The aim of the diploma thesis is to create an evaluation and recommendation of measures in the field of water management within green infrastructures of cities according to appropriate size. These measures apply to typical urban buildings managed by cities of this size. The first part of the diploma thesis deals with a research focused on the current state of stormwater management within the green infrastructure of cities. The legislative aspect is also outlined and measures and technologies for stormwater management are described. The practical part of the diploma thesis deals with a case study for the design of stormwater management within the green infrastructure of the city of Třešť. Stormwater management methods for various buildings owned by the city of Třešť are designed and economically assessed.

Hintergrund: Ziel der Studie war der Vergleich von Patienten mit duktalem Pankreaskarzinom (PDAC) im progressionsfreien und Gesamtüberleben sowie im Rezidivmuster in Abhängigkeit einer Resektion der Vena portae oder der Vena mesenterica superior (PV/SMV). Methoden: Es wurde eine retrospektive Analyse durchgeführt. Hierbei wurden Patienten betrachtet, die zwischen 2005 und 2015 eine pyloruserhaltende partielle Pankreatoduodenektomie (PPPD), eine klassische Pankreatoduodenektomie (kPD) oder eine totale Pankreatektomie (TP) erhielten. Diese wurden in drei Gruppen eingeteilt. Die P+I+- Gruppe bestand aus Patienten mit Venenresektion (P+), bei denen eine pathohistologische Infiltration der PV oder SMV vorlag (I+). Fand sich bei durchgeführter Venenresektion keine portalvenöse Infiltration (I-), wurden die Patienten der P+I--Gruppe zugeordnet. Als Kontrollgruppe galten Patienten ohne Venenresektion (P-I-), welche zu denen der P+I+- Gruppe gematcht wurden. Die statistischen Analysen wurden mit dem R Softwarepaket durchgeführt. Das Signifikanzlevel wurde für alle Berechnungen auf α = 0,05 festgelegt. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wurden 179 Patienten eingeschlossen. 113 erhielten eine portalvenöse Resektion. Davon hatten 36 (31,9%) eine pathohistologische Lumeninfiltration (P+I+), bei 77 (68,1%) lag dagegen keine Infiltration vor (P+I-). 66 Patienten ohne Venenresektion wurden zu den Patienten der P+I+-Gruppe gematcht (P-I-). Zwischen den drei Gruppen waren die meisten pathohistologischen Parameter vergleichbar. 17 Patienten (9,5%) wurden neoadjuvant therapiert, davon erhielten 16 eine Venenresektion (P+). Für das Gesamtüberleben konnten signifikante Unterschiede nachgewiesen werden (11,9 Monate [P+I+] vs. 16,1 Monate [P+I-] vs. 20,1 Monate [P-I-]; p=0,01). In der univariaten Überlebensanalyse konnte für den erhöhten präoperativen CA19-9 Wert, den Resektionsstatus (R), den Lymphknotenstatus (N), das Lymphknotenverhältnis (LNR), die mikroskopische Veneninvasion (V) sowie die pathohistologisch gesicherte Infiltration der PV/SMV ein negativer Einfluss nachgewiesen werden. In der multivariaten Analyse blieb die wahre Infiltration der PV/SMV als einziger signifikanter negativer Einflussfaktor auf das Gesamtüberleben erhalten (p=0,014). Die Inzidenz an Fernmetastasen war in der P+I+- Gruppe signifikant erhöht (75% [P+I+] vs. 45,8% [P+I-] vs. 54,7% [P-I-], p=0,01). Für ein Lokalrezidiv fanden sich dagegen keine Häufigkeitsunterschiede zwischen den Gruppen (p=0,96). Das mediane progressionsfreie Überleben war für Patienten der P+I+-Gruppe signifikant verkürzt (7,4 Monate [P+I+] vs. 10,9 Monate [P+I-] vs. 11,6 Monate [P-I-]; p=0,02). Die Lumeninfiltration der PV/SMV, die mikroskopische Veneninvasion (V), der präoperative CA19-9 Wert sowie der Differenzierungsgrad (G) waren negative Einflussfaktoren auf das progressionsfreie Überleben. In der multivariaten Analyse blieben die pathohistologisch gesicherte Infiltration sowie das Grading als negative unabhängige Einflussfaktoren nachweisbar. In 25% der Fälle manifestierte sich das Rezidiv initial in der Leber. Schlussfolgerung: Die pathohistologisch gesicherte Infiltration der PV/SMV ist ein unabhängiger Risikofaktor für das progressionsfreie und das Gesamtüberleben. Die Inzidenz an Fernmetastasen ist für die Patienten der P+I+-Gruppe erhöht. Eine potentiell kurative venöse Resektion kann den Einfluss der aggressiven Tumorbiologie und des