Informações sobre composição de alimentos são de grande importância em qualquer estudo sobre nutrição humana. A Rede Brasileira de Dados de Composição de Alimentos (BRASILFOODS) coordena as atividades nacionais sobre composição de alimentos e está ligada a Rede Latino-Americana de Dados de Composição de Alimentos (LATINFOODS), responsável pela elaboração da Tabela de Composição da América Latina. A Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos – Universidade de São Paulo (TBCA–USP) foi desenvolvida pelo BRASILFOODS e está disponível na Internet (http://www.fcf.usp.br/tabela), contendo dados sobre composição centesimal, fibra alimentar, vitamina A e carotenóides, ácidos graxos e colesterol e amido resistente. Com a finalidade de ampliar as informações contidas no Web site, este trabalho teve por objetivo compilar e avaliar informações sobre a composição de alimentos industrializados. De acordo com as pesquisas de orçamentos familiares do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e da Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (FIPE) foi observada a inclusão de novos produtos industrializados nos hábitos de consumo da população da Grande São Paulo, demonstrando, assim, a necessidade de informações detalhadas sobre a composição química destes alimentos. Para a obtenção destas informações foi possível contar com a colaboração de empresas do setor alimentício e laboratórios oficiais que forneceram laudos analíticos, bem como informações analíticas detalhadas. Os dados obtidos foram criteriosamente avaliados, considerando as diversas etapas envolvidas neste processo, desde o plano de amostragem até o controle de qualidade analítico. Após a compilação e avaliação, a composição centesimal de 747 alimentos industrializados foram introduzidas no Web site e as informações obtidas estão distribuídas de acordo com os seguintes grupos de alimentos: cereais e derivados (157); vegetais e derivados (21); gorduras e óleos (26); carnes e derivados (137); leites e derivados (85); açúcares e doces (42); e outros produtos (279). Com a ampliação de informações da TBCA – USP, os profissionais têm acesso a dados atualizados, criteriosamente avaliados e mais próximos do perfil de consumo da população. / Data about food composition are very important to any study of human nutrition. The Brazilian Network of Food Data Systems (BRASILFOODS) has been coordinating the national activities about food composition and is linked to the Latin American Network of Food Data Systems (LATINFOODS) which is responsible for the elaboration of the Latin America database. The Brazilian Food Composition Database was developed by BRASILFOODS and is available the Internet (http://www.fcf.usp.br/tabela). It contains data on proximal composition, dietary fiber, vitamin A and carotenoids, fatty acids and cholesterol and also resistant starch. The main objective of the present work is to compile and evaluate data about composition of industrialized foods in order to increase data on the Web site. According to the Familiar Budget Research developed by Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) and Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (FIPE), new products have been included in the consumption habits of the population of Sao Paulo and its region, what shows a need of further information about those foods chemical composition. In this respect, analytical results and detailed analytical information were provided by companies as well as official laboratories. The data were criteriously evaluated, considering the several steps involved in the process, from the sample plan to the analytical quality control. The proximal composition of 747 industrialized foods were included in the Web site and these data are divided according to the following food groups: cereals and derivates (157); vegetables and derivates (21); fats and oils (26); meat and derivates (137); milk and derivates (85); sugar and sweets (42); and other products (279). Due to such expansion of the Brazilian Food Composition Database, professionals have access to updated data which have been carefully evaluated and are now closer to the population consumption profile.

