The thesis examines the effectiveness of acquis communautaire on anti-discrimination with a focus on the Roma minority in the EU accession state - Hungary. Therefore, it critically evaluates the European Union’s (EU) competence in terms of monitoring and enforcement of relevant legislation, such as the Race Equality Directive 2000/43/EC (RED), which is central to the research question. The thesis argues that the EU needs to demonstrate a firmer grip on this issue along with a consistent application of its legislation including the RED under the acquis communautaire in order to have a visible impact on the ground. The scenario is compounded by the implementation and enforcement mechanisms of Hungary despite having an elaborate legal and policy framework for minority protection. The doubt on the ‘political will’ of both the EU and Hungary emerged repeatedly throughout the thesis, which signifies the relative weight of the topic. An empirical study conducted through expert interviews in Hungary supplemented the existing data and enabled to identify the ‘causal factors’ behind the implementation and enforcement issues of policy and legislation under the auspices of the RED. The thesis concludes that legislation will prove to be impracticable; unless and until societal dialogue can be established, especially between the minority and the majority at a local level. Thus, there is scope for making recommendations in line with the identified ‘causal factors’ from interdisciplinary perspectives in the context of the competences of both the EU and Hungary.

Os circuitos digitais cada vez mais são exigidos quanto ao desempenho e modularidade nos processos dos dias atuais. Para resolver estes processos, o comércio utiliza largamente circuitos digitais síncronos, que se baseiam no controle do sincronismo através de um relógio central. Esses circuitos, apesar de serem de fácil implementação e terem uma metodologia já conhecida, apresentam limitações quando se considera a distribuição dos sinais de sincronismo, a interferência do meio e os possíveis atrasos. Os circuitos assíncronos apresentam uma solução natural a essas exigências, uma vez que, possuem independência do sinal do relógio e toda sua construção é modular. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo comparativo de alguns estilos de projetos para construção de circuitos assíncronos utilizando dispositivos programados por lógica, PLDs, utilizando ferramentas de síntese lógica comerciais para circuitos síncronos. Esses circuitos assíncronos são descritos em VHDL para as células Muller, elementos M de N, registrador assíncrono, somadores e circuitos mais complexos em anel assíncrono e implementados em CPLDs e FPGAs. Os circuitos mais complexos são construídos em quatro estilos de projeto para os circuitos dos somadores: Descrição comportamental com indicação forte do sinal, DIMS, NCL e derivação a partir de circuito combinacional síncrono. Através dessa avaliação foi possível verificar as tendências do custo de elementos de programação e atrasos para realização de cálculos, frente aos circuitos síncronos similares. / This work presents a study about the implementation of asynchronous circuits on programmable devices platform. It investigates four different ways of implementing asynchronous circuits, including implementation of several different circuits in platforms provided by three different manufacturers. The implemented asynchronous circuits have a very poor performance when compared to their synchronous counterpart. However, this was expected as the platforms used were developed to be used with synchronous designs. The contributions of this work are in the following areas. First, it was described in detail how to implement VHDL code for self-timed designs. Second, different design were implemented to test the VHDL descriptions in the chosen platforms. Third, by comparing four different asynchronous styles, it is possible to find a style that is the more adequate for use in current FPGAs. Fourth, by analyzing the results obtained, it was possible to derive some conclusions on why asynchronous designs are so costly for these platforms and derive some suggestions to be used in the implementation of asynchronous FPGAs.

The exercise of federal and/or state power is inherent to policymaking. The principal-agent theory, borrowed from economics, describes the difficulties in motivating one party (agent) to act in the best interests of the other party (principal). The theory provides insights into the roles of self-interested choice, information asymmetry, and sense making in political relationships. The extent to which the state understands the inherent challenges expressed in this dynamic and is responsive to the local school district’s specific circumstances is not well understood and thus presents an opportunity for research. This mixed methods study uses a confirmatory approach to analyze Oregon’s 40-40-20 education reform legislation and the state’s ability to operationalize education reform through the principal-agent framework, focusing on the implementation of full-day kindergarten legislation.

Schools across the country are dedicating significant resources to the selection, adoption, and durable implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs); however, the research-to-practice gap remains a significant challenge facing education today (DuFour & Mattos, 2013). Coaching is one of the implementation variables most consistently cited for improving the high-fidelity adoption of new practices. This study used two concurrent multiple baseline, single-case designs across participants with counterbalanced intervention phases to examine the effects of coaching on teachers’ use of evidence-based, class-wide behavior management practices. Specifically, the study examined the extent to which a functional relation exists between (a) coach-delivered prompting, (b) coach-delivered performance feedback, and (c) the interaction effects of coach-delivered prompting with performance feedback and an increase in teachers’ use of evidence-based classroom management practices and a decrease in class-wide disruptive behavior. Results indicate that coach-delivered prompting and performance feedback is functionally related to an increase in teacher use of evidence-based classroom management practices and a reduction in classroom disruption; however, no additional effects were observed when prompting and performance feedback were delivered together. Potential contributions of the study are discussed in terms of establishing a more nuanced understanding of the active ingredients of effective coaching to support the selection, training, evaluation, and ongoing support of coaches in K-12 educational settings.