fortgeschrittenen Krankheitsbildes nicht vollständig kompensieren. / Background. The present study aims to evaluate the longterm outcome and metastatatic pattern of patients who underwent an operation for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with portal or superior mesenteric vein (PV/SMV) resection. Methods. Patients who underwent a pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD), Whipple procedure (kPD) or total pancreatoduodenectomy (TP) between 2005 and 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were categorized in three subgroups. Those whom received a vein resection with pathohistological tumor invasion of the PV/SMV (P+I+) those at whom underwent vein resection but without pathohistological tumor invasion (P+I-) and lastly a third group (P-I-) matched to the P+I+ included patients without vein resection. Statistical analysis was performed using the R software package. The significance level for all calculations was set at α = 0.05. Results. The study cohort included 179 patients, 113 of whom underwent simultaneous PV/SMV resection. 36 patients (31,9%) had pathohistological tumor infiltration (P+I+), 77 (68,1%) did not (P+I-). 66 patients without vein resection (P-I-) were balanced by the P+I+ group. Most of pathohistological tumor characteristics were comparable between groups. 17 patients (9.5%) received neoadjuvant therapy, 16 of them were in vein resection group (P+). The study revealed differences in overall median survival (11.9 months [P+I+] vs. 16.1 months [P+I-] vs. 20.1 months [P-I-]; p=0.01). Univariate survival analysis shown negative consequences for CA19-9, resection margin (R), status of nodal metastasis (N), lymph node ratio (LNR), microvascular vein invasion (V) and true invasion of the PV/SMV. Multivariate survival analysis identified true invasion of the PV/SMV as the only significant, negative prognostic factor (p= 0.01). Whereas the incidence of local tumor recurrence was comparable (p=0.96), the proportion of patients with distant metastasis showed significant differences (75% [P+I+] vs. 45.8% [P+I-] vs 54.7% [P-I-]; p=0.01). The median time to progression were significantly shorter if the PV/SMV was infiltrated (7,4 months [P+I+] vs. 10,9 months [P+I-] vs. 11,6 months [P-I-]; p=0.02). Univariate progression analysis revealed significances for true invasion of the PV/SMV, microvascular vein invasion (V), CA19-9 and histologic classification (G). Multivariate progression analysis detected pathohistological invasion of the PV/SMV and histologic classification (G) as independent factors. Initial liver metastasis occurred in 25% of the patients. Conclusions. Pathohistological invasion of the PV/SMV is an independent risk factor for overall and progression free survival. Patients of P+I+-group had a higher incidence of distant metastasis, local progression is comparable. Even radical and complete resection cannot completely compensate for aggressive tumor biology and advanced disease. Modifiziert nach Mierke et al., 2016

The failure of sewer pipes is a significant issue that can adversely affect the environment and public health. The problem is exacerbated by the additional burden it places on treatment plants, which must work harder to process the increased sewage flow resulting from pipe failures. The research in this thesis is based on an extensive review of the existing literature on sewer pipe failure and inspection, focusing on the proactive approach that can predict pipe failures to assist in effective maintenance. The study finds that several predictive models can accurately predict sewer deterioration with high accuracy (up to 95 % precision), making it possible to identify potential failures and address them before they cause significant damage or disruption. However, the research indicates that there has been relatively little work done on predicting blockage and CSO, two critical aspects of sewer pipe management that could be addressed more to manage sewer systems effectively. The thesis discusses that by developing an effective predictive model for prioritisation of monitoring sewer pipes, planners can save time and money on individual inspections while planning well ahead to avoid any service disruption. The study also