Introdução: O consumidor tem o direito a informações sobre a composição nutricional dos alimentos industrializados, possibilitando escolhas saudáveis. Para isto, a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária torna obrigatória a rotulagem nutricional dos alimentos comercializados. Objetivo: Avaliar a conformidade dos dados nutricionais presentes em rótulos de alguns alimentos embalados, comumente consumidos pelo público infantil, com o seu valor experimental, obtido através de análises por métodos oficiais e, desta forma, inferir a qualidade da informação disponível ao consumidor. Métodos: Foi feita a comparação dos dados declarados em rótulos de alimentos com os obtidos no laboratório. Foram selecionados alguns alimentos embalados consumidos pelo publico infantil, como salgadinhos de milho e de trigo de sabores e formas variadas, alguns tipos de batata frita, amendoim, biscoitos recheados, wafers, chocolates recheados ao leite e bombons de chocolate ao leite recheados. Foram avaliados os teores de proteínas, gorduras totais, gorduras saturadas, fibra alimentar e sódio, utilizando os métodos descritos nas "Normas Analíticas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz". O valor de carboidratos foi calculado pela diferença entre 100 e a soma da umidade, cinzas, protídios, gorduras totais e fibra alimentar, conforme a Resolução no 360/2003 da ANVISA. O valor calórico foi calculado utilizando-se os fatores de Atwater. Os dados foram tratados estatisticamente pela distribuição de freqüência percentual e foi calculado um Intervalo de Condenação a partir destes resultados. Resultados: O Intervalo de Condenação para o teor de proteína declarado na rotulagem nutricional variou de 0 a 50% sendo o maior índice para batata frita. Para o teor de carboidratos variou de 0 a 40%, sendo maiores para o amendoim e o salgadinho de milho. Quanto às gorduras saturadas, observou-se um Intervalo de Condenação entre 12 a 41%, sendo maior para a batata frita, amendoim e salgadinho de milho. Para o teor de fibra alimentar, variou de 8 a 69%. O Intervalo de Condenação para o teor de gorduras totais variou de 0 a 85% sendo que o maior índice observado foi para o salgadinho de milho. Quanto ao teor de sódio variou entre 4 e 72%. Para os produtos doces o Intervalo de Condenação do teor de gorduras totais variou entre 0 e 75%, sendo maior para o bombom recheado. O teor de gorduras saturadas a variação foi entre 0 e 52% sendo maior para o biscoito recheado, enquanto que, para o teor de fibra alimentar, foi entre 0 e 36% sendo a maior taxa para o biscoito recheado. O Intervalo de Condenação do teor de proteína variou entre 10 e 40%, sendo maior para o bombom recheado. Conclusão: Dentre os produtos analisados a batata frita, o salgadinho de milho e o amendoim tiveram a maior contribuição de condenações para parâmetros de teor de proteínas, carboidratos, fibra alimentar e ácidos graxos saturados, destacando-se como índices mais altos os teores de ácidos graxos saturados e de fibra alimentar. Quanto aos produtos doces o bombom recheado, o biscoito recheado e o wafer foram os que apresentaram maior Intervalo de Condenação para gordura total, gordura saturada e fibra alimentar. Os resultados permitem inferir que as informações na rotulagem nutricional nos produtos destinados ao público infantil e adolescentes não estão adequadas / The consumers have the right to informations about both the characteristics and the nutritional composition of the foods they buy, allowing them for healthy choices. Therefore, the Sanitary Inspection National Agency (ANVISA) makes nutritional labeling of the commercialized foods obligatory. Must be informed, among the nutritional informations, the following nutrients rates: carbohydrates, proteins, total fats, saturated fats, trans fats, sodium, alimentary fibers, and caloric value. Objective: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the conformity of nutritional data present in the labels of some packed foods, normally consumed by children, its experimental value being obtained by means of analyses by official methods, leading to an evaluation of the quality of the information available to the consumer. Methods: The data declared in foods labels were compared with those obtained in the laboratory. Some packed foods consumed by children were choose, like corn and wheat products of different flavors and forms, some types of potato chips, peanuts, filled biscuits, wafer biscuts, and filled milk chocolate, both in bars and in bonbons. The rates of proteins, total fats, saturated fats, alimentary fibers and sodium were evaluated utilizing the methods described in the "Normas Analíticas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz". The value for carbohydrates was calculated by the difference between 100 and total amount of humidity, ash, proteins, total fats and alimentary fibers, according to the Resolution 360 of ANVISA. The caloric value was calculated utilizing the Atwater factors. The data were treated statistically by the distribution of percent frequency. Results: The non-compliance of the protein rates declared on the nutritional labeling oscillated between 0 to 50%, with the highest index in the potato chips, that of carbohydrates varied between 0 and 40%, with the highest indexes found in peanuts and wheat snacks, that of saturated fat, 12 to 41%, the highest indexes being found in potato chips, peanuts and corn snacks, whilst fiber presented non-compliance going from 8 to 69%, whereby all products did not comply, total fats, 0 to 85%, the highest index found in the corn snacks. About the sodium, the disapproval interval oscillated between 12 and 72%. With regard to the sweet products, the condemnation interval for total fats oscillated from 0 to 75%, the highest percent rate being found in the chocolate bonbons. Saturated fats presented a disapproval interval between 0 to 52%, the widest one found in the filled biscuits. As for fibers, the disapproval interval went from 0 to 36%, the highest percent rate being found in the chocolate bonbons. The protein disapproval interval oscillated from 10 to 40%, the highest being in the filled milk chocolate bars and in the bonbons. Conclusion: Among the analyzed products, potato chips, corn snacks, and peanuts presented the highest disapproval rates by the parameters of proteins, carbohydrates, fiber, and saturated fat, where the rates of saturated fat acids and fiber stood out. Among the sweet products, chocolate bonbons, filled biscuits and wafer biscuits were the most condemned according to the parameters of total fats, saturated fats and fiber, leading to a preoccupation about the daily ingestion of these products by children and adolescents

Thesis. 1975. M.Arch.A.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / M.Arch.A.S.

