Nesse trabalho foram estudadas 2 estratégias visando a purificação de IgM a partir de plasma humano. A primeira estratégia baseou-se em um processo desenhado para a fábrica de produção de hemoderivados do Instituto Butantan para a produção dos fatores de coagulação VIII e IX, albumina e IgG. Após 2 colunas cromatográficas, a IgM foi separada das 2 proteínas mais abundantes do plasma, a albumina e a IgG e o enriquecimento da IgM em relação a IgA e IgG foi bastante satisfatória. A segunda estratégia está inserida no processo de fracionamento de plasma desenvolvida em nosso laboratório. Através de um estudo sistemático em coluna de troca aniônica, obtivemos uma fração contendo IgG, uma contendo albumina, ambos praticamente puros e uma terceira contendo IgM e outras proteínas contaminantes. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a IgM pode ser purificada com sucesso empregando ambas as estratégias. Entretanto, para se obter um produto mais homogêneo, será necessário ainda adicionar uma ou mais etapas de purificação. / In this work we studied two strategies for the purification human plasma IgM. The first strategy was based on a process designed for the hemoderivatives production factory of the Butantan Institute for the production of coagulation factors VIII and IX, albumin and IgG. After 2 chromatographies, IgM was separated from the 2 most abundant plasma proteins, that is, albumin and IgG and the achieved enrichment of IgM in relation to IgG and IGA was very satisfactory. The second strategy is part of a plasma fractionation process under development in our laboratory. Through a systematic study using an anionic exchange column we separated a fraction containing IgG, a second containing albumin, being both nearly pure and a third fraction containing IgM and other contaminating proteins. The obtained results indicate that IgM can be purified successfully by both strategies. However, to obtain a more homogeneous product, additional purification steps are necessary.

Estudou-se quantitativamente e qualitativamente a citologia, os teores de imunoglobulinas, e a atividade bactericida dos fagócitos do colostro bovino contra a Escherichia coli enterotoxigênica (ECET), analisando-se a influência da opsonização prévia destas células. Para tal finalidade foram utilizadas 53 vacas da raça Holandesa, das quais realizou-se a colheita de um total 212 amostras de colostro obtidas antes da primeira e segunda ordenha. As amostras positivas (n=41) ao exame bacteriológico do leite foram excluídas desta pesquisa. Para a análise citológica quantitativa e qualitativa do colostro, foram utilizadas as técnicas de microscopia direta e citocentrifugação, respectivamente. As dosagens das imunoglobulinas (IgG, IgM e IgA) foram realizadas por meio da técnica de imunodifusão radial, utilizando-se Kits comerciais. Para a avaliação da atividade bactericida indireta dos fagócitos e verificação da influência da opsonização prévia da ECET, foram realizados os seguintes ensaios: utilizando somente suspensão de fagócitos mononucleares e polimorfonucleares em meio de cultura (Grupo Controle - C); suspensão de fagócitos mononucleares e polimorfonucleares adicionados a suspensão de ECET não opsonizada (Grupo NO); suspensão de fagócitos mononucleares e polimorfonucleares adicionados a suspensão de ECET previamente opsonizada com 10% de sobrenadante de colostro bovino delipidado (Grupo O). A atividade bactericida indireta dos fagócitos foi mensurada por meio da quantidade de nmoles de peróxido de hidrogênio liberado por estas células, nos ensaios C, NO e O. Após as avaliações dos resultados das determinações realizadas, conclui-se que: (1) o colostro bovino de segunda ordenha apresenta maior quantidade de células/mL, que aquele de primeira ordenha; (2) a predominância celular demonstrada com o uso das técnicas de microscopia direta e de citocentrifugação foi de células mononucleares; (3) colostro bovino de segunda ordenha possui maior quantidade de neutrófilos polimorfonucleares, quando comparada àquela da primeira ordenha, utilizando as técnicas de microscópica direta e de citocentrifugação, para a contagem dos tipos leucocitários; (4) os tipos celulares predominantes no colostro bovino de primeira e segunda ordenha foram macrófagos/células epiteliais, seguidos por linfócitos, neutrófilos e eosinófilos, respectivamente, utilizando a técnica de citocentrifugação para diferenciação celular; (5) o colostro bovino de primeira ordenha possui maiores teores de imunoglobulinas