summarised the data needs for the predictive models and found pipe age, material, diameter depth, and length to be the most commonly used input parameters by the existing model developers. The finding of this research can guide decision support in future efforts to improve sewer pipe inspection practices. / Fel på avloppsrör är en viktig fråga som kan påverka miljön och folkhälsan negativt. Problemet förvärras av den extra börda det innebär för reningsverken, som måste arbeta hårdare för att hantera det ökade avfallsflödet till följd av rörbrott. Forskningen i denna avhandling baseras på en omfattande genomgång av den befintliga litteraturen om fel på avloppsrör och inspektion, med fokus på det proaktiva tillvägagångssättet som kan förutsäga rörfel för att bidra till effektivt underhåll. Studien visar att flera prediktiva modeller kan förutsäga försämring av avlopp med hög noggrannhet (upp till 95 % precision), vilket gör det möjligt att identifiera potentiella fel och åtgärda dem innan de orsakar betydande skador eller störningar. Forskningen visar dock att det har gjorts relativt lite arbete för att förutsäga blockering och CSO, två kritiska aspekter av hantering av avloppsrör som skulle kunna hanteras mer för att hantera avloppssystemet effektivt. I avhandlingen diskuteras att genom att utveckla en effektiv prediktiv modell för prioritering av övervakning av avloppsrör kan planerare spara tid och pengar på enskilda inspektioner och samtidigt planera i god tid för att undvika eventuella driftstörningar. Studien sammanfattade även data behovet för de prediktiva modellerna och fann att röra ålder, material, diameter, djup och längd var de mest använda ingångs parametrarna av de befintliga modellutvecklare. Resultatet av denna forskning kan vägleda beslutsstöd i framtida ansträngningar för att förbättra praxis för inspektion av avloppsrör.

Urban pluvial floods have become more and more common in Europe. These floods have resulted in high costs for society, increasing the interest in conducting hydraulic flood models. This in order to prepare and minimise the consequences of these flood events. The study looked at how changing the temporal distribution of the rain using six type events, and whether using the runoff coefficient method or infiltration method in such a model, would impact the flood extent and flood depth for a 100-year return period rain event. The model is made using MIKE+ for a catchment area in Malmö, Sweden.  The results showed that the runoff coefficient method generally overestimated both the flood extent and the maximum flood depth compared to the infiltration method. The differences were however very small between the methods, only between 6-7% over the catchment. For the six different temporal distributions for the rain event, the conclusion could be drawn that the flood extent follows a clear pattern from largest to smallest while no individual type event could be seen to give the deepest flood. Instead, this varied across the different evaluation points. / Urbana pluviala översvämningar har blivit ett allt vanligare fenomen i Europa. Dessa översvämningar medför stora kostnader för samhället. Intresset av att genomföra hydrauliska översvämningsmodeller som ett hjälpmedel till att hitta lämpliga skydd, och därmed minimera konsekvenserna av översvämningarna har ökat. Denna studie har utvärderat två olika mål. Dels hur en ändring av den temporala utbredningen av sex olika typ-regn påverkar utbredning och djup för en översvämning. Dels hur valet av infiltrationsmetoden eller avrinningskoefficient-metoden i en modell för ett 100-års regn event påverkar utbredning och djup av översvämningen. Modellen är byggd i MIKE+ och gäller för ett avrinningsområde i Malmö, Sverige.  Resultatet visade att avrinningskoefficient metoden generellt överskattar både utbredningen och djupet av översvämningen när den jämförs med infiltrationsmetoden. Skillnaderna var däremot små, mellan 6-7 % över avrinningsområdet. För de sex olika typ-regnen så visade resultatet att det fanns ett mönster där en vänsterpik var större än en högerpik när det gällde hur stor utbredningen var. Däremot så varierade djupet på översvämningen relativt stort i de olika utvärderings-punkterna beroende på typ-event.

