MPH / Department of Public Health / See the attached abstract below

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / As historians have expanded their interests from focusing on great men and groundbreaking events to perspectives that explore everyday experiences or ordinary people, odor emerges as an important interpretative lens. Understanding the olfactory history of communities, especially what types of odors were present and how people perceived and reacted to them, enlarges historians’ understanding of the life experiences and behaviors of people in the past. The historical study of odor provides insights into how quality of life and standards of living have changed over time. Understanding how people of different times reacted to odors suggests how they perceived the sensory world around them, including people living close by. In this thesis, I examine the olfactory conditions of the neighborhood surrounding the Union Stockyards and associated meat processing facilities on Chicago’s south side in the first decade of the twentieth century. During this period, an overpowering combination of putrid odors characterized this neighborhood, known as Back of the Yards. Various factors contributed to this malodorous “smellscape,” and it impacted the quality of life of the predominantly immigrant communities that made up the workforce and residents of that neighborhood.

La banque de données IMIS (Integrated Management Information System) de l’agence américaine OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) contient l’ensemble des mesures de l’exposition effectuées par les inspecteurs d’OSHA chargés de vérifier la conformité aux valeurs limites d’exposition. Les résultats analytiques correspondant aux prélèvements effectués par les inspecteurs sont également disponibles dans la banque CEHD (Chemical Exposure Health Data). Ces deux banques représentent une source d’information potentielle majeure sur les conditions d’exposition aux substances chimiques en Amérique du Nord. Cependant, leur représentativité par rapport à la distribution réelle des niveaux d’exposition retrouvés dans les milieux de travail est largement inconnue. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’établir dans quelle mesure les données de contamination de l'air recueillies par l’agence fédérale américaine OSHA peuvent être utilisées pour l’estimation des expositions professionnelles en Amérique du Nord. Les analyses ont porté sur 511 047 et 588 818 mesures d’exposition contenues dans les banques IMIS et CEHD respectivement, pour la période 1979-2011. Premièrement, des modèles additifs généralisés ont été utilisés pour étudier l’association entre les variables reflétant les caractéristiques des établissements visités et des inspections et les niveaux d’exposition pour 77 agents chimiques (90% du contenu d’IMIS). Dans un second temps, une approche de régression de Poisson modifiée a été utilisée pour étudier les facteurs déterminants l’enregistrement ou non des échantillons de CEHD dans la banque IMIS en jumelant les deux banques pour 78 agents chimiques. Finalement, des modèles CART (Classification And Regression Tree) ont été développés permettant de prédire, parmi les résultats non détectés de la banque IMIS, lesquels correspondent à des mesures courte durée ou des moyennes pondérées sur 8 heures (VEMP-8h) en se basant sur les variables communes aux banques IMIS et CEHD. Dans la première analyse, les modèles statistiques ont montré que les niveaux d’exposition étaient plus susceptibles de dépasser la TLV (threshold limit value) pour les mesures effectuées sous un régime OSHA fédéral par rapport au régime OSHA d’État (rapport de cote (RC) de 1,22 à travers les agents). La probabilité de dépasser la TLV augmentait avec le nombre total des amendes reçues par un établissement, indépendamment de la nature des infractions (RC de 1,54 à travers les agents entre les catégories « élevée » et « aucune »). Elle était également plus élevée pour les visites de suivi que pour les visites planifiées (RC de 1,61). Dans la deuxième analyse, la comparaison des banques IMIS et CEHD a montré un taux d’enregistrement global de 38% des données CEHD dans IMIS. Les résultats non détectés (particulièrement ceux mesurés sur un panel d’agents – p. ex. panel de métaux) étaient moins susceptibles d’être enregistrés dans IMIS (risque relatif ~0,6). Finalement, les modèles CART ont prédit plus précisément le type de prélèvement (courte durée, VEMP-8h) pour les résultats non détectés dans IMIS que des méthodes simples d’attribution (p. ex. attribution du type le plus fréquent parmi les résultats détectés) pour les agents les plus pertinents (c.-à-d. ceux ayant une proportion substantielle de mesures ND, courte durée et VEMP-8h). Nos résultats ont montré la présence de plusieurs mécanismes de sélection dans le processus conduisant à l’enregistrement d’une mesure d’exposition dans IMIS, ce qui suggère l’existence de différences systématiques entre les niveaux rapportés dans les banques OSHA et les niveaux moyens d’exposition dans la population de travailleurs. La prise en compte des informations contextuelles aux mesures et l’emploi de méthodes prédictives peuvent aider à pallier partiellement ces biais et ainsi raffiner les portraits d’exposition établis à partir des données d’OSHA. / The Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) contains exposure measurements taken by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inspectors to verify compliance with permissible exposure limits. Supplementary data containing analytical results of the field samples are available in the Chemical Exposure Health Database (CEHD). These databanks represent a major potential source of information on exposure conditions in North American workplaces. However, the degree to which they represent the actual distribution of the exposure levels found in the workplace is largely unknown.The objective of this thesis is to examine the extent to which exposure data collected by OSHA can be used for estimating occupational exposure in North America. Analyses focused on 511 047 and 588 818 exposure measurements in IMIS and CEHD respectively, for the period 1979-2011. First, generalized additive models were used to explore associations between exposure levels in IMIS and ancillary variables reflecting characteristics of establishments and inspections for 77 chemical agents (90% of IMIS content). Second, modified Poisson regression was used to identify determinants of recording or not of CEHD samples in IMIS by linking both databanks for 78 agents. Finally, Classification And Regression Tree (CART) models were applied to predict which non-detected (ND) results stored in IMIS are 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) or short-term samples, based on common variables available in IMIS and CEHD databanks. In the first analysis, statistical modelling showed that measurements collected under federal OSHA plans were more likely to have a sample result exceed the TLV compared to measurements collected under state OSHA plans (odds ratio (OR) of 1,22 across agents). An increase in the total amount of penalty assessed to a company was associated with higher odds of having a sample result exceed the TLV (OR of 1,54 across agents for « high » vs. « none »). Follow-up inspections were more likely to have a sample result exceed the TLV compared to planned inspections (OR of 1,61 across agents). In the second analysis, linkage between CEHD and IMIS showed a 38% overall proportion of CEHD samples recorded into IMIS. Non-detects (especially ND records corresponding to analytical panels – e.g. panel of metals) were less likely to be recorded in IMIS (relative risk ~0,6). Finally, CART models predicted more accurately which IMIS ND results were TWA or short-term samples compared to simple methods of assignment (e.g. assignment of the most frequent category from detected values) for the most relevant agents (i.e. with high proportions of ND, short-term, and TWA results). Our findings showed the presence of several selection mechanisms in the process leading up to the recording of a sample in IMIS, which suggest systematic differences exist between OSHA measurements and actual occupational exposures in the general U.S. working population. These biases can be partially controlled by using ancillary information on exposure measurements together with predictive methods, thus helping to draw more accurate portraits of exposure levels from OSHA data.