das classes G e M, que o da segunda ordenha, havendo predomínio da IgG, sobre a IgM e IgA independente da ordem de ordenha. (6) os fagócitos do colostro bovino de primeira ordenha apresentaram maior atividade celular avaliada pela liberação de peróxido de hidrogênio, que os da segunda ordenha; (7) a estimulação antigênica com ECET não foi suficiente para aumentar a atividade bactericida dos fagócitos do colostro bovino; (8) a opsonização da ECET com soro colostral não determinou diferenças significativas na atividade bactericida dos fagócitos do colostro bovino, mensurada pela quantidade de peróxido de hidrogênio liberado por estas células; (9) existe correlação positiva entre os teores de imunoglobulinas da classe M e a quantidade de peróxido de hidrogênio liberado pelos fagócitos do colostro bovino; (10) o comportamento quantitativo observado para as imunoglobulinas e células do colostro bovino, considerando a ordem das ordenhas, sugere que os anticorpos teriam função prioritária na imunidade do neonato, enquanto o aumento de neutrófilos estaria voltado aparentemente para a proteção da glândula mamária. / Bovine collostrum citology, immunoglobulin content and bactericidal activity of phagocytes against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were studied qualitatively and quantitatively, analyzing the influence of previous opsonization of the bacterium. In order to achieve this aim, 53 Holstein cows were used to obtain 212 collostrum samples before the first and second milkings. Samples positive (n=41) in the bacteriological examination of milk were excluded from the trial. Direct microscopy and cytocentrifugation were used in the quantitative and qualitative cytological analysis of collostrum, respectively. Immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM and IgA) contents were determined by means of radial immunodiffusion using commercial kits. Indirect bactericidal activity of phagocytes and assessment of the influence of ETEC previous opsonization were carried out as follows: using only a suspension of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes in culture medium (Control group - C); suspension of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes added to a suspension of non-opsonized ETEC (NO group); suspension of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes added to an ETEC suspension previously opsonized with 10% of supernatant of delipidated bovine collostrum (O group). Indirect bactericidal activity of phagocytes was measured by means of the amount of hydrogen peroxide nmoles released by these cells in assays C, NO and O. After results were evaluated, it was concluded that: (1) bovine collostrum obtained in the second milking showed more cells/mL than first milking collostrum; (2) the predominance of mononuclear cells was determined by both direct microscopy and cytocentrifugation; (3) bovine collostrum obtained in the second milking showed greater quantity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils than that of the first milking, as determined in cell type counts by direct microscopy and cytocentrifugation; (4) cell types predominating in bovine collostrum of the first and second milking were macrophages / epithelial cells, followed by lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils, respectively, using cytocentrifugation for cell differentiation; (5) first milking bovine collostrum showed greater levels of immunoglobulins G and M than that of the second milking, with a predominance of IgG compared with IgM and IgA, no matter the milking order; (6) phagocytes in first milking collostrum showed greater cell activity than those in the second milking collostrum, as evaluated by hydrogen peroxide release; (7) antigenic stimulation of ETEC was not enough to increase bactericidal activity of phagocytes in bovine collostrum; (8) ETEC opsonization with collostral serum did not lead to significant differences in bactericidal activity of bovine collostrum phagocytes, as measured by the amount of hydrogen peroxide released by these cells; (9) there was a positive correlation between the contents of immunoglobulin M and the amount of hydrogen peroxide released by phagocytes in bovine collostrum; (10) quantitative behavior observed for immunoglobulins and cells of bovine collostrum considering the milking order, suggest that antibodies would have a essential function in neonate immunity, whereas the increase in neutrophils would apparently be linked to mammary gland protection.

