Abstract For effective management of stream salmonids, it is essential to (i) assess the productive potential of a stream in relation to species-specific habitat requirements, and to (ii) identify the key factors underlying any bottleneck periods during the life cycle of a fish. For this purpose, this PhD-thesis focuses on the mechanisms of habitat selection by juvenile salmonids in boreal streams. Habitat preference curves for depth, water velocity, substrate and instream cover for brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in river Kuusinkijoki, northeastern Finland, indicated that larger trout preferred deeper stream areas than age-0 trout did. In summer, all size-classes of trout preferred small substrates, whereas in winter, areas with cobble-boulder substrates were preferred. Winter presents a bottleneck period for trout in boreal streams; therefore winter habitat curves should be incorporated into habitat-hydraulic models when estimating habitat suitable for riverine trout in areas with severe winter conditions. The preference curves of age-0 trout were validated by correlating age-0 trout density with habitat availability at multiple sites in two boreal rivers where trout densities were monitored in 1988-1995. Substrate preference curve was effective in predicting trout densities among sites, whereas among-year variation in trout densities was best predicted by depth-related preference curves. The responses of age-0 brown trout and grayling (Thymallus thymallus (L.)) to enhancement structures were investigated in artificial stream flumes. For both species a crucial habitat factor was the availability of flow refuges, especially in winter. In another experiment, age-1 trout dominated over age-0 trout when competing for velocity and overhead cover they both found suitable, emphasizing the role of intraspecific interactions in habitat selection by trout. These results suggest that the provision of a broad diversity of microhabitats should be a major goal in rehabilitation programs for fishery purposes. A new method, combining GIS-assisted (Geographical Information System) approach with geostatistical tools, facilitated the detection of fish distribution patterns in a spatially heterogenous stream habitat. The method will likely prove valuable when determining appropriate sampling scale(s) for future studies of fish habitat selection in relation to benthic prey. Unlike Arctic bullhead (Cottus poecilopus, Heckel), trout did not show any aggregation with their benthic prey according to spatially-referenced data on the distribution of lotic fishes and benthic macroinvertebrates within a stream reach.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Biology / Walter K. Dodds / We used a series of whole stream experiments to quantify the impacts of inorganic-nitrogen concentration on stream nitrogen cycling and transport in prairie streams. We conducted 15NO3- stable isotope tracer experiments to measure the nitrogen cycling dynamics in 9 streams with a wide range (over 5 orders of magnitude) of nitrate concentrations. The major nitrogen-transforming processes, including uptake, nitrification, and denitrification, increased approximately 2 to 3 orders of magnitude and did not show signs of Michaelis-Menten type saturation across streams. Denitrification only accounted for a small proportion of total nitrate uptake. The observed functional relationships of biological nitrogen transformations and chronic nitrate concentration were best described by a Log-Log relationship. A series of inorganic-nitrogen addition experiments were conducted to quantify the impacts of acute nitrogen inputs on nitrogen cycling. These experiments showed that uptake saturated in response to short-term pulses of nitrogen. Ambient concentrations of ammonium and nitrate were less than their respective half-saturation coefficients, and uptake rates were less than 5% of Vmax, suggesting severe limitation of nitrogen. The saturation of uptake due to acute nitrogen inputs contrasts with uptake associated with chronic inputs of nitrate, which was not found to saturate. Chamber experiments and whole-stream ammonium addition experiments demonstrated that uptake and mineralization of ammonium varies spatially within the stream channel, occurring predominantly in riffles as opposed to pool habitats. The total transport distance of nitrogen and carbon within prairie streams was estimated based on field measurements and nutrient spiraling theory. Transport of organic nitrogen was dominant in prairie streams, as compared to inorganic nitrogen transport, both in terms of total concentration and transport distance. These results indicate that although carbon and inorganic-nitrogen were highly conserved in these headwater streams, organic-nitrogen was much more readily transported.

