The idea to analyse Soviet intellectuals appeared while considering the history of Sąjūdis and the reestablishment of Lithuanian independence. The intellectuals, who shared nationalist and public ideas, consolidated on June 3, 1988 and mobilized all Lithuanian society, had to base their activities on social relations, values and certain attitudes, which existed and evolutionized in one or another form during the whole period of annexation. The aim of this thesis is to examine the features of informal groups of Lithuanian intellectuals and the development of the philosophical thought in informal and official environment in the period of 1956-1988. The novelty of the dissertation is the fact that the intellectuals and their activities during the Soviet times are not viewed individually but by the dynamics of their created groups, which operated both in informal and official sphere, and had the features of primary and secondary groups. It was easy to notice and emphasize the peculiarities of alternative collective identity formation. Besides, the described manifestation of philosophical consciousness and philosophical research are provided as an alternative to the Soviet regime for the first time in the Lithuanian historiography. In addition, the research seeks to describe the social, professional, intellectual and theoretical activities of the same social layer. Other researchers should also be interested in the dimension of citizenship and of informal intellectual groups... [to full text] / Idėja tyrinėti sovietmečio intelektualus kilo žvelgiant į Sąjūdžio ir Lietuvos nepriklausomybės atkūrimo istoriją. Lietuvoje. Tautiškai, pilietiškai nusiteikę inteligentai, intelektualai, susivieniję 1988 birželio 3 d. ir gana greitai mobilizavę visą to meto Lietuvos visuomenę, turėjo remtis socialiniais ryšiais, vertybėmis bei atitinkamomis nuostatomis, kurios vienokia ar kitokia forma egzistavo ir evoliucionavo per visą aneksijos laikotarpį. Šio darbo tikslas – ištirti sovietų Lietuvos intelektualų neformalių grupių veikimo bruožus ir filosofinės minties raidą neformalioje ir oficialioje erdvėje 1956-88 m. Šio darbo naujumas yra tai, kad į intelektualus ir jų veiklą sovietmečiu žiūrima ne individualiai, bet per jų sukurtų neformalių grupių, kurios veikė tiek neformalioje, tiek oficialioje erdvėje, ir turėjo tiek pirminės, tiek antrinės grupės bruožus, dinamiką. Šituo keliu einant buvo labai lengvai pastebėti ir plačiau artikuliuoti alternatyvios kolektyvinės tapatybės formavimosi ypatumai. Taip pat aprašyti filosofinės sąmonės apraiškos ir filosofiniai tyrimai pirmąkart lietuviškoje istoriografijoje pateikiami kaip alternatyva sovietiniam režimui. Nauja yra tai, kad tyrime siekta aprėpti intelektualų tiek socialinę, profesinę, tiek intelektinę, teorinę veiklą. Taip pat turėtų kitus tyrinėtojus sudominti šio darbo autoriaus pastebėta ir plačiau analizuota neformalių intelektualų grupių pilietiškumo dimensija ir gyvenimo šalia sistemos elgsenos modelis.

The issues on adults‘ motivation discussed in scientific discource are not prolific. They and related problems have been studied by Viliūnas (1990), Boshier (1971), Hatter (1990), Entwistle (1998), Taylor (1982). However, there is a lack of research of adults‘ motivation for learning foreign languages in an informal educational organization. This is the foundation of the research of the master‘s thesis which enables to formulate the problem of the research, emphasizing the search for peculiarities of adults‘ motivation for learning foreign languages, highlighting prevailing motifs, their relations to some demographical sharacteristics of adults when teaching and learning is performed in an informal educational organization. Object of the research – Adults‘ motivation for learning foreign languages. Aim of the research – to analyse the peculiarities of adults‘ motivation for learning foreign languages in an informal educationa organization. Tasks of the research: 1. To carry out a theoretical analysis of learning motivation in order to find out the understanding of learning motivation, types of motivation. 2. To analyse the features of an adult‘s foreign languages learning motivation, pointing out possible learning barriers related with age, education, social status, etc., and highlighting some aspects of adults‘motivation for learning foreign languages (dominant learning motifs, tendencies, difficulties). 3. To study an informal educational organization as one of adults‘... [to full text]