Thesis. 1975. M.Arch.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / Bibliography: leaves 188-189. / by Michael S. Harris. / M.Arch.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1964. / MIT Institute Archives copy bound with three title pages at the beginning of text block; MIT Rotch Library copy has title pages bound with appropriate theses. -- Rotch Library copy missing 16 leaves of plates. / Title from half-title page. Three individual thesis titles bound together with a collective title and an introduction. Compiled, with an introduction, by Prof. Eduardo F. Catalano. / Includes bibliographical references. / Preface: "The three individual theses are presented with a common introductory discussion on systems in general, the use of systems in architecture, and the overall goals and requirements for a building system. It is hoped that a better understanding of systems is attained as well as a more extensive background for the individual thesis material." / Hershdorfer, Selma Abigadol. The development of a building unit which is structurally and mechanically integrated and which allows maximum flexibility in internal rearrangement and lateral growth. (1964) -- Hook, Charles Burton. A research and development building for science and technology suitable for both academic and non-academic use. (1964) -- Hoover, George Norman. An academic/research and development building for science and technology. (1964). / M.Arch.

Thesis. 1978. M.Arch.A.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 155-156. / M.Arch.A.S.

Purpose:The purpose of this study is to approach a solution to reduce housing shortage, by using inspiration from an industrialized building concept, which can lead to the opportunity for underprivileged people to get a livable housing. The aim is to study how knowledge from industrialized building could be used for a more efficient way of building in developing countries similar to Colombia.   Method:Utilizing literature studies for achieving abutment to published research also giving the authors an observant mind. With this knowledge, participatory observations were made as action research to explore the prevailing procedure when establishing a house. Operating analyzes, interviews were held in Leticia for understanding observed decisions. To be able to critically analyze the results from the interviews and observations, collected data were compared with knowledge based on the authors’ reference frames.   Findings:Keystones identified as the overall concept are applicable on establishments in the western world, since the concept is designed after similar conditions. Capital is required designing a building system as well as establishing a factory for prefabrication of elements, conditions limited in developing countries. Climate conditions and prevailing corruption prevents implementation of the concept. Identified weaknesses during the observations, noted repetition of unnecessary and non-value adding activities. One conclusion is not to implement the entire industrial building system, only practice the mindset. Initially keystones are implemented such as planning, exchange of information and reflection of performed projects, in order to improve upcoming projects. These keystones require no direct capital, merely a mindset that should be implemented.   Implications:The outcome of this study is to enlighten the subject, since obvious weaknesses were noticed, with capacity for development. Further research is realistic because, in a long term it will help solving the housing situation. For example, using this result as underlay for education like creating more efficient building, enlightening planning for reducing unnecessary non value-adding activities. As a conclusion of the study, identified weaknesses during the establishment affects the efficiency, creating unnecessary costs. A developing country should focus upon emphasizing reduction of costs, since their economic status is already declining.   Limitations: The observations during the case study have been concentrating on one small-scaled project in Leticia, Colombia. No further observations have been made but complements such as literature studies and interviews. Due to lack of time and language barrier, the amount of collected empirical data was too limited to provide durable conclusions for question formulations. Since only observations were performed on one establishment, a general result cannot be submitted.