Kit Yu Fu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-106). / Chapter I. --- Abstract --- p.vii / Chapter II. --- Acknowledgements --- p.viii / Chapter III. --- List of Figures --- p.ix / Chapter IV. --- Chapter --- p.1 / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases --- p.1 / Chapter a. --- Culture --- p.1 / Chapter b. --- Direct detection by visualization --- p.2 / Chapter c. --- Direct detection by DNA or RNA hybridization --- p.2 / Chapter d. --- Detection by immunological methods (antigen or antibody detection) --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Types of antigen preparations / Chapter a. --- Crude antigenic extracts --- p.5 / Chapter b. --- Affinity-purified antigens --- p.6 / Chapter c. --- Recombinant antigens --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Methods of gene transfer to mammalian cells --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- The immunoglobulins --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Ig structure --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Ig genes --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Ig gene rearrangement --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Recombinant Ig --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Myeloma-derived recombinant Ig (chimeric antibodies) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.6 --- Ig expression vectors --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5 --- Trichinella spiralis and trichinosis --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- The parasite --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Antigens of T. spiralis --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6 --- Aim of present study --- p.25 / Chapter V. --- Chapter2 / Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Chemicals --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- Parasite --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3 --- Cell line and expression vectors --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4 --- Extraction of total RNA from T. spiralis --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5 --- Preparation of cDNA fragment from T. spiralis --- p.29 / Chapter 2.6 --- Characterization of Trichinella cDNA fragment --- p.31 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- By gel electrophoresis --- p.31 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- By restriction enzyme digestion --- p.31 / Chapter 2.7 --- Cloning of Trichinella cDNA fragment to g4R --- p.31 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Preparation Trichinella cDNA fragment for ligation --- p.32 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Preparation of g4R vector --- p.32 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Ligation --- p.32 / Chapter 2.7.4 --- Transformation of Escherichia coli (TG1) / Chapter a. --- Preparation of competent cells for transformation --- p.33 / Chapter b. --- Transformation of competent cells by heat shock --- p.34 / Chapter 2.7.5 --- Screening of recombinant clones --- p.34 / Chapter 2.8 --- Preparation of fusion gene for transfection --- p.36 / Chapter 2.9 --- Introduction of DNA to myeloma cells by electroporation --- p.36 / Chapter 2.10 --- Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect fusion gene product / Chapter 2.10.1 --- Sandwich ELISA --- p.37 / Chapter 2.10.2 --- Detection of Trichinella antigen in fusion gene product --- p.38 / Chapter 2.10.3 --- Detection of Ig CH2-CH3 domains in fusion gene product --- p.38 / Chapter 2.11 --- Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.39 / Chapter 2.12 --- Genomic and transcriptional analysis of transfectants --- p.40 / Chapter 2.12.1 --- Genomic analysis of transfectants / Chapter a. --- DNA isolation --- p.40 / Chapter b. --- PCR amplification of the fusion gene fragment --- p.41 / Chapter 2.12.2 --- Isolation of fusion gene cDNA from transfectants --- p.41 / Chapter 2.12.3 --- Cloning of fusion gene cDNA to M13 mpl9 --- p.43 / Chapter 2.12.4 --- Preparation of single-stranded templates from M13 phage --- p.43 / Chapter 2.12.5 --- Dideoxy sequencing method (Sanger) --- p.44 / Chapter 2.12.6 --- Gel analysis of sequencing products --- p.44 / Chapter 2.13 --- Modification of the g4R expression vector by deletion of the CH2-CH3 exons 3' to the XhoI site / Chapter a. --- Partial EcoRI digestion of g4R --- p.45 / Chapter b. --- Addition of adaptors to the partial Eco RI-digested