The Kalman Filter has been applied to many fields of hydrology, particularly in the area of flood forecasting. This recursive estimation technique is based on a state-space approach which combines model description of a process with data information, and accounts for uncertainties in a hydrologic system. This thesis deals with applications of the Kalman Filter to ARMAX models in the context of streamflow prediction. Implementation of the Kalman Filter requires specification of the noise covariances (Q, R) and initial conditions of the state vector (x₀, P₀). Difficulties arise in streamflow applications because these quantities are often not known. Forecasting performance of the Kalman Filter is examined using synthetic flow data, generated with chosen values for the initial state vector and the noise covariances. An ARMAX model is cast into state-space form with the coefficients as the state vector. Sensitivity of the flow forecasts to specification of x₀, P₀, Q, R, (which may be different from the generation values) is examined. The filter's forecasting performance is mainly affected by the combined specification of Q and R. When both noise covariances are unknown, they should be specified relatively large in order to achieve a reasonable forecasting performance. Specififying Q too small and R too large should be avoided as it results in poor flow forecasts. The filter's performance is also examined using actual flow data from a large river, whose behavior changes slowly with time. Three simple ARMAX models are used for this investigation. Although there are different ways of writing the ARMAX model in state-space form, it is found that the best forecasting scheme is to model the ARMAX coefficients as the state vector. Under this formulation, the Kalman Filter is used to give recursive estimates of the coefficients. Hence flow predictions can be revised at each time step with the latest state estimate. This formulation also has the feature that initial values of the ARMAX coefficients need not be known accurately. The noise variances of each of the three models are estimated by the method of maximum likelihood, whereby the likelihood function is evaluated in terms of the innovations. Analyses of flow data for the stations considered in this thesis, indicate that the variance of the measurement error is proportional to the square of the flow. In practice, flow predictions several time steps in advance are often required. For autoregressive processes, this involves unknown elements in the system matrix H of the Kalman model. The Kalman algorithm underestimates the variance of the forecast error if H and x are both unknown. For the AR(1) model, a general expression for the mean square error of the forecast is developed. It is shown that the formula reduces to the Kalman equation for the case where the system matrix is known. The importance of this formula is realized in forecasting situations where management decisions depend on the reliability of flow predictions, reflected by their mean square errors. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Juvenile coho, steelhead, and cutthroat trout commonly spend from one to three or more years in coastal streams before migrating to the sea. Much of this time is spent in streams during the winter, making a study of these fishes' winter habitat requirements, distribution, behavior, and the possible influences of stream habitat alteration on them a useful undertaking. Some physical characteristics of areas selected by juvenile coho and steelhead were observed by snorkeling in a small west coast of Vancouver Island stream between September 1972 and April 1973. Observations revealed that with lowering water temperatures from 9°C to 2°C coho and older steelhead tended to move into deeper water while most steelhead fry remained in shallow, marginal sections of the stream. As water temperatures dropped in the winter, juvenile fish fed less and moved closer to areas offering low water velocities and cover. Steelhead fry were most often found under rubble while coho and older steelhead were most often found within upturned roots and under logs. Results from fish traps located on the lower ends of two small tributary streams indicated that juvenile coho, steelhead and cutthroat trout moved upstream into these tributaries in the late fall. Overwinter survival of coho in one tributary was 3-6 times as great as the estimated survival of coho in the main stream. Together the two tributaries contributed between 15 and 25 per cent to the total coho smolt production of the larger system. A series of experiments comparing coho and cutthroat preference for alternative habitat types in sidepool areas as may occur before and after stream disturbance were carried out during the winter. Both coho and cutthroat demonstrated a strong preference for bay areas offering overhanging bank cover as opposed to bays without cover, and for bays offering clean rubble substrate as opposed to silted rubble substrate. The impacts of timber harvesting on overwintering fish as suggested by the results from the underwater observations, winter movements, and the sidepool experiments are discussed and management recommendations are made. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

The advent of sensory and communication technologies enables the generation and consumption of large volumes of streaming data. Many of these data streams are geo-referenced. Existing spatio-temporal databases and data stream management systems are not capable of handling real time queries on spatial extents. In this thesis, we investigated several fundamental research issues toward building a data-type-based real time geospatial data stream management system. The thesis makes contributions in the following areas: geo-stream data models, aggregation, window-based nearest neighbor operators, and query optimization strategies. The proposed geo-stream data model is based on second-order logic and multi-typed algebra. Both abstract and discrete data models are proposed and exemplified. I further propose two useful geo-stream operators, namely Region By and WNN, which abstract common aggregation and nearest neighbor queries as generalized data model constructs. Finally, I propose three query optimization algorithms based on spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal constraints of geo-streams. I show the effectiveness of the data model through many query examples. The effectiveness and the efficiency of the algorithms are validated through extensive experiments on both synthetic and real data sets. This work established the fundamental building blocks toward a full-fledged geo-stream database management system and has potential impact in many applications such as hazard weather alerting and monitoring, traffic analysis, and environmental modeling.