Market demand for housing changes over time, in response to the wants and needs of both individuals and society. Changes in socio-demographics highlight the emergence of non-traditional households in Canada and influence the configuration of a house (or product) which meets buyers' individual requirements. In turn, this affects the design approach (or process). At the same time, society today requires sustainability in housing development, since building a house consumes large amounts of energy during construction and after occupancy. / Technology that improves the cost and performance of housing has advanced over time. Although some innovative design and construction systems (or approaches) that attempt to meet societal and individual demands for housing are available in today's market, homebuilders tend not to apply unfamiliar approaches to their housing developments, since their business operation is often based on convention. Another reason, which inhibits a builder's adoption of new housing technology, is the extra cost required for seeking and analysing information. Thus, the homebuilders' decision-making processes for the adoption of 'familiar' and 'unfamiliar' design and construction systems (or housing systems) which affect the configuration of housing need to be well programmed. / Accordingly, this study, composed of four parts, focuses initially on identifying housing market trends and issues in Quebec, as well as introducing the new concept of mass customisation that encourages homebuilders to standardise parts of a house---i.e. the creation of mass custom homes. Then, in consideration of this new concept, as well as a value analysis approach that helps facilitate homebuilders' buying decisions, it proposes a choice model for the design and construction approaches to the delivery of 'lower-cost and higher-performance' housing. Thirdly, to assess its practicality, the proposed decision-making model is demonstrated in collaboration with a selected homebuilder in Quebec. Finally, the results of this study are discussed in depth in order to identify future research opportunities. / In view of the demonstration project conducted in this study, the author concluded that the proposed 'choice model' could function effectively as a practical decision-making support tool (or system) that helps open the door for homebuilders to generate and select alternatives that aid them to produce lower-cost and higher-performance housing. As a consequence of programming the homebuilders' buying decision-making process, the goal identification uncertainty and goal/purchase matching uncertainty, which often hinder their adoption of unfamiliar, innovative housing systems, could be reduced, or eliminated.

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Introdução: O consumidor tem o direito a informações sobre a composição nutricional dos alimentos industrializados, possibilitando escolhas saudáveis. Para isto, a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária torna obrigatória a rotulagem nutricional dos alimentos comercializados. Objetivo: Avaliar a conformidade dos dados nutricionais presentes em rótulos de alguns alimentos embalados, comumente consumidos pelo público infantil, com o seu valor experimental, obtido através de análises por métodos oficiais e, desta forma, inferir a qualidade da informação disponível ao consumidor. Métodos: Foi feita a comparação dos dados declarados em rótulos de alimentos com os obtidos no laboratório. Foram selecionados alguns alimentos embalados consumidos pelo publico infantil, como salgadinhos de milho e de trigo de sabores e formas variadas, alguns tipos de batata frita, amendoim, biscoitos recheados, wafers, chocolates recheados ao leite e bombons de chocolate ao leite recheados. Foram avaliados os teores de proteínas, gorduras totais, gorduras saturadas, fibra alimentar e sódio, utilizando os métodos descritos nas "Normas Analíticas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz". O valor de carboidratos foi calculado pela diferença entre 100 e a soma da umidade, cinzas, protídios, gorduras totais e fibra alimentar, conforme a Resolução no 360/2003 da ANVISA. O valor calórico foi calculado utilizando-se os fatores de Atwater. Os dados foram tratados estatisticamente pela distribuição de freqüência percentual e foi calculado um Intervalo de Condenação a partir destes resultados. Resultados: O Intervalo de Condenação para o teor de proteína declarado na rotulagem nutricional variou de 0 a 50% sendo o maior índice para batata frita. Para o teor de carboidratos variou de 0 a 40%, sendo maiores para o amendoim e o salgadinho de milho. Quanto às gorduras saturadas, observou-se um Intervalo de Condenação entre 12 a 41%, sendo maior para a