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This study was an exploration of the relevance of the generative learning theory of educational psychology to second language vocabulary learning tasks. The generative learning theory (Wittrock, 1974) predicts that people learn by generating associations between new information and prior experience and knowledge, as well as between individual new items of information. It also proposes that the educational environment, from curriculum design to individual learning tasks, should be designed to facilitate the generation of those associations that lead to learning. In order to test the theory with second language vocabulary learning tasks, five separate experiments that compared experimental conditions of varying degrees of generativeness were conducted. A pilot experiment compared different types of tasks, while the four main experiments involved manipulating generativeness across similar tasks. This study is unique in the field of second language vocabulary learning in that it isolates a single process and subjects it to rigorous experimentation across a variety of task types. Unlike many published studies comparing various types of tasks, variables such as task type, number of retrievals, and time-on-task were carefully controlled across all experimental conditions and only the variable under investigation--generativeness--was manipulated. Posttest results were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA and paired samples t-tests where appropriate. The findings of this study suggest that generative versions of typical learning tasks result in significantly more incidental second language vocabulary learning across all types of learning tasks (receptive, minimally productive, and productive). This study introduces novel ways in which typical classroom tasks can be modified to help learners generate associations with their existing knowledge and experience, and demonstrates how those modifications can improve the effectiveness of learning tasks. / CITE/Language Arts

La tesis está estructurada en dos partes. En la primera parte establecemos el marco teórico-analítico para analizar las partituras y textos elegidos. Este marco es la dramaturgia musical de la que aclaramos conceptos y establecemos tipologías que nos sirvan para el análisis de la música en las obras de teatro. También hacemos un repaso histórico de las intervenciones musicales para teatro.En la segunda parte describimos la interrelación entre el director de escena Cayetano Luca de Tena y el director musical Manuel Parada de la Puente mediante escritos que lo demuestran, dentro del Teatro Español de Madrid en los comienzos del Régimen Franquista. También realizamos un análisis de la música incidental de las diecinueve obras de teatro elegidas como muestra, conjuntamente con el análisis de los elementos de dramaturgia musical de sus textos correspondientes para la reconstrucción de su puesta en escena. / The thesis has two parts. In the first one we establish the theoretical-analytical frame in order to analyze the chosen scores and texts. This frame is the musical dramatical, from which we define concepts and we establish a classification so that it can help us to analyze the music in the plays. We also make a historical evaluation of the music in the plays. In the second part we make a description of the interactive relationship between Cayetano Luca de Tena, Scene Director, and Manuel Parada de la Puente, Musical Director, with documents with prove it, in the Spanish Theatre of Madrid at the beginning of the Franquism Regime. We also do an analysis of the incidental music of the nineteen theatre plays chosen like a sample, as well as the analysis of the elements of musical dramatical from its texts in order to reconstruct the plays.

[ES] En el presente trabajo se estudia la relación de las estrategias narrativas de la música atonal en la ópera de la Escuela de Viena y el cine de la segunda mitad del Siglo XX. Como muestra de la información transmitida en los usos musicales de cada género dramático, se realiza un análisis audiovisual y comparativo de las óperas Erwartung, Wozzeck, Lulú y Moses und Aron junto con las películas Force of evil, The cobweb, Doctor Faustus y The man with the Golden arm. El principal propósito es mostrar las distintas formas en las que se establece la narratividad musical como parte del transcurso histórico del SXX, así como definir la forma en la que afectan al cine y la ópera sus posibilidades y limitaciones dramáticas. / [CA] Al present treball s'estudia la relació de les estratègies narratives de la música atonal a l'òpera de l'Escola de Viena i junt al cinema a la segona meitat del segle XX. Com a mostra de la informació transmesa als usos musicals de cada gènere dramàtic, es realitza un anàlisi audiovisual i comparatiu de les òperes d'Erwartung, Wozzeck, Lulú i Mosses und Aron junt amb les pel·lícules Force of evil, The cobweb, Doctor Faustus i The man with the Golden arm. El principal propòsit es mostrar les distintes formes en les que s'establix la narrativitat musical com a part del transcurs històric del segle XX, així com definir la manera en la que afecten al cinema i l'òpera les seves possibilitats i limitacions dramàtiques. / [EN] This paper will focus on the relationship between the narrative strategies of atonal music in the opera of the Viennesse School and the cinema of the second half of the twentieth Century. By using a sample of the information transmitted in the musical uses of each dramatic genre, an audiovisual and comparative analysis will be made, based on the operas Erwartung, Wozzeck, Lulú and Moses und Aron and the films Force of evil, The cobweb, Doctor Faustus and The man with the Golden arm. The purpose of this analysis is to show the different ways in which musical narrativity is established as part of the historical course of the past century, as well as to define the way in which their dramatic possibilities and limitations affect cinema and opera. / Martín Quintanal, R. (2023). El atonalismo como música incidental: un estudio comparativo sobre la ópera de la Escuela de Viena y el cine de la segunda mitad del Siglo XX [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/195694