In this day and age, with highly available and fast networks, many tasks are being performed remotely. However, certain tasks cannot be flawlessly executed remotely, for instance, the tasks performed by professional drivers. Their jobs demand a lot of visual cues, fast actions, and low response times, which is difficult in particular when task execution is performed wirelessly. With the release of 5G, which promises to deliver reliable and rapid response times with URLLC, high bitrates with eMBB, and supports a massive number of devices with mMTC, many companies and researchers are trying to investigate if 5G is an enabler for wireless control of commercial vehicles. This thesis first examines the latency requirements for remote control operations, and then see how 5G can meet those requirements. In this respect, the thesis discovers the latency thresholds without affecting the control performance in a scenario with users operating a small robot. Then, various tests were performed using a trial 5G system to evaluate its performance in terms of latency, video quality, bandwidth, and signal strength. In controlling robot experiments, the results showed that the highest acceptable cycle latency, both for accurate maneuvering and satisfying operator experience, is around 154ms. These results were then used as a benchmark in the tests conducted using a 4G public network and a single-cell 5G network. These tests revealed that 5G could deliver lower latencies, higher bitrates, and similar video quality when compared to 4G. However, it was difficult to retain good signal quality over 5G, especially when roaming in non-line-of-sight propagation areas. This behavior is as expected due to the terminal’s association with a single 5G base station, which can be easily mitigated with denser deployments.

As landscapes become increasingly urbanized, there is an associated increase in impervious cover. Impervious surfaces, such as roads, rooftops, and parking lots contribute to the physical, hydrological, chemical, and biological alteration of stream systems. Biotic assemblages consistently degrade with increased watershed impervious cover; however, at low levels of impervious cover, these assemblages exhibit wide variability in biotic integrity. This study investigated which reach- and watershed-scale factors explained biotic condition (i.e., richness, flow traits, thermal traits, and tolerance for macroinvertebrates and fishes) at similar levels of low imperviousness. The primary objective was to identify factors that confer resistance for biota, such that they retain high biotic integrity at low levels of impervious cover, and, conversely, to determine which factors make biota more vulnerable to urban disturbance, such that they have low biotic integrity despite low levels of impervious cover. Forty sites were selected across Massachusetts within two narrow bands of impervious cover: 1–4% (n = 20) and 7–10% (n = 20). Models with reach-scale variables (reflecting habitat heterogeneity, flow, temperature, or water quality) or watershed-scale variables (representing natural characteristics, land use, flow alterations, and other measures of urbanization or impervious) explained additional variance compared to models with impervious cover alone. Reach-scale factors tended to explain more variance than watershed-scale factors for all biotic responses except fluvial fishes, with overall more variance explained for fish than macroinvertebrate assemblages. At the reach scale, colder water temperatures, higher dissolved oxygen, and more large wood were related to higher proportions of fluvial, coldwater, and intolerant fishes. For macroinvertebrates, warmer water temperature, smaller sediment size, and higher nitrate were related to higher macroinvertebrate richness and tolerance. At the watershed scale, air temperature emerged as an important predictor for both taxonomic groups and across response metrics; air temperature was highly correlated with high-elevation watersheds. Other important watershed-scale predictors were open water and dams, flow alteration, and other urban measures such as housing density, impervious in a 120-m buffer, and road crossings. Restoration should focus on strategies to reduce impacts that would degrade in-stream conditions that allow for higher biotic integrity, such as habitat heterogeneity, more large wood, and colder water temperatures. Similarly, watersheds should be prioritized for protection with those characteristics potentially more resistant to urban disturbance, such as high-elevation regions that retained high biotic integrity despite higher dam density, more road crossings, and more flow alteration.