abstract: Anxiety is one of the most common psychiatric disorders among children yet characterized by lower use of mental health services. Preventive efforts have demonstrated promise in the ability to reduce anxiety symptoms. However, as evidence-based interventions move into real-world settings, there is a need to systematically examine potential implementation factors that may affect program outcomes. The current study investigates the relations between different aspects of implementation and their effect on outcomes of a school-based preventive intervention targeting anxiety symptoms. Specifically, the study examines: (1) the measurement of quality of delivery, (2) specific relations among implementation components, (3) relations between these facets and anxiety program outcomes. Implementation data were collected from nine school-based mental health staff and observer ratings. Program outcomes (pretest and immediate posttest) were measured from 59 participants and their parents (mostly mothers) in the intervention condition. Implementation components included adherence, quality of delivery, time spent, participant responsiveness, and perceived usefulness of program materials. Program outcomes included child-reported emotional expressivity, physiological hyperarousal, negative cognitions, social skills, self-efficacy, and child and parent reported levels of child anxiety. Study findings indicated that quality of delivery was best captured as two facets: skillful presentation and positive engagement. Adherence and quality of delivery were associated with greater participant responsiveness, although time spent was not. Significant relations were found between some implementation components and some program outcomes. Further efforts can be used to optimize the translation of evidence-based programs into real-world settings. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Psychology 2017

Comparison of Top trees implementations - Abstract Jiří Setnička Definition and description of Top trees and introduction of problems solvable by them including problem of edge 2-connectivity. Definition and description of Topology trees used as one of the drivers for Top trees. After the initial descriptions the two top trees implementations are introduced: one based on self adjusting trees, second based on topology trees. Comparison of these implementations is done by two experiments. Measurements are discussed in conclusion - results corresponds with initial estimates but with different multiplicative constant than expected. 1

El proceso de restitución arancelaria – Drawback es implementado en la empresa RAM industries s.a.c. la cual actualmente pierde rentabilidad por no realizar el proceso de solicitud para gestionar el Drawback y hacerle seguimiento a esta. En el primer capítulo se expone la realidad problemática de la empresa, que a pesar de haber crecido y seguir en crecimiento aún tiene falencias y procesos nulos que impiden que mayor rentabilidad sea absorbida por esta. Por esto llegamos a la formulación del problema que nos enfoca en el proceso de implementación de restitución de derechos arancelarios – Drawback y que se desglosa en dos problemas secundarios, el proceso de vinculación entre áreas, modelo Drawback y el proceso de orden documental contable, modelo Drawback. El enfocar nuestro problema principal y problemas secundarios nos permite generar objetivos claros para la resolución de estos en el capítulo “objetivos de la investigación” para que después del análisis de la investigación lleguemos al capítulo 2.6 con la hipótesis de la investigación y así plantear el mejor camino a la mejora en la rentabilidad. La presente investigación nos permite conocer las falencias que tiene la empresa y como poder corregirlas viéndolo en los resultados obtenidos, comenzando por el organigrama de la empresa. El resultado de un correcto proceso para la restitución del derecho arancelario genera un tres por ciento de efectivo como devolución de los derechos de importación del material usado extra en la ganancia final de la operación, esto es traducido en un cinco por ciento extra sobre la rentabilidad de la exportación. The tariff refund process – drawback is implemented in the company RAM industries S.A.C. which currently loses profitability for not performing the request process to manage the drawback and follow up. In the first chapter presents the problematic of the company, that despite having grown and continue growing, it still have failures and zero processes that prevent greater profitability being absorbed. That’s why we come to the formulation of the problem that focuses in the implementation process of customs tariff – drawback and which is divided in two secondary problems: the linkage process between areas and the documentary accounting process, model drawback. Focus the main and secondary problems allows us to generated clear objectives for the resolution of these in the chapter “objectives of the investigation” so that after the analysis of the investigation we arrived at the chapter 2.6 with the hypothesis of the investigation and propose the best way to the profitability improvement. This investigation allows us to know the failures of the company and how correct them by seeing it in the results obtained, starting with the organization chart. The result of a correct process for the restitution of the customs tariff generates a three percent of cash as a refund of the import rights of the material used extra in the final profit of the operation, this is translated in an extra five percent on the profitability of the export.