The bycatch of cetaceans in fishing gear is considered to be one of the biggest conservation threats to these species. Gear modifications have the potential to reduce these bycatches in global fisheries but there is little available information on how such modifications may change the fishing performance of gear, or indeed the behavior of cetaceans interacting with fishing gear. Generalized linear models (GLMs) were used to identify factors related to cetacean bycatches in UK bottom set gillnets. Rigged net height had a significant positive relationship with harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) bycatch in ICES Area VII suggesting that lowering the profile of gillnets may have the potential to reduce bycatch rates. Modifications to gillnets, such as changing the amount of floatation or increasing the density of the meshes, were found to have significant effects on the active fishing heights of these nets. However, results from a bycatch mitigation trial in Argentina showed that the reduced fishing profile of one experimental net did not result in a concurrent reduction in the bycatch rate of Franciscana dolphins (Pontoporia blainvillei). While there was no significant difference in the rate, length or intensity of harbour porpoise encounters in the presence or absence of gillnets, the proportion of fast echolocation click trains were significantly higher when a net was present, indicating that porpoises either increased acoustic inspection of the net or foraging in the vicinity of the net. An analysis of underwater video footage collected inside trawl nets in an Australia fishery showed that bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) were present inside nets more frequently than they were caught and were actively foraging inside these nets. The orientation of dolphins inside these nets indicates that the current design of excluder devices used in this fishery could be improved to further reduce bycatch rates.

