The project is aimed at the depolarization of the polar community of the Metropolitian of Tshwane. This is done through creating a network by means of a media centre. This project is also to adress the transition phase, between formal and informal activity. The full text of this thesis/dissertation is not available online due to errors in the script . Please <a href="mailto:upetd@up.ac.za?subject=UPeTD access required">contact us</a> if you need access. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Architecture / unrestricted

Governments and municipalities in the developing world face the challenge of rapid environmental deterioration in the growing informal settlements along the urban fringes. Waste management, its efficiency, or lack thereof, is becoming an increasingly urgent issue. In this thesis, Winterveld, located approx. 50 km north of Pretoria, is studied as a typical example of the problems and bottlenecks related to solid domestic waste management in a mixed urban fringe settlement. While the formal parts of Winterveld receive waste removal services, the – much larger - informal parts are not being provided with such services. A wide range of methodologies was employed to assess the current status of waste management and related environmental problems. Policies and actual service delivery by the City of Tshwane, responsible for providing waste removal service to the area, were investigated; surveys were conducted among waste removal contractors in and around Winterveld, and the residents from both formal and informal settlements. Field surveys were conducted to identify environmental problems on site, dumping sites and their change over time were mapped and digitized on orthophotos. Vegetation surveys complemented the fieldwork, as illegal dumping sites often are masked by vegetation. The following aspects were investigated: 1) the efficiency of governmental and municipal efforts regarding waste removal in informal Winterveld; 2) environmental and health problems caused by improper handling of waste; 3) the residents' attitudes towards waste management; 4) possible solutions to the problems. The findings revealed that Winterveld is not an exception from other informal settlements with regards to waste management. People are of the opinion that waste management is the sole responsibility of the government thus the residents are doing little to improve their own area. Government initiatives which include provision of facilities for waste management are misused and vandalised by the residents. Dumping along the roads, according to some residents is used as a call to the government to attract attention that the residents need removal services. The initiatives by the municipality should ensure that solid waste management facilities are socially acceptable and environmentally and economically sound. It is therefore very important to involve the community when investigate technologies that will benefit the economy and the environment maximally. Informing people may encourage them to change their negative attitudes by making them feel as an important part of waste management, this will eventually compel them to cooperate and play a positive role in waste management. Until such time that they change their attitudes, there is little hope that they will appreciate and protect the facilities provided. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / MSc / Unrestricted

Architecture is never complete. The theoretical discourse of the thesis explored the need of a building to change. This change is unpredictable, though expected. The project proposal within the informal context of Phumolong, Mamelodi, aimed to address this unavoidable nature of architecture. The focus of the project was to provide improved services within an informal settlement, whilst generating social upliftment. The thesis investigated the current and future requirements of the informal dweller. It explored the possibility of generating public space through the establishment of a catalyst. The connection of services and public amenities has been exploited to generate an environment where the building acts as generator and it supports social interaction. Inevitably the servant core provides implicit reasoning as renewed stimulus to public gathering. The project proposal addressed the integration of the informal user with a building system through the architectural process. This is achieved through phased development, investigating assembly and use of civic programmes. A quantitative approach towards the research was initially undertaken. However, the fluid nature of the informal settlement enthused a more qualitative approach. The need and right of the informal dweller to be served, and have access to public services and amenities justified the design proposal. The changing fabric, user, programme and needs of the community contribute to the rate of change of a building. The changing context of Phumolong required a flexible and adaptable design intervention allowing for future interpretation. These variables influenced architecture as a cognitive process. The design as a product within the realm of architecture represents the process of learning from the past, reacting to the present and preparing for the future. Ultimately the design intervention exists as an ongoing process of progressive change. Copyright / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Architecture / unrestricted

