The thesis deals with indemnification of claims of injured persons resulting from the insurance of liability for injury caused by operation of a vehicle and especially with individual claims of injured persons resulting from the insurance of liability for injury caused by operation of a vehicle, where it endeavours to compare legal regulation effective until 31th December 2013 with the legal regulation effective as of 1st January 2014 and it highlight the most important impacts of the Act No. 89/2012 Coll., Civil Code, in the area of indemnification of claims of injured persons originating due to infliction of physical injury or death. It is a very current topic considering the number of traffic accidents and due to the fact, that this is an issue was affected by the re-codification of the civil law. The thesis is composed of five chapters. Chapter one discusses development of legal regulation of the insurance of liability for injury caused by operation of a vehicle in the territory of the Czech Republic. Chapter two defines the basic terms and legal institutes related to indemnification of claims of injured persons resulting from the insurance of liability for injury caused by operation of a vehicle, which are: operation, operator, insurer, the policy holder, insured and injured person, damage and...

These recent events of H1N1 flu outbreak illustrate the potential ramifications of infectious diseases on modern society and how society responds to these threats. This thesis addresses the specific case of avian influenza in U.S. poultry production. By building an expected utility maximization model for integrators contracting with growers of varying bio-secure levels, one can investigate the relationship between the bio-secure choice of the poultry industry and their production performance. The model is empiricized using the Phoon, Quek, and Huang (PQH) simulation technique to conduct numerical analysis. The model selects the optimal percentage of bio-secure farms for the integrators to contract, output price reductions due to disease outbreak, and different probabilities of disease outbreak. Results allow the examination of whether alternative USDA/APHIS indemnification rules can sufficiently influence integrators willingness to improve their bio-security level.

A presente dissertação visa a analisar a cláusula de redução equitativa da indenização, introduzida no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro por meio do artigo 944, parágrafo único, do Código Civil de 2002. A aplicação da referida norma suscita intensos debates na doutrina e jurisprudência brasileiras, em especial no que tange à possibilidade de aplicação aos casos de responsabilidade objetiva. Nesse sentido, poder-se-ia argumentar que a redução da indenização impactaria na finalidade da norma expressa no artigo 927, parágrafo único, do Código Civil, inclusive no que tange aos incentivos para prevenção de danos. A partir de uma análise do contexto, evolução jurídica do conceito e seus elementos e funções, é realizada uma avaliação da possibilidade de aplicação e respectivos requisitos para a utilização do instituto de forma sistêmica e em consonância com o ordenamento jurídico vigente. Considerando que a Law and Economics permite ao intérprete antever os impactos da aplicação da norma na conduta dos agentes econômicos, em especial na internalização dos custos de prevenção, que são consequência direta de uma análise de custo e beneficio entre a prevenção e o pagamento da indenização pela causação de um dano, consiste em importante ferramenta à disposição da comunidade jurídica para a análise do terna proposto. Deste modo, o terna será analisado à luz da doutrina da Law and Economics, que traz importantes contribuições para a discussão do tema, que afeta de forma direta o comportamento dos agentes de mercado que desenvolvem atividades consideradas de risco. / The present dissertations aims at analyzing the equitable reduction o f indemnification, introduced in Brazilian legal system tbrough article 944, sole paragraph, o f the Civil Code of 2002. The application o f such rule raises intense debates in the Brazilian doctrine and case law, especially with regard to the possibility of application to cases of strict liability. In this sense, it could be argued that the reduction of indemnification would affect the purpose of the rule foreseen in article 927, sole paragraph, o f the Civil Code, including with regard to incentives to the prevention of damage. From an analysis ofthe context, legal evolution ofthe concept and its elements and functions, an evaluation is conducted to assess the applicability and respective requirements for the use of the institute in a systemic way and in accordance with the current legal system. Given that Law and Economics allows the interpreter to foresee the impacts that the application of the rule will have on the conduct of economic agents, especially regarding the internalization of prevention costs, which are a direct consequence of a cost and benefit analysis between prevention and payment of compensation due to a damage caused, it is an important tool available to the legal co=unity for the analysis of the proposed theme. Therefore, the subject will be analyzed in light ofthe Law and Economics doctrine that brings important contributions to the discussion, which directly affects the behavior of market agents who carry out activities considered risky.