Magistro darbe siekiama įvertinti neformaliojo vaikų ugdymo įstaigos kokybę ir numatyti tobulinimo kelius. Atlikta mokslinės literatūros bei švietimo dokumentų, turinčių įtaką neformaliajam vaikų švietimui bei ugdymo kokybės tobulinimui, analizė. Neformaliojo vaikų ugdymo įstaigoje tyrimas parodė, jog siekiama, kad besimokantieji ne tik turiningai, prasmingai praleistų laiką, siektų įgūdžių bei rezultatų, bet ir patenkintų saviraiškos poreikius. Nustatyta, kad mokytojų požiūris į vaikų ugdymą gana formalus, todėl yra nepakankamai orientuotas į Neformaliojo vaikų švietimo koncepcijos nuostatas. Tikėtina, kad tolimesnis darbas su mokytojais turėtų įtakos ugdymo kokybės tobulinimui. / Quality of an informal educational institution and contemplation of the ways of development are studied in Master‘s work. The analysis of nonfiction and educational documents having impact on informal children education and on its qualitative development was carried out. The research in the informal educational institution has shown that meaningful consuming of learners time, skills and results as well as fulfillment of self-expression are aimed for. It was estimated that teachers‘ attitude towards children education is rather formal, therefore it is insufficiently oriented towards the attitude of Conception of Informal Children Education. Presumptively further work with teachers would influence the qualitative development of education.

Entering the informal domain may be considered contrary to a formal understanding of architecture yet it is within this context that many architectural strategies are being resolved. Unbound by law and tradition, informal settlements allow for creative solutions that would otherwise not be explored. Such unconventional solutions speak to the discourse of architecture and planning, challenging ideas of public space and private ownership. The goal of this thesis is to investigate how public space is achieved in established informal houseboat communities using off-grid systems and salvaged material. An investigation of the houseboat community in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories and the Narrow boats in London, England are case studies in this process. This thesis seeks to identify how the city of West Kelowna, the Westbank First Nation and the Central Okanagan Regional District of British Columbia can be agents of an informal intervention on the Okanagan Lake in British Columbia.

For older adults, engaging in prosocial behaviours such as volunteering, caregiving, and informal helping, may contribute to self-perceptions of social usefulness. Limitations of past research on social usefulness include lack of a clear operationalization of the construct and lack of a psychometrically sound measure. To address these issues, study one was conducted to explore the construct of social usefulness through qualitative, semi-structured interviews with 20 older adults, with varying degrees of prosocial engagement. A thematic analysis illustrated various themes that were associated with perceptions of social usefulness that includes: (a) values and beliefs about social usefulness, (b) the personal need and motivation to be socially useful, (c) the amount of perceived personal social usefulness, (d) the perceived quality of personal social usefulness, and (e) the personal outcomes of social usefulness. These themes were used in study 2 as basis for item development for a scale of social usefulness. In study 2, social usefulness items were developed from the data extracts (i.e., quotes) and themes from study one. The items were administered to 408 older adults, along with preliminary validation measures. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a three-factor solution that includes: (a) personal motivation to be socially useful, (b) psychological rewards of social usefulness, and (c) perceived network reliance on special social usefulness. The Older Adult Social Usefulness Scale demonstrated good construct validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency. The scale offers an empirically developed measure of social usefulness. The conceptual, theoretical, and practical implications of these findings, along with limitations and future research directions, are discussed.