Text in English / The study, which considers that the construction industry is a high risk one due to the physical work demand and nature of the working environment, was conducted to develop practical guidelines for workers and employers that promote occupational health and safety (OHS) in the construction industry in Namibia. The study, conducted at 13 study sites in Windhoek, Namibia, used a quantitative descriptive study method to gather data regarding the OHS status of the construction industry. Data was collected from the 13 study sites using a site interviewer-led questionnaire for 549 construction workers. In addition, both a site inspection checklist and document review checklist were used to collect the data from ten construction sites. A review of documents concerning occupational accidents, diseases and injuries encountered at construction sites that were held by the Ministry of Labour, Industrial relations and Employment creation for the five-year period from April 2011 to March 2016 was carried out. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23. The study findings show that most of the workers at the study sites were young and male, with most participants lacking awareness of OHS issues, which may hinder accidents and injuries prevention. It also emerged that occupational hazards are prevalent at the study sites and yet there were poor mechanisms for hazard prevention or mitigation measures. The study notes that there was a high rate of occupational accidents and injuries, as well as a few incidences of health hazards, as indicated by few participants, although there was no documented occupational disease. It is also noted that most study sites do not comply with OHS legislations, such as having OHS policies that indicate the employer’s commitment towards OHS, which placed workers at risk of hazard exposure, occupational accidents, injuries and diseases. Practical guidelines to promote OHS in the construction industry of Windhoek, Namibia are developed as the primary output of this project. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