Scotts Creek, located in northern Santa Cruz County, maintains the southernmost persistent population of Central California Coast (CCC) Coho Salmon (endangered) in addition to CCC steelhead (threatened). Fisheries biologists believe overwinter mortality due to lack of refuge habitat is the primary factor limiting salmonid production. Instream rearing habitat may also be limiting, especially during drought years. The legacy effects of historic land use practices, including dredging, wood removal, and the construction of levees, continued to limit refuge and rearing opportunities. A restoration project was implemented to improve refuge and rearing opportunities for salmonids along lower Scotts Creek by removing portions of the deteriorating levee, grading new connections with existing off-channel features, enhancing tributary confluences, constructing alcove habitat features at the margins of the stream channel, and constructing large wood complexes (LWCs) instream. Novel restoration techniques were employed on an experimental basis. Whole in-situ alder trees were pushed into the stream channel with their root systems left partially intact to establish living key pieces. Individual log, boulder, and rootwad LWC components were attached together with couplers that permitted some freedom of independent movement among the individual components. LWCs were braced against live, standing trees and stabilized with boulder ballasts placed on the streambed, which eliminated excavation of the streambed/banks and the need to dewater or divert the stream during construction. Project performance, changes to physical habitat characteristics, and changes to stream morphology associated with implementation were monitored using habitat assessment methods derived from the California Department of Fish and Wildlife’s (CDFW) salmonid habitat survey protocol (Flosi et al. 2010), and topographic survey techniques and data analysis adapted from Columbia Habitat Monitoring Protocol (Bouwes et al. 2011). Preliminary results indicated that LWCs remained stable and functional. In addition, implementation of the restoration project increased pool frequency, low-flow pool volume, instream cover, frequency of instream, alcove, and off-channel refuge habitat features, and frequency of points of connectivity with the floodplain. Long-term monitoring will be required to determine the survivorship, decay rates, and overall persistence of alder recruits.

This work investigates the interface and properties of an ionization radiation detector with the PhPix chip, which is the basis of a future large-scale detector for use in nuclear medicine. In the next stage, an IP core for communication between the processor system and the PhPix chips on the Zynq platform is designed. Furthermore, software for video transmission over Ethernet interface is developed.