Alteration of rainfall patterns is one major impact of climate change. Rainfall events with big precipitation volumes under short periods of time are predicted to become even more frequent in higher latitude regions, including Sweden. One characteristic example of such an intense rainfall occurred between the 5th and 6th of September 2015 in Hallsberg, a city in central Sweden, where approximately 105 mm of rain fell under 24 hours, causing severe flooding in the city. In order to be able to predict flood cases like the aforementioned one, hydrodynamic models are employed to simulate floods and investigate rainfall scenarios so that the competent authorities can take precaution measures. However, due to lack of calibration data most of flood models are not validated and are comprised of substantial uncertainty. This report aims to study the Hallsberg flood event in September 2015 by calibrating a hydrodynamic model using aerial photographs for the flood inundation extent. The utilized model is MIKE 21, which is a 2D overland flow model developed by DHI. Contrary to the common practice in flood studies where inclusion of the infiltration capacity is implemented with an arbitrary reduction of the rain volume, the infiltration module of MIKE 21, which is a new development in the model, was utilized. Apart from the inundation extent, the outputs were also evaluated for the water depth in two points based on a photograph captured from the streets of the affected area, the description of the course of events for the timing of flood’s culmination and the water volume on the pixels that were erroneously simulated as flooded. The results presented a high degree of agreement with the observations. The parameter of surface resistance, expressed as Manning’s “M”, was found to be of paramount importance with the suitable values for undeveloped areas being below 5. In addition, the culverts’ limited capacity played an important role in the flooding of the city and hence including them in the simulations is crucial. Finally, utilization of the infiltration module resulted in a higher accuracy of 8.3% although it can be considered more of an arbitrary deduction of water as some of the parameters used in it are not physically well justified. / Ändringar i nederbördsmönster är en tydlig konsekvens av klimatförändringen. Regnhändelser med stora volymer nederbörd under korta tidsperioder förutses bli alltmer frekventa i regioner vid högre breddgrader, däribland Sverige. Ett karaktäristiskt exempel av en sådan händelse skedde mellan den femte och sjätte september 2015 i Hallsberg. Ca 105 mm regn föll inom loppet av 24 timmar vilket orsakade stora översvämningar i staden. För att kunna förutse översvämningar så som den tidigare nämnd och möjliggöra vidtagning av förebyggande åtgärder används hydrodynamiska modeller för att simulera vattenflöden och undersöka möjliga scenarion av nederbörd. Emellertid, på grund av avsaknaden av data för kalibrering av modellerna medför användandet av dem en signifikant osäkerhet. Syftet med den här rapporten är att undersöka översvämningen i Hallsberg i september 2015 genom att kalibrera en hydrodynamisk modell med hjälp av flygbilder för översvämningens utbredning. Den använda modellen, MIKE 21, är en 2D modell över ytavrinningen utvecklad av DHI. Praxis vid studiet av översvämningar är att inkludera infiltrationsförmåga med ett godtyckligt avdrag av nederbörden. Här används istället infiltreringsmodulen för MIKE 21, vilket är en ny del som har utvecklats i modellen. Förutom översvämningens utbredning utvärderades även resultaten utifrån vattendjupet vid två punkter baseras på ett fotografi från gatorna i det drabbade området. Utvärdering av resultaten gjordes också mot tid av översvämnings kulm från beskrivning av händelses förlopp samt vattenvolym vid pixlarna som felaktigt simulerades som översvämmade. Resultatet visade på en hög grad av samstämmighet med gjorda observationer. Parametern ytans råhet, uttryckt som Mannings ”M”, visade sig vara av stor betydelse med lämpliga värden för underutvecklade områden under 5. Därtill spelade kulvertarnas begränsade kapacitet en viktig roll vid översvämmandet av staden. Att inkludera dessa i simuleringarna var därför avgörande. Slutligen, användandet av infiltreringsmodulen resulterade i en högre noggrannhet av 8.3 %, även om det kan anses vara ett godtyckligt vattenavdrag då vissa av de använda parametrarna inte är fysiskt välmotiverade.