This study investigates the relationships between cash management and growth of informal businesses in Uganda. Whereas anecdotal evidence has for some time revealed that informal businesses in Uganda are faced with the challenge of cash management, no specific studies have been conducted to investigate how this relates to the growth of businesses where evidence has also indicated that most of these businesses do not exist for very long. In particular, the study assesses and explores the growth levels of informal businesses in terms of sales volume, growth in employment and length of existence. The study investigates the various ways in which informal businesses manage their cash and investigates the various internal and external factors that moderate cash management and the growth of the informal businesses. Furthermore, the study proposes a possible framework to manage cash in informal businesses and makes recommendations to informal business owners and managers on how to effectively manage cash in order to stimulate business growth. In order to investigate the relationships between the variables, an empirical investigation was undertaken. Based on the literature review, the primary objective of the study was formulated to investigate the relationships between cash management and growth of informal businesses amidst the external and internal environment in Uganda in order to suggest a framework for effective management of cash by informal businesses that would enhance their growth. A positivistic research paradigm was adopted in this study. A sample of 383 informal businesses was drawn from the five divisions of Kampala district namely; Central, Kawempe, Makindye, Nakawa and Rubaga. To ensure validity and reliability, EFA and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were computed. Six hypotheses were developed to test the relationships between cash management and growth of informal businesses. The empirical results revealed that there is a significant relationship between cash management and the external environment in which informal businesses operate, a significant relationship between the external environment and the growth of informal businesses and a significant relationship between cash management and growth of informal businesses where the external environment will have a moderating influence on the relationship. The empirical results did not establish a significant relationship between cash management and the internal environment in which informal businesses operate, the internal environment and growth of informal businesses and cash management and growth of informal businesses where internal environment will have a moderating influence on the relationship. The results of this study show that the growth of informal businesses is largely hampered by poor cash management practices and challenges such as the lack of cash planning, lack of cash forecasting and budgeting, lack of financial controls and reporting, the tendency to invest largely in short-term assets which limits their profitability, the employment of less competent and skilled staff and lack of formal accounting information systems. The magnitude of the impact of these is accelerated by the external environment such as competition and the legal and regulatory environment which put pressure on the little cash resources owned by these businesses. Based on the study results, several strategies based on individual cash components of cash planning, cash forecasting and budgeting, financial controls and reporting, short-term investment of cash surplus, competence and skills of staff and accounting information systems were recommended for implementation. It was further recommended that these strategies should be implemented while giving due attention to the external environment if informal businesses are to effectively manage cash and enhance their growth.

Volunteerism is a popular form of community engagement among youth and can involve helping organizations, such as nonprofits, as well as directly assisting neighbours or friends through informal types of helping. A large body of research has examined the different ways in which economic, social, and cultural resources impact on volunteerism. Fewer studies have considered the influence of place characteristics. This dissertation comprises three studies. The first study used secondary data to explore the moderating effects of urban/rural place of residence and certain resources (e.g., religiosity, work status) on youths’ volunteer propensity and intensity. Results revealed significant urban/rural interactions. For example, belonging to youth groups (versus not) was particularly a strong lever for rural youth volunteerism, while higher religious attendance frequency was associated with greater volunteer intensities for urban youth. The second study used a mixed methods approach to investigate urban/rural differences in motivations for and barriers to volunteering, and skills acquired. Financial costs were associated with nonvolunteer status for rural youth, while urban nonvolunteers reported lacking interest. During the interviews, youth described reasons for volunteering, challenges to volunteering, and strategies to improve volunteerism. These discussions differed by urban/rural residence. Rural youth reported more contextual barriers, whereas urban youth questioned the significance of their impact. Rural youth discussed volunteering more as a general learning experience, whereas urban youth tended to mention specific skills they acquired (e.g., technical, interpersonal). In the third study, the relationships between perceptions of the neighbourhood environment (e.g., cohesion, amenities) and volunteer outcomes were explored. Results revealed that neighbourhood cohesion was particularly important to informal volunteering. Further, different clusters emerged based on volunteer type (informal/formal) and level of intensity. The findings from this dissertation suggest that understanding youth volunteerism within a socio-ecological perspective can widen our understanding of the volunteer process, including antecedents, challenges, experiences, and outcomes. This research may have practical implications for nonprofit organizations. For example, methods of outreach should consider how the environment impacts on volunteerism when trying to recruit young volunteers. Finally, the literature on youth volunteerism may benefit by adopting a holistic approach to volunteerism that considers the different ways in which place characteristics, rather than only individual-level factors, influence youth community engagement.

Scholars report that 80 percent of on-the-job learning is informal (Marsick & Watkins, 1992). Yet little research exists that describes how those in the workplace can encourage informal learning through their interactions with potential learners. This is a case study drawing upon phenomenological methods—specifically, interpretive phenomenological analysis. The intention was to explore the interpersonal space among employees in order to understand how, if at all, the participant’s professional associates encouraged the participant to learn informally. Participants in this study were fourteen librarians. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore how participants said their choice to learn informally was influenced by their interactions with other people. Findings indicated that participants were the architects of their own informal learning. While participants drove their own learning, the positive regard of others played an important enabling role, particularly when participants were new or were attempting to transition to new roles, such as managing others. Participants did not focus on themselves; thus self-efficacy did not play a role in the topics they learned about. Instead, participants chose their topics and persisted in learning about the topics because they wanted to serve their customers in a way that enabled their lifelong library use. Given a backdrop of positive regard, participants initiated and participated in a variety of informal learning projects, often with learning being so embedded in the initiative or task that it was challenging to identify it as learning. Role modeling was important for the function of showing employees how to do things—and particularly for giving them ideas about how they could interact effectively with the public or with employees that they supervised.