A possibilidade de obtenção de imagens em três dimensões com a Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico (TCFC) aumentou, sobremaneira, a capacidade de diagnóstico e planejamento odontológico. Exames de TCFC cobrindo toda a região maxilofacial permitem a detecção de lesões e anomalias fora da área específica de interesse. A avaliação minuciosa do exame nos permite a constatação de achados incidentais com ou sem significado clínico. São considerados como achados incidentais, imagens descobertas não relacionadas com o propósito original do exame e incluem variações anatômicas, anomalias, lesões benignas ou malignas. Neste estudo, avaliou-se o tipo, frequência e localização de achados incidentais na região maxilofacial de exames tomográficos, e a relevância clínica dos achados foi classificada quanto à necessidade ou não de acompanhamento, tratamento ou encaminhamento para um profissional especializado. Foram avaliados 150 exames de TCFC, divididos de acordo com o tamanho do FOV (campo de visão) em três grupos: maxila 6cm, mandíbula 6cm e maxila/mandíbula 13 cm. Os achados incidentais foram categorizados em 6 zonas: vias aéreas, ATM, osso, lesões dos maxilares, dente e calcificações de tecido mole. Os resultados mostram 560 achados incidentais que foram encontrados em 92% da amostra avaliada, sendo 225 nos exames onde o FOV abrangia maxila, 99 na mandíbula e 236 na maxila/mandíbula. Os achados incidentais foram mais frequentes na zona de dente, com 27,32% dos achados, seguida pelas vias aéreas com 24,46%, calcificações de tecido mole com 20,53%, ATM com 16,42%, 7,32% osso, lesões dos maxilares 1,96% e outros achados também com 1,96%. Foi constatado ainda que: 43,46% dos achados incidentais não necessitaram de tratamento ou encaminhamento para outro profissional, 28,97% necessitaram da aquisição de novas imagens para acompanhamento e 27,57% necessitaram de tratamento ou encaminhamento. Este estudo confirmou a alta frequência de achados incidentais em exames de TCFC. Concluiu-se que é necessária a interpretação e emissão de laudo de todo o volume obtido no exame de TCFC e não somente da região do propósito do exame. / The ability to obtain images in three dimensions with Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) has greatly increased the ability for dental diagnosis and planning. CBCT exams covering all the maxillofacial areas allow the detection of abnormalities and lesions outside the specific area of interest. A thorough evaluation of the exams allows for the discovery of incidental findings with or without clinical significance. Discovered images unrelated to the original purpose of the examination are considered incidental findings and include anatomical variations, anomalies, benign and malignant lesions. In the present study, the type, frequency and location of incidental findings in the maxillofacial region of CBCT scans were evaluated, and the clinical relevance of the findings were classified as requirement or not monitoring, treatment or referral to a specialist. Evaluated were 150 CBCT exams, divided according to the size of the FOV (field of view) into three groups: 6cm maxilla, 6cm mandible and 13 cm maxilla/mandible. The incidental findings were categorized into six areas: Airway, ATM, bone, lesions of the jaws, teeth and soft tissue calcifications. The results show 560 incidental findings that were found in 92% of the sample studied, with 225 exams where the FOV covered just the maxilla, 99 in the mandible and 236 in the maxilla/mandible. The incidental findings were more frequent in the tooth zone, with 27.32% of the findings, followed by airways with 24.46%, soft tissue calcifications with 20.53%, ATM with 16.42%, 7.32% bone, 1.96% lesions of the jaw and 1.96% other findings. Also found were that 43.46% of the incidental findings did not need treatment or referral to another professional, 28.97% required the acquisition of new images for monitoring and 27.55% needed treatment or referral. The present study confirmed the high frequency of incidental findings in CBCT scans. It was concluded that it is necessary to interpret and report the total volume obtained in the CBCT examinations and not only the purpose of the examination region.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-09T11:30:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Hudson de Oliveira Batista.pdf: 759611 bytes, checksum: 1d4523c0cea26587e0787d1790fb0c2f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-09T11:30:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Hudson de Oliveira Batista.pdf: 759611 bytes, checksum: 1d4523c0cea26587e0787d1790fb0c2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Species from the Haemulide family are amongst the most abundant fishes on coral reefs, representing an important component of the artisanal fisheries in the northest coast of Pernambuco State. Nevertheless, the biology of several species is poorly known, and so the present work aims at generating information on the reproductive biology (sex ratio, size at maturity, spawning season and fecundity) of Anisotremus virginicus. A total of 449 specimens were analyzed, 230 (51.2%) male and 219 (48.8%)female, resulting in a sex ratio of 1.05 males to 1 female. The fork length ranged from 12.1 to 28.0 cm (mean ± S.E. 19,4 ± 0.2 cm FL) in males, whereas the total weight (TW) ranged from 55.65 to 512.50 g (mean ± S.E. 197.88 ± 5.1). Females length ranged from 11.6 to 28.0 cm FL (mean ± S.E. 19.3 ± 0.1) and weight ranged from 40.63 to 451.0 (mean ± S.E. 198.6 ± 4.6). Length-weight relationships between sex were not significantly different (Mann-Whitney U-test, nmale = 230, nfemale = 219, P>0.05). Size at first maturity was estimated at 17.9 and 17.8 cm FL for females and males, respectively. Spawning activity was observed all year-round, but A. virginicus presented a higher reproduction activity from October to February (spring and summer). Fecundity (F)ranged from 20.496 to 338.803 oocytes, with a mean of 123.348 eggs/gonad. The oocyte development was asynchronous and characterized by the presence of all stages of oocytes development. / As espécies da família Haemulidae estão entre as mais abundantes nos ambientes de recifes, representando um componente importante da pesca artesanal praticado no litoral norte do estado de Pernambuco. Apesar disso, a biologia das diversas espécies não é bem compreendida, de modo que o presente estudo objetiva gerar informações sobre a biologia reprodutiva (proporção sexual, tamanho de primeira maturidade (L50), período de desova e fecundidade) de Anisotremus virginicus. Um total de 449 espécimes foi analisado, 230 (51,2%) machos e 219 (48,8%) fêmeas, apresentando uma proporção sexual de 1,05 machos: 1 fêmea. O comprimento furcal (CF) dos machos variou de 12,1 a 28,0 cm (média ± E.P. 19,4 ± 0,2 cm CF) e peso total (PT) entre 55,6 a 512,5 g (média ± E.P. 197,88 ± 5,1). Para as fêmeas o comprimento variou de 11,6 a 28,0 cm CF (média ± E.P. 19,3 ± 0,1) e peso entre 40,63 a 451,0 (média ± E.P. 198,6 ± 4,6). Diferenças estatísticas não foram observadas para as relações de peso e comprimento entre os sexos (Mann-Whitney U-test, nmachos = 230, nfêmeas = 219, P<0,05). Os dados analisados sugerem que o tamanho de primeira maturação (L50) para as fêmeas e machos é de 16,7 e 17,1 cm de comprimento furcal (CF) respectivamente, o que corresponde a 59% do comprimento máximo observado no presente estudo. O período de desova foi sugerido para os meses de fevereiro-abril e outubro, final da primavera e final do verão, com desovas menores ao longo do ano. A fecundidade variou entre 20.496,0 a 338.803,0 ovócitos, com média de 123.348,0 ovócitos/gônada. Foi observado um desenvolvimento assincrônico dos ovócitos, caracterizado pela presença de todos os estágios de desenvolvimento ovocitário.

An increasing amount of attention has been brought to language learning through digital games. Incidental learning through different media types such as in print and online have also seen an increased amount of research done in recent years. This study examines the amount of incidental learning that occurs across three media types (in print, online, and in a digital simulation game) as well as participants' perceptions of how enjoyable and helpful these media types are. Results suggest that of the three media types, incidental learning occurred most through the online reading. Furthermore, although not statistically significant, participants in the present study found the reading in print to be most enjoyable and helpful.