Local infiltration analgesia (LIA) is a new technique for postoperative pain management following knee arthroplasty. LIA involves a long-acting local anesthetic (ropivacaine), a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (ketorolac) and epinephrine infiltrated into the knee joint during surgery and injected postoperatively via a catheter. In the first two studies, LIA was compared with placebo in unicompartmental (I) and total (II) knee arthroplasty. Postoperative pain levels, morphine consumption and the incidence of side effects were lower in the LIA groups. In addition, we found a shorter length of hospital stay in the LIA group following unicompartmental knee arthroplasty compared with placebo (I), while the time to home readiness was shorter in the LIA group following total knee arthroplasty (II). In this study, we found that the unbound venous blood concentration of ropivacaine was below systemic toxic blood concentrations in a sub-group of patients. In the third study, LIA was compared with intrathecal morphine for postoperative pain relief following total knee arthroplasty (III). Pain scores and morphine consumption were lower, length of hospital stay was shorter and patient satisfaction was higher in the LIA group. In the final study, we investigated the effect of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) compared with conventional surgery in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (IV). Both groups received LIA. We found no statistically significant differences in postoperative pain, morphine consumption, knee function, home readiness, hospital stay or patient satisfaction. In conclusion, LIA provided better postoperative pain relief and earlier mobilization than placebo, both in unicompartmental and total knee arthroplasty. When compared to intrathecal morphine, LIA also resulted in improved postoperative pain relief and earlier mobilization. Minimally invasive surgery did not improve outcomes after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, when both groups received LIA.

Elizabeth Castle forms part of the South-East Granite Complex of Jersey, Channel Islands and is one of several multi-magma complexes in the region. The rocks have calc-alkaline signatures indicative of a subduction zone setting. In the western half of the Elizabeth Castle complex, the outcrops are wholly granophyre, while to the east, granophyre and minor monzogranite are intimately associated with diorite. The dioritic rocks form part of a layered series which is preserved at several localities. The layered diorites were initially intruded by multiple sub-horizontal granitic sheets. All contacts between the diorite and the granitic sheets are crenulate, indicating that the two were present as coexisting magmas. Fine-grained, dark margins in the diorites contain quench textures such as spherulitic plagioclase and acicular apatite, and are interpreted as chilled margins. At many contacts a narrow tonalitic marginal zone, with acicular amphiboles, is present. Field relationships suggest that this is a hybrid produced by interaction between coexisting dioritic and granitic magmas and this is confirmed by modelling based on geochemical data. It is proposed that within the marginal zones the presence of volatile-rich fluids, increased temperatures and a decrease in viscosity promoted chemical diffusion across the dioritegranite interface. The transfer of elements, together with the presence of volatiles, promoted the growth of hydrous mafic phases and suppressed crystallization of alkali feldspar. At the same time, fluid infiltration modified the composition of the dioritic magma. Field evidence indicates that these processes took place in a narrow time frame prior to further granitic intrusion. Parts of the sheeted complex were extensively disrupted by the later granitic intrusions, producing large areas rich in dioritic enclaves. Within these disrupted areas a grey inhomogeneous rock is encountered. Field and petrographic evidence suggest that this is a hybrid rock produced by the physical mixing of dioritic and granitic magmas. Linear chemical trends confirm this interpretation. Minor intrusions comprising red granite dykes, basic dykes, composite dykes and aplite sheets cut the complex.