g4R vector --- p.46 / Chapter c. --- Preparation of modified g4R vector --- p.46 / Chapter 2.14 --- Cloning of the Trichinella P53 gene into the modified g4R vector --- p.46 / Chapter 2.15 --- Detection of Trichinella antigen in the second fusion gene product / Chapter a. --- Preparation of biotinylated mouse anti- Trichinella serum --- p.47 / Chapter b. --- Assay for the activity of biotin-Ts serum --- p.48 / Chapter c. --- "Assay for detection of Trichinella antigen in the fusion gene product from Tc2, Te1 and g4R transfected clones" --- p.48 / Chapter 2.16 --- Northern blot analysis of the RNA of transfected clones --- p.48 / Chapter a. --- RNA gel electrophoresis --- p.49 / Chapter b. --- RNA transfer --- p.49 / Chapter c. --- RNA hybridization --- p.49 / Chapter VI. --- "Chapter3 Construction of Ig-Trichinella fusion gene, Te1" / Chapter 3.1 --- Rationale of the gene construction --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2 --- Isolation of T. spiralis P49 gene by cDNA amplification --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3 --- Cloning of Trichinella P49 cDNA to g4R --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4 --- Screening of recombinant clones --- p.58 / Chapter VII. --- Chapter4 Characterization of Tc1 fusion gene product / Chapter 4.1 --- Transfection of fusion gene to J558L myeloma cells / Chapter 4.2 --- Antigenicity of fusion gene product with respect to Trichinella activity --- p.64 / Chapter 4.3 --- Detection of Ig CH2-CH3 domains in fusion gene product --- p.65 / Chapter 4.4 --- Size determination of fusion gene product --- p.69 / Chapter 4.5 --- Transcriptional and genomic analysis of transfectants producing the fusion gene product --- p.71 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Genomic analysis --- p.71 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Sequence analysis of transcript from the CH1 to CH2 exon --- p.71 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Sequence analysis of transcript from the CH1 to CH3 exon --- p.77 / Chapter VIII. --- "Chapter5 Construction and characterization of second fusion gene, Tc2, using modified g4R vector" --- p.81 / Chapter IX. --- Chapter6 General Discussion / Use of recombinant DNA technology to produceantigen for use in the diagnosis of infectious diseases --- p.89 / Characterization of the fusion gene product --- p.89 / Absence of Trichinella sequence in fusion gene product due to exon skipping --- p.94 / A new strategy for producing Ig fusion proteins: modification of the g4R vector --- p.96 / Prospect of utilizing Ig expression system for producing antigen --- p.97 / Chapter X. --- References --- p.99 / Chapter XI. --- Appendix --- p.107

Vertebrate immune systems are armed with the ability to generate highly specific immune responses capable of responding to nearly any foreign molecular threat. One of the major mediators of this response is immunoglobulins (Igs) produced by B lymphocytes. The specificity of individual Igs is created through a tightly orchestrated series of somatic DNA manipulations at Ig encoding loci resulting in functional gene rearrangements and nucleotide substitutions. These events serve to create a pool of naive B cells expressing Igs with distinct specificities, capable of expansion in response to antigen specific selection. Affinity of Ig towards antigen is enhanced through nucleotide substitutions introduced at the antigen binding variable region gene segments through the enzyme activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID) during the process of somatic hypermutation (SHM). AID also generates point mutations within noncoding DNA segments of the Ig heavy chain locus that are processed into double strand breaks leading to constant region isotype switching during class switch recombination (CSR). The Ig diversification processes of SHM and CSR critically depend upon transcriptional activation of the relevant DNA segments. Transcription is thought to facilitate single strand DNA substrate recognition by AID during unwinding of the DNA duplex. The 3'-5' exoribonuclease RNA exosome serves as a transcription dependent cofactor of AID. RNA exosome is comprised of multiple structurally integral core subunits and associated nuclease subunits. In this work, RNA exosome core subunit Exosc3 and nuclease Exosc10 have been targeted for conditional mutagenesis and loss of function analysis in mouse cells. RNA exosome deficient B cells were significantly