Bakalauro darbo tema :socialinės akcijos projektas- Būk supratingas“ Socialinės akcijos vieta: neįgaliųjų stovėjimo aikštelės. Projekto tikslas- skatinti vairuotojus būti supratingais ir neužimti neįgaliųjų vietų automobilių stovėjimo aikštelėse. Projektas skirtas vairuotojams, kurie stato savo automobilius neįgaliųjų vietose be leidimo. Akcijoje sudalyvauti buvo pasiūlyta Juliaus Janonio gimnazijos mokiniams. Todėl tuo pačiu ši akcija neformalus ugdymas skatinantis mokinių pilietiškumą, bei ugdantis asmenines savybes: toleranciją, pagarbą, supratingumą, drąsą, pagarbą neįgaliesiems. Šią akciją nusprendžiau vykdyti todėl, kad esu savanorė labdaros ir paramos fonde „Algojimas“, kuris užsiima veikla su šeimomis auginančiomis vaikus su negalia. Kadangi bendrauju su tokiomis šeimomis, žinau, kad yra susiduriama su šia problema. Kad akcija būtų efektyvesnė sukurtas akcijos firminis stilius. / Bachelor's thesis- social action project " be understandable". Place of this project- Disabled peaple parking places. Project aim- to promote drivers to be understandable and do not take disabled peaple places. This social action is for drivers, which do not care about road rules and they are parking their cars on disabled places without permition. In this action I offered to participate Juliaus Janonio gimnazium students. This action was like informal education, which promoted students sociability and educated them personal characteristics: tolerance, respect for disabled peaple. This action I desided to organise becouse I am volunteer in "Algojimas" ( it is responsible of helping for families which have disabled kids), so i know that it is big problam. It was created all action Identity designe to make action nicer, more visible, and more effective.

Temos aktualumas. Lietuvos Respublikos Švietimo ir mokslo ministerijos dokumentuose apie papildomą ir neformalųjį mokinių švietimą dėmesio centre yra moksleivis. Moksleivis – tai šalies ateitis. Todėl vienas iš pagrindinių Lietuvos demokratinės švietimo politikos principų – suteikti visiems piliečiams lygias teises į mokslą, nepriklausomai nuo gyvenamos vietos, lyties, socialinės kilmės bei įsitikinimų. Labai svarbu užtikrinti kokybišką, prieinamą ne tik formalųjį švietimą, bet ir papildomą. Papildomas ugdymas turi tenkinti moksleivio poreikius ir interesus, turi padėti atsiskleisti asmenybei, pasiruošti savarankiškam gyvenimui, tapti konkurentabiliu. Šių dienų besimokantysis turi ne tik atgaminti žinias, bet ir rasti, formuluoti problemas, vertinti galimus sprendimo būdus, ieškoti alternatyvių požiūrių, kritiškai mąstyti [20]. Tik nuolatinis švietimo proceso tobulinimas, naujų metodų, mokymo priemonių ieškojimas gali patenkinti besimokančiojo poreikius ir užtikrinti kokybišką švietimą. Inovatyvios kompiuterinės technologijos vis plačiau taikomos švietimo procese. Jos gerokai pakeitė tradicinį mokymąsi, kuris dažnai perkeliamas į virtualią erdvę. Sparti IKT plėtra duoda naują impulsą tobulinti tradicinio švietimo metodus ir taikyti juos bendrojo lavinimo bei papildomo ugdymo įstaigose. Švietimo kontekste atsiranda svarbi sąvoka – e. mokymasis, kuris mokymąsi padaro patrauklesniu, prieinamesniu besimokančiajam. E. mokymasis – tai toks mokymosi būdas, kai dalis mokymosi... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The documents about informal and non-formal students education of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania documents, focuses attention on the student. This suggests that additional education has to meet the student's needs, helping to reveal the personality, to prepare for independent living. These days, the learner should not only reproduce knowledge, but also to find, formulate problems, evaluate possible solutions, finding alternative approaches to think critically. More and more in the educational process applied innovative computer technologies expanding learning opportunities. E. thanks to learning, which is currently increasingly being used in the education system, the learning process becomes more accessible, more attractive, more individualized. At present, the ever-popular e-learning using the open educational resources (OER). There is no unanimous OER store oriented to the main user - student, which gathers both the country and foreign OER in Lithuania . Tests of different things, learning games, videos, applications, e-books and other OER "scattered" on the Internet. For this problem, there is a need to create OER sharing system for students. During the work the OER model created for students informal learning. The model is implemented on the site OER. There students can put their created, modified OER, links to the other online resources, to view, to download the resources in the site. You can also evaluate and comment on them. Can... [to full text]