This intrinsic case study documents a community-based history expedition implemented as a project-based, voluntary, out-of-school history activity. The expedition's development was informed by the National Education Association's concept of the intensive study of history, its structure by the history seminary, and its spirit by Webb's account of seminar as history expedition. Specific study objectives included documentation of the planning, implementation, operation, and outcomes of the expedition, as well as the viability of the history expedition as a vehicle for engaging teenagers in the practice of history. Finally, the study examined whether a history expedition might serve as a curriculum of identity. Constructivist philosophy and situated learning theory grounded the analysis and interpretation of the study. Undertaken in North Central Texas, the study followed the experiences of six teenagers engaged as historians who were given one year to research and write a historical monograph. The monograph concerned the last horse cavalry regiment deployed overseas as a mounted combat unit by the U.S. Army during World War II. The study yielded qualitative data in the form of researcher observations, participant interviews, artifacts of participant writing, and participant speeches. In addition, the study includes evaluations of the historical monograph by subject matter experts. The data indicate that participants and audience describe the history expedition as a highly motivational experience which empowered participants to think critically, write historically, and create an original product valuable to the regiment's veterans, the veterans' families, the State of Texas, and military historians. The study supports the contention of the National Education Association that the intensive study of history can be beneficial both to expedition participants and to their community. The assertion that engaging teenagers as researchers within a discipline serves as a curriculum of identity was supported in the study as well. The study underscored the importance of oral history as a gateway for learning about modern history.

Orientador: Paulo Eduardo de Andrade Baltar / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-20T10:28:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tomazini_SoniaTerezinha_M.pdf: 432369 bytes, checksum: 9f090bd27a1631d97a3c21436f30b59e (MD5) Previous issue date: 1995 / Mestrado