impaired in AID dependent SHM and CSR Ig diversification processes. Transcriptome analyses revealed a striking accumulation of promoter proximal antisense divergent noncoding transcripts (xTSS-RNA) at a subset of genes upon loss of RNA exosome function. xTSS-RNAs mark regions of chromatin containing RNA exosome activity. Multiple known AID target sites including IgH and Myc were observed to express xTSS-RNA. Furthermore, genomic sites of recurrent AID dependent chromosomal translocations were enriched for xTSS-RNA. In addition to promoter proximal xTSS-RNA, cryptic intragenic antisense noncoding transcripts were found to accumulate at many genomic loci. In fact, multiple translocation hotspots precisely overlap regions of RNA exosome sensitive antisense transcription. AID targeted divergently transcribed promoters containing RNA exosome substrates possessed greater amounts of RNA:DNA hybrids, indicative of frequent transcriptional arrest. Lastly, RNA exosome deficient transcriptomes have revealed a substantial number of novel long intergenic noncoding RNAs and enhancer RNAs, indicating a hidden layer of cellular transcriptional activity. A model of AID targeting utilizing transcriptional arrest is becoming increasingly apparent. Transcribed chromatin prone to undergo transcriptional arrest, such as Ig loci or xTSS-RNA expressing regions, frequently undergoes premature transcription termination coupled to RNA exosome mediated degradation of the nascent transcript. This process results in the creation of AID substrates and serves to stabilize its association with chromatin through multiple interactions involving RNA exosome and transcription complex subunits.

A doença periodontal é o problema de saúde oral mais comum nos gatos adultos, cuja prevalência está estimada em até 70% dos animais. Dentre as principais etiologias, destaca-se a Porphyromonas gingivalis, importante patógeno frequentemente detectado em lesões ativas de periodontite. Nesse contexto, a imunoterapia associada ao emprego de imunoglobulinas anti-Porphyromonas gingivalis (IgY-PG) surge como alternativa promissora frente aos convencionais métodos preventivos e terapêuticos. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a eficácia da adição de IgY - PG em dietas extrusadas sobre diferentes parâmetros relacionados a saúde oral de gatos. Foram empregados 20 gatos adultos, sem raça definida, idade média de 7,92±1,98 anos e peso corporal médio de 4,55±1,11kg. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais de 10 gatos cada. O estudo seguiu delineamento crossover, com a duração de 40 dias em cada período experimental. Todos os animais foram previamente avaliados, para a confirmação da presença da PG na microbiota bucal pelo emprego de técnicas moleculares. Os parâmetros avaliados foram índice de placa, índice de cálculo, índice de gengivite e contagem bacteriana bucal nos momentos T0 e T40 dias após o início do estudo. Os animais alimentados com a dieta adicionada de IgY-PG apresentaram redução significativa dos índices de placa (P=0,05) e cálculo dentário (P= 0,06), achados que demonstram melhora da saúde oral dos gatos estudados. / Periodontal disease is the most common problem of oral health in adult cats, whose prevalence is estimated at up to 70% of the animals. Among the main causes, there is the Porphyromonas gingivalis, an important pathogen frequently detected in active lesions of periodontitis. In this context, immunotherapy associated with the use of IgY against - Porphyromonas gingivalis (IgY - PG) has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional preventive and therapeutic methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of adding IgY - PG in extruded diets on different parameters related to oral health in cats. Twenty adult cats, mixed breeds, with 7.92±1.98 years old and a mean body weight of 4.55±1.11 kg were used. The animals were divided into two groups of 10 cats each. The experiment followed crossover design, with each period lasting 40 days. All animals were previously evaluated to confirm the presence of PG in the oral microbiota by using molecular techniques. The parameters evaluated were plaque, calculus and gingivitis index, and oral bacterial count in times T0 and T40 days after the start of the study. Animals fed the diet added IgY - PG significant reduction of plaque index (P=0.05) and dental calculus (P=0.06), findings that demonstrate improved oral health of cats studied.

