partindo da hipótese de que, ao entrar em contato com um gênero textual específico, o leitor insere-se em multiteias de referenciações, que nascem e se transformam na linguagem, possibilitando-lhe o exercício da leitura crítica, estabelecemos como objetivo geral da pesquisa propor estratégias para a leitura de um gênero determinado que contribuam para a formação de um sujeito-leitor como agente social, histórico-cultural e como objetivos específicos verificar: a) se as categorias próprias do GTP possibilitam a constituição do processo de referenciação, seja por meio da introdução de (novos) referentes textuais, seja por meio de anaforização; b) se a escolha de determinados recursos lingüístico-textuais contribuem para a composição das expressões referenciais e a construção dos sentidos do texto. A pesquisa se justifica por três motivos: 1º) a leitura do gênero textual policial no Brasil, nos últimos tempos, tem se popularizado; 2º) O gênero textual policial tem sido inserido, em projetos de leitura e de escrita, nos ensinos fundamental I e II, médio e até superior; 3º) há poucos trabalhos destinados a estudar o processo de referenciação no gênero textual policial. Para subsidiar a investigação e atingir os objetivos propostos, fundamentamo-nos em conceitos como leitura (Compagnon, 2001, 1999; Jouve, 2002), gênero textual e gênero textual policial (Albuquerque e Medeiros, 1979; Mandel, 1988; Bakhtin, 2000, 1993; Schneuwly, 2002), processos de referenciação (Cavalcante, 2003; Francis, 2003; Koch, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996, 1995; Marcuschi, 2000, 1999; Neves, 2000, 1999, 1997) e par dialógico Pergunta-Resposta (Urbano et al, 2002), provenientes do Sociointeracionismo, da Lingüística Textual e da Gramática dos Usos do Português. O corpus do trabalho é composto de ocorrências de expressões referenciais selecionadas de dois contos policiais: A Morte no Envelope, de Luiz Lopes Coelho, e Cabeças na Segunda-feira, de Ignácio de Loyola Brandão. Para a leitura desse corpus, propusemos, com base na pesquisa teórica, as estratégias: contrato de leitura, interação e construção colaborativa da referenciação, as quais foram aplicadas em cada uma das categorias estruturantes do gênero textual policial. Os resultados obtidos permitiram-nos confirmar a hipótese e atingir os objetivos propostos, bem como trazer contribuições para os estudos de Leitura, abrindo, assim, perspectivas para o Ensino de Língua Portuguesa

At the start of the George H.W. Bush administration, American involvement in El Salvador‘s civil war, one of the last Cold War battlegrounds, had disappeared from the foreign policy agenda. However, two events in November 1989 shattered the bipartisan consensus on US policy toward El Salvador: the failure of the FMLN‘s largest military offensive of the war and the murder of six Jesuit priests, their housekeeper, and her daughter by the Salvadoran military, the FAES. Despite more than one billion dollars in US military assistance, the war had stalemated, promoting both sides to seek a negotiated political settlement mediated by the United Nations. The Jesuit murders demonstrated the failure of the policy of promoting respect for democracy and human rights and revived the debate in Congress over US aid to El Salvador. This thesis argues that the Bush administration sought to remove the burden of El Salvador from its foreign policy agenda by actively pushing for the investigation and prosecution of the Jesuit case and fully supporting the UN-mediated peace process. Using recently declassified government documents from the George Bush Presidential Library, this thesis will examine how the Bush administration fundamentally changed US policy toward El Salvador. Administration officials carried out an unprecedented campaign to pressure the FAES to investigate the Jesuit murders and bring the killers to justice while simultaneously attempting to prevent Congress from cutting American military assistance. The Bush administration changed the objective of its El Salvador policy from military victory over the guerrillas to a negotiated political settlement. The US facilitated the peace process by pressuring the Salvadoran government and the FMLN to negotiate in good faith and accept compromises. When both sides signed a comprehensive peace agreement on January 16, 1992, the burden of El Salvador was lifted.

This is an investigation of the epic poetry produced in and about the Ibero-American world during the early modern period (sixteenth to eighteenth centuries) in trilingual perspective: in addition to the more familiar Spanish- and Portuguese-language texts, consideration is also––and, for the purposes of the thesis, above all––given to material in Latin. Latin was the third of the international literary languages of the Iberian imperial world; it is also by far the most neglected, having fallen between the cracks of modern disciplinary boundaries in their current configurations. The thesis seeks to rehabilitate the Latin-language component as a fully-fledged member of the Ibero-American epic tradition, arguing that it demands to be analysed with reference not only to the classical and classicising traditions but to those same themes and concerns––in this case, the centre|periphery binary––as are investigated for counterparts when in Spanish or Portuguese. The crucial difference is that––while the ends may be the same––the means of thematising these issues derive in form and signifying power from interactions with the conceptual vocabularies and frameworks of the Greco-Roman epic tradition. How is America represented and New World space figured––even produced––in a poetic idiom first developed by ancient Mediterranean cultures with no conception whatsoever of the continent of the western hemisphere? At the core is one such long neglected Ibero-American Latin-language epic by a figure who lived across the Iberian imperial world: the 'De Invento Novo Orbe Inductoque Illuc Christi Sacrificio' (Faenza, 1777) by Catalan-born Jesuit José Manuel Peramás. Peramás’s epic––which has never been the subject of a literary-critical study before––is offered as a test case: an exercise in analysing a Latin-language Hispanic epic qua Hispanic epic and setting it into Ibero-American literary-cultural context. This is to be understood in relation to the field of so-called ‘New World poetics’: an at present emergent zone of inquiry within Iberian colonial studies which until now has been developing almost completely without reference to the Latin-language portion of the corpus.