Os circuitos digitais cada vez mais são exigidos quanto ao desempenho e modularidade nos processos dos dias atuais. Para resolver estes processos, o comércio utiliza largamente circuitos digitais síncronos, que se baseiam no controle do sincronismo através de um relógio central. Esses circuitos, apesar de serem de fácil implementação e terem uma metodologia já conhecida, apresentam limitações quando se considera a distribuição dos sinais de sincronismo, a interferência do meio e os possíveis atrasos. Os circuitos assíncronos apresentam uma solução natural a essas exigências, uma vez que, possuem independência do sinal do relógio e toda sua construção é modular. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo comparativo de alguns estilos de projetos para construção de circuitos assíncronos utilizando dispositivos programados por lógica, PLDs, utilizando ferramentas de síntese lógica comerciais para circuitos síncronos. Esses circuitos assíncronos são descritos em VHDL para as células Muller, elementos M de N, registrador assíncrono, somadores e circuitos mais complexos em anel assíncrono e implementados em CPLDs e FPGAs. Os circuitos mais complexos são construídos em quatro estilos de projeto para os circuitos dos somadores: Descrição comportamental com indicação forte do sinal, DIMS, NCL e derivação a partir de circuito combinacional síncrono. Através dessa avaliação foi possível verificar as tendências do custo de elementos de programação e atrasos para realização de cálculos, frente aos circuitos síncronos similares. / This work presents a study about the implementation of asynchronous circuits on programmable devices platform. It investigates four different ways of implementing asynchronous circuits, including implementation of several different circuits in platforms provided by three different manufacturers. The implemented asynchronous circuits have a very poor performance when compared to their synchronous counterpart. However, this was expected as the platforms used were developed to be used with synchronous designs. The contributions of this work are in the following areas. First, it was described in detail how to implement VHDL code for self-timed designs. Second, different design were implemented to test the VHDL descriptions in the chosen platforms. Third, by comparing four different asynchronous styles, it is possible to find a style that is the more adequate for use in current FPGAs. Fourth, by analyzing the results obtained, it was possible to derive some conclusions on why asynchronous designs are so costly for these platforms and derive some suggestions to be used in the implementation of asynchronous FPGAs.

Os circuitos digitais cada vez mais são exigidos quanto ao desempenho e modularidade nos processos dos dias atuais. Para resolver estes processos, o comércio utiliza largamente circuitos digitais síncronos, que se baseiam no controle do sincronismo através de um relógio central. Esses circuitos, apesar de serem de fácil implementação e terem uma metodologia já conhecida, apresentam limitações quando se considera a distribuição dos sinais de sincronismo, a interferência do meio e os possíveis atrasos. Os circuitos assíncronos apresentam uma solução natural a essas exigências, uma vez que, possuem independência do sinal do relógio e toda sua construção é modular. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo comparativo de alguns estilos de projetos para construção de circuitos assíncronos utilizando dispositivos programados por lógica, PLDs, utilizando ferramentas de síntese lógica comerciais para circuitos síncronos. Esses circuitos assíncronos são descritos em VHDL para as células Muller, elementos M de N, registrador assíncrono, somadores e circuitos mais complexos em anel assíncrono e implementados em CPLDs e FPGAs. Os circuitos mais complexos são construídos em quatro estilos de projeto para os circuitos dos somadores: Descrição comportamental com indicação forte do sinal, DIMS, NCL e derivação a partir de circuito combinacional síncrono. Através dessa avaliação foi possível verificar as tendências do custo de elementos de programação e atrasos para realização de cálculos, frente aos circuitos síncronos similares. / This work presents a study about the implementation of asynchronous circuits on programmable devices platform. It investigates four different ways of implementing asynchronous circuits, including implementation of several different circuits in platforms provided by three different manufacturers. The implemented asynchronous circuits have a very poor performance when compared to their synchronous counterpart. However, this was expected as the platforms used were developed to be used with synchronous designs. The contributions of this work are in the following areas. First, it was described in detail how to implement VHDL code for self-timed designs. Second, different design were implemented to test the VHDL descriptions in the chosen platforms. Third, by comparing four different asynchronous styles, it is possible to find a style that is the more adequate for use in current FPGAs. Fourth, by analyzing the results obtained, it was possible to derive some conclusions on why asynchronous designs are so costly for these platforms and derive some suggestions to be used in the implementation of asynchronous FPGAs.

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) came into being due to a perceived need for international judicial settlement, whereas the World Trade Organisation (WTO) was created for the purpose of specifically promoting international trade by reducing tariffs and other barriers to trade. Alternative structures for each institution are also considered, as is the older dispute settlement process of arbitration, by means of cases. It is a voluntary submission by both parties to a dispute, when they have agreed on the issues, but need external assistance to proceed further. As a type of judicial settlement, it is binding, can permit third party or non-state involvement, and is a precursor of international tribunals. In the WTO, one aim is to use cases to test conceptual points. The specific aspects of dispute settlement including the application of rules and procedures, and implementation and processes, will be discussed. The working procedures of the Appellate Body (AB) will be analysed in detail. Another aim is to compare with the ICJ, wherever possible. Legal concepts such as jurisdiction, judicial aspects of reasoning, the burden of proof, and the standard of proof will be discussed. The Appellate Body’s (AB’s) standard of review of panel recommendations and rulings will be analysed. Compliance and enforcement are compared between the two organisations. Economic and political considerations will also be touched on when relevant to this study. In the ICJ, the application of concepts such as judicial restraint and activism will be assessed, including the degree of inconsistency found in different cases. The implications of the different types of agreements between states that can lead to or have led to the ICJ’s jurisdiction will be examined, and the impacts assessed. The ambiguity involving provisional measures will be studied in detail. The ICJ’s relationship to the UN Security Council will also be assessed. The lack of monitoring or enforcement, and of no stated compliance timeframe are considered. The thesis will end with various future recommendations.