by Frankie Kar-Ming Wong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-107). / Acknowledgements --- p.IV / Abstract --- p.V / Abbreviations --- p.VI / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction to Lipoprotein and Apolipoprotein --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Lipoprotein structure and classification --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Apolipoprotein A-I and B100 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Biological functions of apolipoprotein --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Evidence linking apoA-I and B100 with atherosclerosis --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- The roles of apoA-I and B100 in the development of atherosclerosis --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Measurement of human serum lipoproteins as an assessment of risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) --- p.8 / Chapter 1.6 --- Aims of this study --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Purification of ApoA-I and B100 and Production of Polyclonal Antibodies --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Purification of apoA-I and B100 from human serum --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Immunization for polyclonal antibodies production against apoA-I and B100 --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Antibody purification --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- Ammonium sulfate precipitation --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- DEAE and QEAE Sepharose --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.3.3 --- Protein A and Protein G --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.3.4 --- Affinity chromatography --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Purification of HDL and LDL --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Purification of apolipoproteins --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Immunization of rabbit with apoA-I and B100 --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Purification of lipoprotein specific immunoglobulin from antisera --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- Salt fractionation --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- Purification of immunoglobulin by Protein A affinity chromatography --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.5.3 --- Isolation of specific antibody by lipoprotein-coupled affinity chromatography --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Purification of apoA-I and B100 --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Purification of immunoglobulins from rabbit anti-apolipoprotein sera --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Production of monoclonal antibodies against apoA-I and B100 --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- What is monoclonal antibody? --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- The basic methodology --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Immunization of host --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- Cell lines required for fusion --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.2.3 --- Fusion --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.2.4 --- Selection of hybrids --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1.2.5 --- Screening assay --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.2.6 --- Cloning --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.2.7 --- Bulk production of monoclonal antibody --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1.2.8 --- Monoclonal antibody purification --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methods --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Immunization of mice with apoA-I and apoB100 --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Preparation before fusion --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Preparation of tissue culture working solutions --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Preparation of spleen cells --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Preparation of myeloma cells --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Fusion --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Screening assay for positive clones --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Limiting dilution cloning --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Determination of isotype --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Cryopreservation of myeloma and established hybridoma cell lines --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.7.1 --- Freezing cells --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.7.2 --- Thawing cells --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Bulk production of monoclonal antibodies from ascites --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Purification of monoclonal antibodies from ascites --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.10 --- Western blot analyses of the monoclonal antibodies --- p.64 / Chapter 3.2.11 --- Iodination of apolipoproteins --- p.64 / Chapter 3.2.12 --- Binding of the monoclonal antibody to iodinated apolipoprotein --- p.65 / Chapter 3.2.13 --- Competitive displacement analyses --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Development of monoclonal antibodies --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Purification of monoclonal antibody from ascites --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Western blotting analyses of AB6 and BE8 --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Monoclonal antibody titration curve for apolipoproteins by radioimmunoassays --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Competitive displacement analysis of AB6 and BE8 --- p.75 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.79 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for ApoA-I --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Conjugation methods --- p.85 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Design of the immunoassay format --- p.87 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Modified solid-phase: Protein A antibody-capture ELISA (PACE) --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Conjugation of AB6 with maleimide activated alkaline phosphatase --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Titration curve of AB6-ALP conjugate --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Calibration curve of apoA-I sandwich ELISA --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Measurement of apoA-I by Protein A antibody-capture ELISA --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.92 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Characterization of AB6-ALP conjugate --- p.92 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Calibration curve for the measurement of apoA-I --- p.92 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- General Conclusions --- p.99 / References --- p.101

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Committee on Immunology, June 1999. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Montana, 2006. / Title from title screen. Description based on contents viewed Mar. 9, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 21-22).

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-131). Also available in print.

published_or_final_version / Surgery / Master / Master of Research in Medicine