Wertorientierte Unternehmensführung, Wertstromdesign als zentrale Methode des Lean Managements und die Flexibilität von Produktionssystemen haben sich als Managementansätze in der Vergangenheit bewährt. Die Koexistenz dieser Ansätze stellt Führungskräfte vor die tägliche Herausforderung, ihren jeweiligen Beitrag zur wertorientierten Unternehmensführung zu erkennen, operative Entscheidungen zu treffen und auf diese Weise die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Unternehmens im Spannungsfeld der Interessen der Anspruchsgruppen sicherzustellen. Unter der leitenden Forschungsfrage, welchen Beitrag das Wertstromdesign als Instrument der wertorientierten Unternehmensführung zum Unternehmenswert unter Beachtung der Flexibilität des Produktionssystems leistet, werden die Einzelkonzepte detailliert betrachtet, wesentliche Einflussgrößen sowie deren durch Reduktion von Komplexität entstehende Wechselwirkungen identifiziert und zur Handlungsorientierung methodisch gestützte Gestaltungsempfehlungen formuliert.:1 Einleitung … 1 1.1 Behandlung des Themas in der Literatur … 4 1.1.1 Wertstromdesign … 4 1.1.2 Flexibilität des Produktionssystems … 6 1.1.3 Wertorientierte Unternehmensführung … 8 1.2 Problemstellung und Zielsetzung … 11 1.3 Struktur der Arbeit und Vorgehensweise … 12 2 Theoretischer Bezugsrahmen … 15 2.1 Systemtheoretischer Ansatz zur Reduktion der Komplexität … 15 2.1.1 Begriffliche Abgrenzung und Arbeitsdefinition … 16 2.1.2 Ansatz der allgemeinen Systemtheorie … 17 2.1.2.1 Das Produktionssystem als Erfahrungsobjekt … 18 2.1.2.2 Der Wertstrom als Erkenntnisobjekt … 19 2.2 Wertstromdesign als Gestaltungsmethode … 20 2.2.1 Definition und Abgrenzung zu anderen Methoden … 20 2.2.1.1 Definition … 21 2.2.1.2 Abgrenzung zu anderen Lean-Methoden … 22 2.2.1.3 Abgrenzung zu anderen Prozessoptimierungsmethoden … 23 2.2.2 Vorgehensweise … 24 2.2.2.1 Festlegung der Produktfamilie … 24 2.2.2.2 Wertstromanalyse … 27 2.2.2.3 Wertstromdesign … 30 2.2.3 Zusammenfassung … 33 2.3 Flexibilität von Produktionssystemen … 34 2.3.1 Definition und begriffliche Abgrenzung … 34 2.3.1.1 Allgemeine Definitionen … 35 2.3.1.2 Abgrenzung von Agilität und Wandlungsfähigkeit … 37 2.3.2 Klassifizierung der Flexibilitätstypen … 39 2.3.2.1 Horizontale Klassifizierung … 39 2.3.2.2 Vertikale Klassifizierung … 41 2.3.2.3 Sonstige Klassifizierungen … 42 2.3.3 Messung der Flexibilität … 44 2.3.3.1 Zeit als Maß für die Flexibilität … 44 2.3.3.2 Kosten als Maß für die Flexibilität … 45 2.3.3.3 Wahrscheinlichkeit als Maß für die Flexibilität … 47 2.3.4 Zusammenfassung … 47 2.4 Wertorientierte Unternehmensführung … 48 2.4.1 Begriffliche Abgrenzung und Definition … 49 2.4.1.1 Shareholder-Value-Ansatz … 49 2.4.1.2 Stakeholder-Ansatz … 50 2.4.1.3 Arbeitsdefinition … 51 2.4.2 Wertorientierte Kennzahlenkonzepte … 52 2.4.2.1 Definition und Verwendung des Cashflows … 53 2.4.2.2 Discounted Cash-Flow (DCF) … 55 2.4.2.3 Shareholder Value Added (SVA) … 58 2.4.2.4 Cash Flow Return on Investment (CFROI) und Cash Value Added (CVA) … 59 2.4.2.5 Economic Value Added (EVA) … 61 2.4.3 Operationalisierung der wertorientierten Kennzahlenkonzepte … 63 2.4.3.1 Kennzahlensystem … 64 2.4.3.2 Werttreiberhierarchie … 64 2.5 Zusammenfassung … 65 3 