batata frita, amendoim e salgadinho de milho. Para o teor de fibra alimentar, variou de 8 a 69%. O Intervalo de Condenação para o teor de gorduras totais variou de 0 a 85% sendo que o maior índice observado foi para o salgadinho de milho. Quanto ao teor de sódio variou entre 4 e 72%. Para os produtos doces o Intervalo de Condenação do teor de gorduras totais variou entre 0 e 75%, sendo maior para o bombom recheado. O teor de gorduras saturadas a variação foi entre 0 e 52% sendo maior para o biscoito recheado, enquanto que, para o teor de fibra alimentar, foi entre 0 e 36% sendo a maior taxa para o biscoito recheado. O Intervalo de Condenação do teor de proteína variou entre 10 e 40%, sendo maior para o bombom recheado. Conclusão: Dentre os produtos analisados a batata frita, o salgadinho de milho e o amendoim tiveram a maior contribuição de condenações para parâmetros de teor de proteínas, carboidratos, fibra alimentar e ácidos graxos saturados, destacando-se como índices mais altos os teores de ácidos graxos saturados e de fibra alimentar. Quanto aos produtos doces o bombom recheado, o biscoito recheado e o wafer foram os que apresentaram maior Intervalo de Condenação para gordura total, gordura saturada e fibra alimentar. Os resultados permitem inferir que as informações na rotulagem nutricional nos produtos destinados ao público infantil e adolescentes não estão adequadas / The consumers have the right to informations about both the characteristics and the nutritional composition of the foods they buy, allowing them for healthy choices. Therefore, the Sanitary Inspection National Agency (ANVISA) makes nutritional labeling of the commercialized foods obligatory. Must be informed, among the nutritional informations, the following nutrients rates: carbohydrates, proteins, total fats, saturated fats, trans fats, sodium, alimentary fibers, and caloric value. Objective: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the conformity of nutritional data present in the labels of some packed foods, normally consumed by children, its experimental value being obtained by means of analyses by official methods, leading to an evaluation of the quality of the information available to the consumer. Methods: The data declared in foods labels were compared with those obtained in the laboratory. Some packed foods consumed by children were choose, like corn and wheat products of different flavors and forms, some types of potato chips, peanuts, filled biscuits, wafer biscuts, and filled milk chocolate, both in bars and in bonbons. The rates of proteins, total fats, saturated fats, alimentary fibers and sodium were evaluated utilizing the methods described in the "Normas Analíticas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz". The value for carbohydrates was calculated by the difference between 100 and total amount of humidity, ash, proteins, total fats and alimentary fibers, according to the Resolution 360 of ANVISA. The caloric value was calculated utilizing the Atwater factors. The data were treated statistically by the distribution of percent frequency. Results: The non-compliance of the protein rates declared on the nutritional labeling oscillated between 0 to 50%, with the highest index in the potato chips, that of carbohydrates varied between 0 and 40%, with the highest indexes found in peanuts and wheat snacks, that of saturated fat, 12 to 41%, the highest indexes being found in potato chips, peanuts and corn snacks, whilst fiber presented non-compliance going from 8 to 69%, whereby all products did not comply, total fats, 0 to 85%, the highest index found in the corn snacks. About the sodium, the disapproval interval oscillated between 12 and 72%. With regard to the sweet products, the condemnation interval for total fats oscillated from 0 to 75%, the highest percent rate being found in the chocolate bonbons. Saturated fats presented a disapproval interval between 0 to 52%, the widest one found in the filled biscuits. As for fibers, the disapproval interval went from 0 to 36%, the highest percent rate being found in the chocolate bonbons. The protein disapproval interval oscillated from 10 to 40%, the highest being in the filled milk chocolate bars and in the bonbons. Conclusion: Among the analyzed products, potato chips, corn snacks, and peanuts presented the highest disapproval rates by the parameters of proteins, carbohydrates, fiber, and saturated fat, where the rates of saturated fat acids and fiber stood out. Among the sweet products, chocolate bonbons, filled biscuits and wafer biscuits were the most condemned according to the parameters of total fats, saturated fats and fiber, leading to a preoccupation about the daily ingestion of these products by children and adolescents