This study is intended to analyze Taiwan economic development from the perspectives of the New Institutional Economics, to introduce institution and institutional transfer into the historical analysis of Taiwan economic development, and to obtain the empirical significance of institution on economic development. Due to the Japanese colonized policy in Taiwan, and the economic theory of principle for the people by Dr. Sun, Yet-Sen after Taiwan Restoration, the analysis of this study in Taiwan economic development will be conducted before and after Taiwan Restoration. This study will focus on the history of economic development before and after Restoration, and the institutional establishment and its change, and will collect relevant data to analyze and evaluate the interrelation between economic development and institution, and comment the effect of institution and its performance. The findings of this study are: 1¡Bthe national theoretical analysis of The New Institutionalism: Before Restoration, the political aspect of institution was more violent than contractual; rather, after restoration, the political and economic aspects of institution has been transferred from violent to contractual . 2¡Bthe theoretical analysis of Property Rights of The New Institutionalism: Before Restoration, the main purpose of defining property rights was to predate land; after Restoration, the main purpose of establishing property rights system was to assure the security of private property rights to facilitate the development of productive activity. 3¡Bthe theoretical analysis of transactional costs of New Instutionalism: Before Restoration, the establishment of modernized institution was aimed at reducing the transactional costs of investing in the colony by Japanese capitalists, and predating more economic achievement from the colony. After Restoration, the establishment of economic institution was aimed at reducing the transactional costs generated by both transactional factors and human factors, and stabilizing the economic development. 4¡Bthe analysis from the perspective of practical aspects of New Institutionalism: Before Restoration a variety of political measures bas been done to assist Japanese capitalists; after Restoration, the endeavor of sustaining the neutrality of agents and promoting effectiveness of enforcement produced the cooperative behavior, subject to contract. 5¡Bthe theoretical analysis of institutional transfer: Before Restoration, the economic institutional change was imposed, while after Restoration it is also imposed initially, but lately 30 years, inductive.

How does the level of clientelistic distribution effect the risk of violent challenges towards the state in democracies? The relationship between democracy and violent conflict has been extensively tested, with diverging results. Utilizing time-series data from 162 independent democratic states ranging from 1946 to 2018, the relationship is here tested by separating the informal institutions of democracy from the formal. And running the level of clientelistic distribution, a conflicting informal institution, as the independent variable in a linear probability model. Which shows that an increase in the level of clientelism significantly increases the risk of violent challenges.

Submitted by Yarui Dun (yarui0422@gmail.com) on 2017-05-17T19:30:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation Yarui Dun.pdf: 3370034 bytes, checksum: 0971a3c099bb023b78027e1514037a71 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2017-05-18T14:29:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation Yarui Dun.pdf: 3370034 bytes, checksum: 0971a3c099bb023b78027e1514037a71 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-30T17:36:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation Yarui Dun.pdf: 3370034 bytes, checksum: 0971a3c099bb023b78027e1514037a71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-02 / State capitalism, the statist planning in certain economic sectors, has generated several state-owned enterprises (SOEs) that represent a significant share of activity in the global market. Despite decades of liberalization and privatization in many countries, state ownership and state-led business activity remain widespread; yet new varieties of state capitalism have also emerged. Among these new varieties, state-controlled oil and natural gas entities, also known as nation oil companies (NOCs), represent a type of hybrid organization that specifically deserves scholars’ attention as they dominate the world’s oil & gas industry; yet many of the cases prove to be problematic. The emerging markets possess some of the most important NOC players, yet scant examination has been made to question their appropriateness. This paper presents a contextualized comparison between two NOCs that root in Brazil and China to illustrate how similar and different they are in terms of their ownership style, corporate governance characteristics, and the interactions they have with the host government. We analyzed the findings by matching them with the past theories that offer explanations on NOC performance variation. We concluded that first, regime type is not a dependable factor to indicate the actual state incentives to maintain NOCs, and the goals of state serve only as an equivocate factor in explaining the variation in NOC performances. Secondly, we speculated that due to the absence of a cohesive institutional logic and consistency, Brazil has a fragmented governance system that implies in inappropriateness of state capitalism. Thirdly, we discovered that the unique dynamics between informal and formal institutions in China may justify the better fitness of state capitalism when compared with Brazil. Certain limits to the research method and expectations on further inquiries are also developed.

本研究嘗試結合政策網絡與新制度論的分析，描述與解釋民主國家中弱勢團體在政策網絡的地位與影響。 透過對政策網絡的文獻檢閱，本研究提出結合政策網絡與新制度論的分析架構，將弱勢團體在政策網絡中的地位與影響分為正式網絡關係與非正式網絡關係，以及網絡形成與網絡互動兩部分以進行分析。 除基礎理論辯證外，本文以原住民參與能丹國家公園設置的規劃過程為個案，分析原住民團體在先天上不對等的資源與地位下，如何透過制度設計以及相關的社會建構，影響網絡中的互動過程以及政策產出。 在個案研究中，將分析與「設置能丹國家公園」相關的正式規則，包括憲法、原住民委員會、國家公園法，以及相關社會建構的非正式規則，如何對政策網絡的形成以及規劃過程造成影響。 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究動機 第二節 研究問題 第三節 研究目的 第四節 研究範圍 第二章 文獻檢閱 第一節 決策過程中弱勢團體地位的理論回顧 第二節 政策網絡理論(Policy Network Theory)的概念 第三節 政策網絡研究的發展 第四節 政策網絡與政策結果 第三章 建立政策網絡之決策模型 第一節 連結政策網絡與政策產出的分析架構 第二節 結合新制度論與政策網絡之理論辯證 第三節 政策網絡形成---正式與非正式網絡關係 第四節 政策網絡中政策過程 第四章 個案分析-以能丹國家公園設置問題為個案 第一節 研究設計 第二節 國家公園與原住民關係之文獻檢閱 第三節 能丹國家公園設置之政策網絡形成 第四節 能丹國家公園設置之政策網絡互動過程 第五章 結論 第一節 研究發現 第二節 研究建議 / The research attempt to describe and explain the position and influence of minority in policy network of democratic state by combined the Policy network theory and New institutionalism. The research bring the framework of linking the Policy network theory and New institutionalism to divide the position and influence of minority into formal network relations and informal relations, network shaping and network interaction. Except discussing the foundational theory, the research cites the aboriginal participated the formulation of Nen-Dan National Park for case study. To analysis how can aboriginal effected the policy output though they are the minority.