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2018-09-26T12:33:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Joyce Bezerra de Souza.pdf: 1481217 bytes, checksum: 2037d09408f04d8cd970383162d54ac2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T12:33:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joyce Bezerra de Souza.pdf: 1481217 bytes, checksum: 2037d09408f04d8cd970383162d54ac2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-29 / Las identidades de los sujetos están ganando cada vez más notoriedad en el estudio de las ciencias sociales y humanas, y cuando se interconectan las identidades de los sujetos de género hacen más impacto si la sexualidad está presente. Cuando identidades vivir de manera que subvierten los enfrentamientos causa establecida fin, empezar a sufrir ajustes constantes de la sociedad y los medios de comunicación son destacados colaboradores en la propagación de los valores y el comportamiento normativo. En vista de esta prerrogativa, la investigación tiene como objetivo analizar las imágenes que se producen en los medios de comunicación en periguetes y su diálogo con la educación no formal. Es en el sentido de pensar acerca de la identidad de esta "nueva categoría" en el que la hembra ha sido abordar, reconocido y producida culturalmente objetos, comportamientos, valores que son difundidos y reproducidos por los vehículos de comunicación de masas para el espectador público en general, el establecimiento y fortalecimiento identidades, la investigación arroja. Lo problemático que la investigación se propone responder a las siguientes preguntas: ¿Cómo se construye identidades de las periguetes en los medios de comunicación? Cómo las cuestiones de género se tratan en la identidad de la esta mujer? ¿Qué impacto de los usos de las imágenes en los medios de comunicación acerca de las periguetes promueven en la educación informal. La metodología se divide en tres etapas. En la primera, una búsqueda en Internet se realiza en lo que se ha dicho acerca de las periguetes, especialmente en la televisión, que es el vehículo de la información más presente en los hogares; y se han encontrado concursos de la misma en la que las imágenes son fuertes y utiliza lo suficiente para caracterizar esta categoría social. En una segunda fase de la investigación, las imágenes de una red socio-virtual se analizaron, con el objetivo de evaluar lo que se emitió en el mismo campo en las relaciones virtuales. Conseguintemente, once jóvenes de una escuela pública en la ciudad de Vitoria de Santo Antao, están invitados edades comprendidas entre 12-18 años para participar en un cuestionario cerrado y un grupo de enfoque en donde periguetes imágenes se presentan, trazando los primeros debates en las impresiones que el grupo está tratando de entender cómo estos jóvenes reciben esta información de una comunicación que educa. Trabajar con el tema justificada por la enorme variedad que existe en los medios de comunicación acerca de las periguetes, aunque no es un concepto consensuado, características están fuertemente presentados, la construcción de un modelo, la creación de estereotipos propios que marcan en la sociedad. Las investigaciones indican importancia, ya que es un estudio sobre el género y la identidad que trabaja con la sexualidad de las personas históricamente silenciadas - las mujeres. A medida que los medios de comunicación un entrenador de opinión experta vehículo y conceptos, así educativos, que están más allá de las discusiones sobre la mujer y el silenciamiento de género. El procesamiento de imágenes en los medios de comunicación en los diferentes espacios de propagación, como las discusiones de televisión y ampliar internet para promover el debate y los hallazgos científicos sobre las identidades. / As identidades dos sujeitos ganham cada vez mais notoriedade nos estudos das ciências sociais e humanas, e quando as identidades dos sujeitos estão interligadas as de gênero ganham mais repercussão se a sexualidade está presente. Quando viver as identidades de modo que subvertam a ordem estabelecida causam confrontos, passam a sofrer regulações constantes da sociedade, e os meios de comunicação de massa são exímios colaboradores na propagação de valores e condutas normativas. Diante dessa prerrogativa, a pesquisa tem o objetivo de analisar as imagens que são produzidas nos meios de comunicação de massa sobre as periguetes e sua interlocução com a educação informal. É no sentido de pensar sobre as identidades dessa “nova categoria” em que o gênero feminino tem se debruçado, reconhecido e produzido culturalmente objetos, comportamentos, valores que são disseminados e reproduzidos pelos veículos de comunicação de massa ao grande público espectador, instituindo e reforçando identidades, que a pesquisa se lança. Como problemática a pesquisa propõe responder aos seguintes questionamentos: Como são construídas as identidades das periguetes nos meios de comunicação de massa? Como questões de gênero são trabalhadas nessa concepção identitária de mulher? Que repercussões os usos das imagens sobre as periguetes na mídia promovem, enquanto educação informal. A metodologia é dividida em três momentos. No primeiro, é realizada uma busca na internet sobre o que tem se falado sobre as periguetes, principalmente na televisão, que é o veículo de informação mais presente nos lares; e concursos para as mesmas foram encontrados, nos quais são bastante fortes os usos de imagens para caracterizar essa categoria social. Em uma segunda fase da pesquisa, imagens de uma rede sócio-virtual é analisada, tendo como objetivo aferir o que é veiculado sobre as mesmas no campo virtual de relacionamentos. Conseguintemente, onze jovens de uma escola pública do município de Vitória de Santo Antão, com idades de 12 a 18 anos, são convidadas a participar de um questionário fechado e de um grupo focal, onde imagens de periguetes são apresentadas, traçando o início de discussões sobre as impressões que o grupo tem, buscando compreender como essas jovens recebem essas informações a partir de uma comunicação que educa. Trabalhar com a temática justifica-se pela enorme propagação que existe nos meios de comunicação sobre as periguetes, embora não haja um conceito consensual, características são fortemente apresentadas, construindo um modelo, criando estereótipos próprios que as marcam na sociedade. A pesquisa denota importância por tratar-se um estudo sobre gênero e identidade que trabalha com a sexualidade de indivíduos silenciados historicamente – as mulheres. Sendo os meios de comunicação de massa um exímio veículo formador de opinião e conceitos, portanto educativo, que estão além das discussões sobre a mulher e o silenciamento de gênero. O tratamento da imagem na mídia nos diversos espaços de propagação, como televisão e internet ampliam discussões que promovem debates e achados científicos sobre as identidades.

The consumption of indigenous leafy vegetables is a significant tradition and culture of South Africa. The purpose of this research was to investigate the access and consumption of indigenous leafy vegetables in rural and informal settlements of the West Coast District Municipality (WCDM), Western Cape, South Africa. The research identified ILV being available and accessible in WCDM, methods of preparation used as well as the factors influencing the consumption of ILV. A cross sectional descriptive survey design was used and data collection was done using a structured questionnaire. Respondents were randomly selected from the five local municipalities in the West Coast District Municipality. A total of 205 respondents representing 205 households in the rural and informal settlements of the West Coast District Municipality were interviewed. Majority of respondents were black females, unemployed and had no formal qualification. Seventeen indigenous leafy vegetables were identified in the West Coast District and the majority of the respondents consumed indigenous leafy vegetables as part of their diet mainly because of the health benefits and taste. Four methods of cooking, namely stewing, boiling, steaming and frying were used by the respondents to prepare indigenous leafy vegetables and most of the respondents added additional ingredients during cooking such as mealie meal, fish oil and salt. The informal sector was identified as the major source of indigenous leafy vegetables and cultivation of ILV was very limited. The majority of the respondents consumed ILV at least once a week. Preservation of ILV was not a common practice. Factors such as employment status, higher household size and higher income levels did not influence the frequency of ILV consumption. / Life and Consumer Sciences / M. Sc. (Consumer Science)