A presente dissertação visa a analisar a cláusula de redução equitativa da indenização, introduzida no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro por meio do artigo 944, parágrafo único, do Código Civil de 2002. A aplicação da referida norma suscita intensos debates na doutrina e jurisprudência brasileiras, em especial no que tange à possibilidade de aplicação aos casos de responsabilidade objetiva. Nesse sentido, poder-se-ia argumentar que a redução da indenização impactaria na finalidade da norma expressa no artigo 927, parágrafo único, do Código Civil, inclusive no que tange aos incentivos para prevenção de danos. A partir de uma análise do contexto, evolução jurídica do conceito e seus elementos e funções, é realizada uma avaliação da possibilidade de aplicação e respectivos requisitos para a utilização do instituto de forma sistêmica e em consonância com o ordenamento jurídico vigente. Considerando que a Law and Economics permite ao intérprete antever os impactos da aplicação da norma na conduta dos agentes econômicos, em especial na internalização dos custos de prevenção, que são consequência direta de uma análise de custo e beneficio entre a prevenção e o pagamento da indenização pela causação de um dano, consiste em importante ferramenta à disposição da comunidade jurídica para a análise do terna proposto. Deste modo, o terna será analisado à luz da doutrina da Law and Economics, que traz importantes contribuições para a discussão do tema, que afeta de forma direta o comportamento dos agentes de mercado que desenvolvem atividades consideradas de risco. / The present dissertations aims at analyzing the equitable reduction o f indemnification, introduced in Brazilian legal system tbrough article 944, sole paragraph, o f the Civil Code of 2002. The application o f such rule raises intense debates in the Brazilian doctrine and case law, especially with regard to the possibility of application to cases of strict liability. In this sense, it could be argued that the reduction of indemnification would affect the purpose of the rule foreseen in article 927, sole paragraph, o f the Civil Code, including with regard to incentives to the prevention of damage. From an analysis ofthe context, legal evolution ofthe concept and its elements and functions, an evaluation is conducted to assess the applicability and respective requirements for the use of the institute in a systemic way and in accordance with the current legal system. Given that Law and Economics allows the interpreter to foresee the impacts that the application of the rule will have on the conduct of economic agents, especially regarding the internalization of prevention costs, which are a direct consequence of a cost and benefit analysis between prevention and payment of compensation due to a damage caused, it is an important tool available to the legal co=unity for the analysis of the proposed theme. Therefore, the subject will be analyzed in light ofthe Law and Economics doctrine that brings important contributions to the discussion, which directly affects the behavior of market agents who carry out activities considered risky.

A presente dissertação visa a analisar a cláusula de redução equitativa da indenização, introduzida no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro por meio do artigo 944, parágrafo único, do Código Civil de 2002. A aplicação da referida norma suscita intensos debates na doutrina e jurisprudência brasileiras, em especial no que tange à possibilidade de aplicação aos casos de responsabilidade objetiva. Nesse sentido, poder-se-ia argumentar que a redução da indenização impactaria na finalidade da norma expressa no artigo 927, parágrafo único, do Código Civil, inclusive no que tange aos incentivos para prevenção de danos. A partir de uma análise do contexto, evolução jurídica do conceito e seus elementos e funções, é realizada uma avaliação da possibilidade de aplicação e respectivos requisitos para a utilização do instituto de forma sistêmica e em consonância com o ordenamento jurídico vigente. Considerando que a Law and Economics permite ao intérprete antever os impactos da aplicação da norma na conduta dos agentes econômicos, em especial na internalização dos custos de prevenção, que são consequência direta de uma análise de custo e beneficio entre a prevenção e o pagamento da indenização pela causação de um dano, consiste em importante ferramenta à disposição da comunidade jurídica para a análise do terna proposto. Deste modo, o terna será analisado à luz da doutrina da Law and Economics, que traz importantes contribuições para a discussão do tema, que afeta de forma direta o comportamento dos agentes de mercado que desenvolvem atividades consideradas de risco. / The present dissertations aims at analyzing the equitable reduction o f indemnification, introduced in Brazilian legal system tbrough article 944, sole paragraph, o f the Civil Code of 2002. The application o f such rule raises intense debates in the Brazilian doctrine and case law, especially with regard to the possibility of application to cases of strict liability. In this sense, it could be argued that the reduction of indemnification would affect the purpose of the rule foreseen in article 927, sole paragraph, o f the Civil Code, including with regard to incentives to the prevention of damage. From an analysis ofthe context, legal evolution ofthe concept and its elements and functions, an evaluation is conducted to assess the applicability and respective requirements for the use of the institute in a systemic way and in accordance with the current legal system. Given that Law and Economics allows the interpreter to foresee the impacts that the application of the rule will have on the conduct of economic agents, especially regarding the internalization of prevention costs, which are a direct consequence of a cost and benefit analysis between prevention and payment of compensation due to a damage caused, it is an important tool available to the legal co=unity for the analysis of the proposed theme. Therefore, the subject will be analyzed in light ofthe Law and Economics doctrine that brings important contributions to the discussion, which directly affects the behavior of market agents who carry out activities considered risky.