Empirische Bestimmung von Wertstromtypen … 68 3.1 Modell zur Schätzung des Wertbeitrags durch das Wertstromdesign … 68 3.1.1 Bestimmung der Einflussgrößen … 69 3.1.1.1 Bestimmung der Erfolgsfaktoren und Kennzahlen … 69 3.1.1.2 Bestimmung der relevanten Flexibilitätstypen … 75 3.1.2 Konzeption des Modells zur Schätzung des Wertbeitrags … 76 3.1.2.1 Aufbau des Modells … 76 3.1.2.2 Ansatz zur Schätzung des Wertbeitrags … 78 3.2 Empirische Analyse zur Bestimmung von Wertstromtypen … 81 3.2.1 Datenbasis und Erhebungsmethodik … 81 3.2.1.1 Inhalt der Unternehmensbefragung … 82 3.2.1.2 Struktur der Grundgesamtheit … 82 3.2.2 Analyse der empirischen Datenbasis … 84 3.2.2.1 Gewichtung und Einfluss der Kennzahlen … 84 3.2.2.2 Faktorenanalyse … 90 3.2.2.3 Clusteranalyse … 94 3.3 Charakterisierung der Wertstromtypen … 97 3.3.1 Klassifizierungsmerkmale von Wertstromtypen … 98 3.3.2 Ableitung der idealisierten Wertstromtypen … 102 3.3.2.1 Cluster 1: Wertstromtyp „Balanced“ … 102 3.3.2.2 Cluster 2: Wertstromtyp „Pending“ … 03 3.3.2.3 Cluster 3: Wertstromtyp „Project“ … 104 3.3.2.4 Cluster 4: Wertstromtyp „Service“ … 105 3.3.3 .bersicht: Wertstromtypen … 106 3.4 Zusammenfassung … 10 4 Gestaltungsfelder des wertorientierten Wertstromdesigns unter Berücksichtigung der Flexibilität des Produktionssystems … 113 4.1 Ableitung der Gestaltungsfelder … 113 4.1.1 Gestaltungsansätze für die Haupteinflussgrößen … 113 4.1.1.1 Ansätze des Qualitätsmanagements … 113 4.1.1.2 Ansätze des Zeitmanagements … 16 4.1.2 Definition der Gestaltungsfelder … 117 4.1.2.1 Vier Gestaltungsfelder des wertorientierten Wertstromdesigns … 118 4.1.2.2 Einfluss der Gestaltungsmethoden auf die Flexibilitätsarten … 120 4.2 Gestaltungsfelder des wertorientierten Wertstromdesigns … 122 4.2.1 Fehlervermeidung … 122 4.2.1.1 Analyse der Fehlerrisiken im Ist-Wertstrom … 122 4.2.1.2 Reduzierung der Risiken im Soll-Wertstrom … 125 4.2.2 Fehlerabsicherung … 127 4.2.2.1 Fehleranalyse im Ist-Wertstrom … 127 4.2.2.2 Statistische Prozesskontrolle im Soll-Wertstrom … 130 4.2.3 Reduzierung der Komplexität … 134 4.2.3.1 Analyse der Produktkomplexität im Wertstrom … 135 4.2.3.2 Gestaltung eines wertstromgerechten Produktdesigns … 137 4.2.3.3 Analyse der Fertigungsorganisation … 139 4.2.3.4 Gestaltung wandlungsfähiger Fertigungssegmente …142 4.2.4 Stabilisierung und Optimierung des Prozesses … 144 4.2.4.1 Analyse des Informationsflusses … 144 4.2.4.2 Leitlinien zur Gestaltung des Material- und Informationsflusses … 146 4.2.4.3 Analyse der personalkritischen Engpässe … 148 4.2.4.4 Ma.nahmen zum Kapazitätsausgleich … 151 4.3 Zusammenfassung … 153 5 Fallstudien und Gestaltungsempfehlungen für das wertorientierte Wertstromdesign … 156 5.1 Auswahl der Fallstudien … 156 5.2 Ausgangssituation … 157 5.2.1 Fallstudie 1: Wertstromtyp „Balanced“ … 157 5.2.2 Fallstudie 2: Wertstromtyp „Pending“ … 62 5.2.3 Fallstudie 3: Wertstromtyp „Project“ … 65 5.2.4 Fallstudie 4: Wertstromtyp „Service“ … 168 5.3 Gestaltungsempfehlungen … 172 5.3.1 Wertstromtyp „Balanced“ … 172 5.3.2 Wertstromtyp „Pending“ … 174 5.3.3 Wertstromtyp „Project“ … 176 5.3.4 Wertstromtyp „Service“ … 177 5.4 Zusammenfassung … 180 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick … 183 7 Literaturverzeichnis … 187