This longitudinal study examined the association between parents’ early and concurrent gender ideology and gendered behaviors and their children’s gender-role attitudes at age six. Specifically, parents' global beliefs about women's and men's "rightful" roles in society, as well as their work preferences for mothers, were considered in relation to the gender-role attitudes held by their first-graders. In addition, parents’ gendered behaviors, including their division of household and childcare tasks, division of paid work hours, and job traditionality were examined as predictors of children’s gender-role attitudes. Based on previous research, it was hypothesized parents’ early and concurrent behavior and ideology would predict children’s gender-role attitudes in unique ways, and that overall, parents' behavior would be more influential than their ideology in the development of their children's understanding of gender roles. It was also hypothesized that fathers’ ideologies would be more closely related to sons’ attitudes than daughters’ attitueds. Partial support was found for these hypotheses, and findings varied across three measures of children’s gender-role attitudes. The present study is the first of its kind to examine the relationships between both mothers’ and fathers’ gender ideology and gendered behavior with children’s gender-role attitudes from a longitudinal perspective. Findings from the current study will fill gaps in the literature on children’s gender development in the context of the family, and offer the benefit of a longitudinal exploration of the relationship between parents’ gender ideologies, gendered behavior, and children’s gender-role attitudes. Several limitations, including those related to the nature of the sample, are addressed.

It is essential for both employers and employees to know and understand their obligations and rights about occupational health and safety. The study aimed at developing guidelines for the managers of health and safety programmes to promote compliance with OHS Act (No. 85 of 1993) among the food and beverage industry in South Africa. The study sites were from the four selected provinces of South Africa, with twenty three of them located in the Gauteng Province. A quantitative research method which is descriptive in nature was used to obtain in-depth knowledge on compliance to the health and safety legislation. Data was collected from 27 study sites using an inspection checklist and an interview- led questionnaire for the 202 employees. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Most employees on the study sites were young and therefore needed regular supervision, information, instruction and training to promote safe work and reduce injury and diseases. The study sites were male dominated. It emerged that there was general lack of consultation and communication with regards to health and safety matters between the employers and the employees. It was also noted that most study sites did not have a written and conspicuously placed health and safety policy and the OHS Act No. 85 of 1993. Majority of the study sites did not deploy adequate resources to manage problems related to health and safety at work and reduce their incidence. In addition, employees experienced injuries or illnesses at one point or the other as they were exposed to various occupational hazards. Finally, most study sites had poor housekeeping practices. Employers did not have the appropriate control measures, such as baseline risk assessments, in place. This placed employees at an increased risk of injuries and illnesses as well as the possibility of employers facing financial burdens such as higher compensation claims, medical specialist fees, fees involved in the replacement of injured employees or fees for the recruitment and training of new recruits. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

The study aim to investigate perceptions of military personnel with regard to HIV/AIDS in the SANDF in some military Units of Bloemfontein. The military personnel includes all males and females whose ages range between 19 - 47 years, were included in the sample. The approach utilised were both qualitative and quantitative. The data collection technique were: Closed and open-ended questionnaires were distributed to 548 respondents. ~ Participant observation. ~ Review of documents. • Unstructured observations. .. Unstructured interviews. This different data collection techniques to gather valid and reliable information with regard to HN/AJDS in the SANDF were triangulated. The findings revealed poor perception with regard to HIV/AIDS in the workplace, health education, lack of privacy, and discrimination on the benefit of HIV/AIDS. The recommendations of this project deals with aspects which include HIV/AIDS education, inclusion of HIV/AIDS in all military courses, distribution of policy on HIVIAIDS to all military personnel, and involvement in HIV/AIDS awareness. / Health Studies / M. Cur. (Health Studies)

The study aim to investigate perceptions of military personnel with regard to HIV/AIDS in the SANDF in some military Units of Bloemfontein. The military personnel includes all males and females whose ages range between 19 - 47 years, were included in the sample. The approach utilised were both qualitative and quantitative. The data collection technique were: Closed and open-ended questionnaires were distributed to 548 respondents. ~ Participant observation. ~ Review of documents. • Unstructured observations. .. Unstructured interviews. This different data collection techniques to gather valid and reliable information with regard to HN/AJDS in the SANDF were triangulated. The findings revealed poor perception with regard to HIV/AIDS in the workplace, health education, lack of privacy, and discrimination on the benefit of HIV/AIDS. The recommendations of this project deals with aspects which include HIV/AIDS education, inclusion of HIV/AIDS in all military courses, distribution of policy on HIVIAIDS to all military personnel, and involvement in HIV/AIDS awareness. / Health Studies / M. Cur. (Health Studies)