The aim of the thesis is the indemnification guaranteed and provided to the victims of serious breaches of International law. First of all the thesis provides review of the primary sources of International law that contains right to redress. Secondly, the thesis lays out the issue of serious crimes in International law definition. Afterwards the thesis deals with the problematic of the subject who has right to redress and obligation to provide it. Also, the thesis describes the particular forms of the redress in detail. The end of the thesis is focused on concrete mechanisms of indemnification. Finally the thesis deals with the indemnification in practise, in particular with the case of Rwanda genocide. Within elaborating this thesis, the author used primary sources of International law, case law, doctrine and also domestic and foreign publications.

Este trabalho aborda os aspectos qualitativos da indenização por danos morais, relacionando-os à prevenção de danos. Por causa da polêmica doutrinária acerca das funções que deve desenvolver a indenização por danos morais, procura-se desvincular a eficácia preventiva da noção de punição. Analisa-se a função punitiva, a começar pela investigação de sua origem - os punitive damages - e dos problemas que traz ao ordenamento jurídico nacional. O estudo das características dos punitive damages demonstra as dificuldades enormes que o instituto apresenta nos países onde é aplicado, bem como as diferenças existentes entre o referido instituto e a indenização punitiva por danos morais. Tendo em vista o fato de que a maior justificativa para a indenização punitiva é a pretensa prevenção de novos danos, investiga-se a função preventiva da responsabilidade civil, em um primeiro momento, para depois localizar na indenização compensatória um escopo tão preventivo quanto o que justifica a adoção da indenização punitiva. A atuação judicial é fundamental para se afastar o efeito punitivo, pois atua na eleição de critérios cuja análise fundamentará o valor da indenização. A indenização fixada de forma justa desperta no responsável pelo dano a cautela necessária à maioria das situações em que os danos morais são isoladamente causados. Para os casos de danos morais \"repetitivos\", ou que atinjam um grande número de pessoas, além da indenização, o ordenamento jurídico oferece alguns instrumentos processuais que possuem um potencial preventivo e que podem ser úteis no refreamento dessas condutas. Desse modo, pode-se concluir a indenização por danos morais, tão-somente compensatória é a forma de reparação mais adequada aos danos morais para o nosso ordenamento. / This study addresses the qualitative aspects of the indemnification for moral damage, relating them to prevention of these damages. Because of the controversy about the roles that the indemnification should develop, it tries to separate the preventive efficacy of the concept of punishment. It analyses the punitive role to begin the investigation of its origin the punitive damages - and the problems that it brings to the national legal system. The study of characteristics of the punitive damages shows the enormous difficulties that the institute presents where it is applied, and the differences between the institute and by punitive indemnification. In view of the fact that the major justification for punitive indemnification is the prevention of further damage, it was investigated the preventive function of liability it at first, and then, find in compensatory damages as a scope as preventive which justifies the adoption of punitive damages. The judge action is essential to avoid the punitive effect, because it acts in the election of criteria whose analysis of the value base compensation. The compensation fixed fairly awakens liable for damage in the care needed for most situations in which damage is caused in isolate way. For the cases of moral damage \"repetitive,\" or they reach a large number of people, in addition to damages, the law offers some procedural instruments that have a potential preventive and can be useful in reducing these behaviors. Thus, we can conclude the compensation for moral damages as compensation-only is the most appropriate way to repair the damage to our judicial system.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Luiz dos Santos Nakamura.pdf: 1272448 bytes, checksum: 0fb975f4496e54fa79c2773a0207ebb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-30 / The right to property, its original configuration, selfish and individualistic, evolved into the social function of property. Currently, the social function is a decisive factor in defining the limitations and restrictions on property rights and its consequent compensation. The expropriation, guarantees of property rights, too, has gone through transformations. The just compensation should be seen not only from the side of the dispossessed. The expropriating is also protected by the guarantee of just compensation. Sealing the illicit enrichment is the decisive criterion for the determination of just compensation. The extension of protection to property rights and compensation for expropriation should be established individually, considering the use of the property, in particular, the fulfillment of its social function / O direito de propriedade, de sua configuração originária, egoísta e individualista, evoluiu para a função social da propriedade. Atualmente, a função social é um fator decisivo para a definição das limitações e restrições ao direito de propriedade e sua consequente indenizabilidade. A desapropriação, garantia do direito de propriedade, também passou por transformações. A justa indenização deve ser vista não somente pelo lado do expropriado. O expropriante também é protegido pela garantia da justa indenização. A vedação ao enriquecimento ilícito é o critério determinante para a apuração da justa indenização. A extensão da proteção ao direito de propriedade e a indenização pela desapropriação devem ser estabelecidas de forma individual, considerando-se a utilização do bem, em especial, o cumprimento de sua função social