Farmworkers and their families may experience increased levels of agricultural pesticides in their homes due to both (1) take-home/soil track-in on shoes, clothes and skin, and (2) air infiltration from nearby agriculture fields via agricultural pesticide drift in the vapor phase or adhered to resuspended soil particles. This dissertation estimates the relative contributions o the take-home/soil track-in and air infiltration pathways of agricultural pesticides into homes, as well as identifies the risk factors for increased in-home agricultural pesticide levels for farmworkers and their families living near agriculture fields. Samples of outdoor air, yard soil, and house dust from 21 farmworkers' homes in Yuma County, Arizona were collected and analyzed for a suite of agricultural pesticides. To capture household information, such as behaviors, demographics, and housing structure, a participant questionnaire was administered at the time of the sampling. A pesticide transport model was developed, evaluated, and applied to quantify relative contributions of the air infiltration and the take-home/soil track-in pathways of agricultural pesticides into the house dust of the farmworkers' homes. To explore a wide-range of potential risk factors for increased agricultural pesticide levels in the homes, traditional statistical methods and Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analyses were used. The results of this study, found that the air infiltration pathway contributes to over 90% of some agricultural pesticides in the house dust found in the farmworkers' homes. In addition, among the influential risk factors for increased in-home agricultural pesticide levels was the home being a closer distance to an agricultural field, as well as the home having carpeted floors, more farmworkers per square footage of the home, and less months of heating and cooling the home. It is suggested that future intervention efforts to reduce in-home agricultural pesticide levels put more emphasis on targeting the air infiltration pathway, and take into consideration relevant risk factors for increased pesticide levels in the home.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A new orange oil based soil ameliorant is available on the market. Apart from the orange oil, the other main constituents of the product are a nonionic surfactant and an anionic surfactant. Surfactants are used in the agricultural sector, amongst others, as a countermeasure for soil with poor infiltrability or with hydrophobic characteristics. Farmers who applied the orange oil based soil ameliorant to the soil observed a positive growth response by the crop. However, the main concern about surfactants is that it can cause the soil to disperse and thereby decrease the infiltration and saturated hydraulic conductivity thereof. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the effect which this product might have on the following selected soil physical properties: bulk density, aggregate stability, soil strength and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. The product was applied on four farms on soils with different textures: Dublin Farm (22% clay), Wansbek (20% clay), Toitskraal (7% clay) and Two Rivers (3% clay). Field studies were repeated at Dublin Farm and Toitskraal to study the longevity effect of the product. Differences in bulk density were not attributed to the effect of the product, but to spatial variation. The aggregate stability at the 50 mm depth tended to decrease after application of the product at Dublin Farm trial 1, Toitskraal trial 1 and at Wansbek. At Dublin Farm trial 2 and Toitskraal trial 2 the application of the product tended to increase the aggregate stability. For Dublin Farm trial 2 and Wansbek the shear strength at the 50 mm depth tended to increase with increased application rates. The opposite was observed at Toitskraal and Two Rivers. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity tended to be higher at the 0 mm depth for the treated soils at all of the trials except Toitskraal trial 2. From the aggregate stability results it is clear that the initial effect of the product was detrimental which can be attributed to the anionic surfactant. The long term effect can be attributed to the effect of the nonionic surfactant. The differences in shear strength can be attributed to aggregate stability (for Dublin Farm trial 2) and bulk density (for Two Rivers). There is however no explanation for the results found at Toitskraal and Wansbek. From the linear regression of bulk density against unsaturated hydraulic conductivity for Wansbek and Two Rivers it is clear that the application of the product definitely had an influence on the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. For both farms, the correlation between bulk density and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was better for the control than for the treated soils. To conclude with, the application of the product according to the recommended application rate, resulted in a slightly detrimental effect to the soil on the short term, but on the long term it tended to have a slightly positive effect on the soils. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ‘n Nuwe grondverbeteringsproduk met lemoenolie as ‘n basis en ‘n nie-ioniese en ‘n anioniese benattingsmiddel as hoof bestandele, is op die mark. In die landbou sektor word benattingsmiddels onder andere gebruik as ‘n teenvoeter vir gronde met swak infiltrasie of hidrofobiese eienskappe. Die grootste voorbehoud omtrent die gebruik van benattingsmiddels is die moontlike afname in infiltrasie en versadigde hidroulieses geleivermoë as gevolg van klei dispergering. Positiewe reaksies van die gewasse is waargeneem deur boere wat van die produk gebruik maak. Die doel van die studie was dus om die moontlike effek van die bogenoemde grondverbeterings produk op die volgende geselekteerde grondfisiese eienskappe te bepaal: bulkdigtheid, aggregaatstabiliteit, grondsterkte en onversadigde hidrouliese geleivermoë. Die produk is toegedien op vier plase met verskillende grondteksture: Dublin Farm (22% klei), Toitskraal (7% klei), Wansbek (20% klei) and Two Rivers (3% klei). ‘n Ondersoek na die lewensduur van die produk is gedoen deur ‘n opvolg studie te doen by Dublin Farm en Toitskraal. Vir die bulkdigtheid resultate kon geen van die verskille toegeskryf word aan die effek van die produk nie. Die aggregaate stabiliteit by die 50 mm diepte van Dublin Farm proef 1, Toitskraal proef 1 en Wansbek, het geneig om laer te wees vir die behandelde gronde. Die aggregaatstabiliteit by die 50 mm diepte van Dublin Farm proef 2 en Toitskraal proef 2 het geneig om hoër te wees vir die behandelde gronde. Die skuifsterkte by die 50 mm diepte by Dublin Farm proef 2 en Wansbek, het geneig om toe te neem met ‘n toename in toedienings hoeveelheid, terwyl die teenoorgestelde tendens by Toitskraal en Two Rivers waargeneem is waar minder klei teenwoordig is in die grond. Die onversadigde hidroliese geleivermoë het geneig om hoër te wees by die 0 mm diepte van al die plase met die uitsondering van Toitskraal proef 2. Dit is duidelik vanaf die aggregaatstabiliteit resultate dat die aanvanklike effek van die produk nadelig is en dit kan toegeskryf word aan die effek van die anioniese benattingsmiddel. Die langtermyn effek kan toegeskryf word aan die nie-ioniese benatingsmiddel wat aggregaatstabiliteit kan verbeter. Die verskille in skuifsterkte kan toegeskryf word aan die verskille in aggregaatstabiliteit (vir Dublin Farm proef 2) en bulkdigtheid (vir Two Rivers). Daar is egter geen verklaring vir die verskille in skuifsterkte by Toitskraal en Wansbek nie. Die liniêre regressie van bulkdigtheid teenoor onversadigde hidroliese geleivermoë van Wansbek en Two Rivers dui aan dat die produk ‘n invloed het op die onversadigde hidroliese geleivermoë. Vir albei plase het die kontrole die beste liniêre verband tussen die twee grondeienskappe gehad, met ‘n swakker korrelasie vir gronde waar die lemoenolieproduk toegedien is. Dus kan die afleiding gemaak word dat op die korttermyn het die produk ‘n geringe negatiewe effek op die grond, maar op die langtermyn neig dit om ‘n positiewe effek te hê.

Nous avons visualisé et quantifié, grâce à un rhéomètre transparent contra-rotatif, les mécanismes de dispersion (érosion et rupture) d'un amas de noir de carbone dans une matrice élastomère soumise à un cisaillement simple. Des lois de dispersion ont été déterminées: la rupture est caractérisée par une contrainte critique de rupture qui s'avère être inversement proportionnelle à la taille de l'amas, l'érosion est définie par une loi reliant le volume érodé à la contrainte et à la quantité de déformation appliquées, loi qui ne dépend pas de la taille de l'amas. L'effet de paramètres clés pour la dispersion (infiltration, concentration) a été étudié. Une infiltration partielle de l'amas par la matrice ou la concentration en charge (via la fréquence de collision) accélèrent l'érosion. Un modèle de dispersion a été construit. Il permet de prédire l'évolution de la taille d'un amas de noir de carbone au cours du mélangeage et peut être utilisé pour optimiser la dispersion en mélangeur.