The aim of this thesis is to explore a case of street and market vendors in urban Africa, who are members of a local network with transnational connections. The local network collaborates with a global network and a local policy institute with the purpose to strengthen capacity of street and market vendors. The thesis asks questions of membership experiences, processes behind agendas and implementation of capacity building for the vendors and perspectives on these capacity building efforts. Theories depart from contemporary globalization and focus on issues of transnational civil society networks and injustice. Specific theoretical contributions are drawn from Routledge and Cumbers (2009) global justice network-theory and Amartya Sen’s (2009) idea of justice. A qualitative case study was conducted in Accra, Ghana based on participatory observations and semi-structured interviews with street and market vendors and officials of both the collaborating network and policy institute. Membership experiences were understood to include capacity building effects and further concerned issues of knowledge, community and identity. Global and local factors combined and influenced the agenda and implementation of capacity building. Theoretical contributions were combined and useful in analysing the empirical case, and ethical considerations were fundamental to the research process.

This study considers the market of potatoes in Amazonas, Peru from an informal production sector to a more formal retail-marketing sector. I consider and challenge current understandings that attempt to model formal/informal markets sectors. Those include state involvement in economic processes, wage structure and social security mechanisms, and size and organizational techniques. As, well I suggest that the method of transfer would be a useful addition to the work that attempts to model and define formal and informal economic sectors. I do so because of the importance of trust in economic exchange. In this study, these four models are reframed in terms of hypotheses to see which can most systematically explain increased formality along the market channel from production to retail marketing. I find that only two can. Those are state involvement and method of transfer and trust. Research methods include open-ended interviews (n=25) and participant observation.

This dissertation examines the livelihood strategies of African dock workers in Durban, South Africa, between the Anglo-Boer War and the 1959 strikes. These labourers did not conform to common conceptions of radical dock workers or conservative African migrant workers. While Marxist scholars have been correct to stress the working class consciousness of Durban’s dock workers, this consciousness was also more ambiguous. These workers and their leaders displayed a peculiar mix of concern for workers’ issues and defences of the rights and interests of African traders. Many of Durban’s dock workers were not only wage labourers. In fact, only a minority had wages as their only source of income. The Reserve economy played a role in sustaining the consumption levels of their households and, more importantly, more than half of the former dock workers interviewed for this research engaged in some form of commercial enterprise, often based on the pilferage and sale of cargoes. Some also teamed up with township women who sold pilfered goods while the men were at work. This combination of commercial strategies and wage labour has often been overlooked in the literature. By looking at these livelihood strategies, this dissertation considers how rural and urban economies interacted in households’ strategies and reinterprets the reproduction of labour and the household in order to move beyond dichotomies of proletarian versus rural consciousness. The dock workers’ households were neither proletarian households that were forced to reside in the countryside because of apartheid, nor traditional rural homesteads with a missing migrant member. The households were reproduced in three geographically separate spheres of production and consumption, none of which could reproduce the household on its own. These spheres were dependent on each other, but also separate, as physical distance gave the different household members some autonomy. Such multi-nodal households not only bridged the rural and the urban, but equally straddled the formal/informal divide. For many, their employment on the docks made their commercial enterprises possible, which allowed them to retire early from urban wage labour. Consequently, the interests of wage labourers could not be divorced from those of African small-scale entrepreneurs. / Thesis (Ph.D, History) -- Queen's University, 2011-09-26 17:14:17.474