The Ferguson effect is a recent hypothesis that suggests police officers have been influenced by negative media coverage of police conduct. The problem this study addressed is how policing continues to deal with perception, civil liability, and accountability issues related to police misconduct when interacting with Latino and African-American communities. The research was conducted to examine influence the Ferguson effect may have had on the culture and perceptions of police officers in local police departments. With a phenomenological qualitative approach, the research data were collected from interviews with 7 police officers across 3 police departments. The theoretical background of Merton's theory of unintended consequences offered insights into how law enforcement functions and the kinds of policies that affect police-civilian relations. Data was analyzed with NVivo 12 data analysis software. Four predominant themes emerged: (1) commitment to service, (2) police officers' perception of the media, (3) impact of the Ferguson Effect, and (4) attitudes toward civil liability. The research indicates that the officers shared a strong commitment to service as well as being satisfied overall with the police department where they work. In addition, the participants acknowledged the Ferguson effect but did not believe it prevented them from performing their sworn duties. With this research study, the police officers' voices can be added to the national debate regarding the Ferguson effect and their perception of its impact on their culture in local police departments, community engagement with minority citizens, and civil liability.

Business restructurings within multinational enterprises (MNEs) are regular occurrences. Such restructurings are often carried out in order to increase the MNE‟s competitiveness on the market by making the supply chain and management more efficient in order to ac-quire benefits due to economies of scale. There is a risk that such cross-border business re-structurings will transfer the profit/loss potential that is associated with the assets, risks and/or functions that are transferred, to low-tax jurisdictions in order to minimize the MNEs tax burden. Germany amended its tax act in order to prevent such profit potential from being transferred out of the country. This amendment came into effect on the 1st of January 2008. The OECD, which is the normative body on the international tax arena, re-leased a Discussion Draft for the public in September 2008 with the purpose to highlight the transfer pricing aspects of business restructurings and to serve as an interpretation of the application of the Transfer Pricing Guidelines on business restructurings. In this thesis, the concepts of profit/loss potential and indemnification, as they are pre-sented in the Discussion Draft, will be analyzed. The interpretation of the OECD will then be contrasted with the German and Swedish regulation of these concepts. The OECD defines a business restructuring as a transfer including a bundle of assets, risks and/or functions which are transferred across borders within a MNE. If this transfer in-volves the shift of profit/loss potential it shall be included in the valuation of the transfer price of the transactions. The profit/loss potential shall only be included if it can be identi-fied as belonging to a specific asset, risk or function of the bundle. In Swedish legislation there is only one rule which tax authorities can use in order to adjust the income of related parties. This regulation is not a specific rule for business restructurings as such but a gener-al rule for all transfer pricing matters. Sweden has traditionally followed the OECD guide-lines and the Swedish courts and tax authorities will most likely apply the guidance set out by the OECD on business restructurings as well. Germany views a business restructuring as a transfer package which consist of assets, risks and/or functions which are transferred a cross borders within a MNE. The concept of business opportunities, i.e. the profit potential of the combined assets, risks and/or func-tions of the transfer package, shall be included in the valuation of the transfer package. In the valuation of the transfer package synergy effects for the MNE and location savings as a whole shall be included. This concept deviates from the view of the OECD. The OECD states that only local synergy effects and location savings shall be included in the valuation of the transfer package. The German approach leads to an inherent risk of overvaluation of the transfer package. The way of valuing the transfer package in Germany could lead to taxation without realization, i.e. profits that would never have been or never could be rea-lized in Germany will be taxed. This contradicts the principle of realization. The OECD, in the Discussion Draft, gives an account for the possibilities for an indemni-fication for the transferor. A business restructuring can sometimes be compared with the breach of a contractual relationship. In such a situation, associated parties would be entitled to an indemnity if independent parties would be indemnified. Such an approach will be dif-ficult to apply in practice since indemnification is closely linked to nations national com-mercial legislation. The matter of indemnifying a party shall be decided on the merits of each case, and it can thereby be complicated to formulate a general regulation. The ques-tion regarding which authority shall be competent to govern such a matter must thereby al-so be resolved.