O ponto de partida para o desenvolvimento deste estudo é a existência de segmentação na produção aqui entendida como contínua diferenciação de atividades produtivas – de formas de organizar a produção e o trabalho, de processos produtivos e de trabalhos e de atributos requeridos para exerce-lo – e com este pano de fundo conceitua-se o termo Setor Informal e desenvolve-se o quadro metodológico que irá originar um conjunto de elementos empíricos sobre os trabalhadores no Município de São Paulo em 1980. O Setor Informal é aqui associado com as formas de organizar a produção, que não tem como motor o trabalho assalariado, ou seja, considera-se Setor Informal como o conjunto de produtores que, de posse dos meios de trabalho, desenvolvem suas atividades baseadas na própria força de trabalho. O quadro metodológico, por sua vez, foi desenvolvido com a finalidade de refletir espectros de formas dos indivíduos participarem da produção – proprietários, assalariados e trabalhadores por conta própria - , qualificados por aspectos referentes: requisitos para o trabalho – idade, sexo e escolaridade –, condições de trabalho – vínculo jurídico, qualificação, horas trabalhadas e tempo de permanência no posto de trabalho ou atividade – e níveis de renda. Decorre da análise empreendida, dos elementos empíricos coletados, bem como dos testes hipotéticos aplicados, que não se pode afirmar serem os trabalhadores informais, sob a conceituação aqui adotada, proporcionalmente a massa de trabalhadores que detêm os mais baixos requisitos e as piores condições de trabalho e níveis de rena no Município de São Paulo. Propostas de políticas de emprego e renda específicas para o Setor Informal não são priorizadas por este estudo, visto esse Setor ocupar espaço econômico intersticial e subordinado aos movimentos das firmas capitalistas. Além do que, no caso do Município de São Paulo em 1980, a maioria dos trabalhadores é assalariada e compõe parcela significativa dos que exercem o trabalho em condições e níveis de renda precários. Agrade-se à Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) e à Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (FIPE), cujo apoio financeiro possibilitou a elaboração desta pesquisa. Agradece-se também aos Profs. Drs. José Tiacci Kirsten – Coordenador do Projeto FINEP/IPE, Roberto Brás Matos Macedo – Orientador do trabalho de doutoramento, José Paulo Z. Chahad., Carlos Antonio Luque, Ana Maria Bianchi, Ivo Torres e Maria Elisete Licursi pelas leituras e discussões realizadas durante as etapas preliminares deste estudo. / The starting point for the development of this study is the existence of segmentation in the production, understood herein as a continuous fashion of differentiation in productive activities. With this background define the term Informal Sector and develop a methodological picture that will result in a set of empirical elements about the workers in São Paulo in 1980. The Informal Sector is herein related to the ways of organizing the production that do not have, as its drive, the work payed on the basis of wages. Therefore, the Informal Sector is considered as a set of producers that by possessing the means of work develop their activities in their own labour force. The methodological picture, was developed with the purpose of reflecting a spectrum of ways of individual participation in the production – owners, wage workers and independent workers – desegregated by specific work requirements – age, sex and education -, conditions – legal ties, qualification, hours worked and duration in the position in his job or activity – and income levels. Considering the empirical elements gathered and the hypothesis tested, one can not state that the independent workers – or the Informal Workers, under the definition adopted herein constitute the mass of workmen who are the unqualified and have the worst working conditions and income levels in São Paulo. Proposal concerning job policies and income policies which are specific for the Informal Sector are not emphasizes in this study due to the fact the refereed sector occupies and interstitial economic space and depends on the movements of capitalistic enterprises. We should also note that in the case of São Paulo in 1980, the majority of workmen work on a wage payment basis and make us a significant part of those who perform their works under precarious conditions and low income level.

Orientador: Carlos Salas Paez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T19:42:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarvieII_C.Kelvin_M.pdf: 1548505 bytes, checksum: f02a39978cef7e48fedac258dc8ad07c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Libéria, como muitas economias em desenvolvimento têm se esforçado para incentivar o investimento em uma tentativa de facilitar o crescimento econômico e a criação de emprego. Este tem sido reforçada pelos esforços do governo para atrair investidores através de políticas favoráveis ao investimento. O desempenho recente da economia da Libéria tem sido um pouco prejudicada pela taxa de aumento da informalidade e do subemprego. Políticas voltadas estritamente para alcançar a estabilidade macroeconômica e ao crescimento do emprego acelerado sem consideração aos problemas da qualidade do emprego criado. Esta situação é, provavelmente, um reflexo do fato de que o ímpeto de crescimento na Libéria é alcançado inadequadas ou não está direcionado para as atividades de trabalho intensivo. Setores com alta taxa de absorção de trabalho: como a manufatura, turismo, agricultura e exportações de mercadorias não têm atraído o investimento necessário para aumentar o crescimento e desempenho do emprego. A economia da Libéria, portanto, requer uma revisão profunda das atuais políticas nacionais de desenvolvimento para gerar crescimento que iria melhorar as condições de vida da população. Promover a criação de emprego e renda para a realização de suas metas de redução da pobreza, é uma tarefa inadiável. Para que o crescimento do emprego possa ser realizado, este texto propõe várias iniciativas destinadas a reforçar o emprego / Abstract: Liberia like many developing economies have endeavored to encourage investment in a bid to facilitate economic growth and job creation. This has been enhanced by the government's efforts to attract investors through many favorable investment policies. The fairly decent growth performance of the Liberian economy has been somewhat dented by the increasing rate of informality and underemployment. Policies narrowly focused on achieving macroeconomic stability and accelerated growth without adequate employment consideration and facilitation. This situation is probably a reflection of the fact that the growth impetus achieved in Liberia is either inadequate or does not come from investment directed into the labour intensive activities. Sectors with high labour absorption rate such as manufacturing, tourism, merchandize agriculture and exports have not attracted the necessary investment to enhance growth and employment performance. The Liberian economy therefore requires a thorough review of the current national development policies to generate growth that would promote job creation and improve incomes for the realization of its poverty reduction goals. For employment-friendly growth to be realized, this paper attempts to propose various initiatives aimed at enhancing employment / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Orientador: Marcelo Weishaupt Proni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T02:01:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hecker_PaulSimon_M.pdf: 1293269 bytes, checksum: 4f23219993c480fb7365b8622774ccd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Economia informal é um conceito proposto pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho para estudar situações ocupacionais que combinam condições de trabalho precárias e remuneração baixa, o que geralmente contribui para a reprodução de desigualdades sociais e da pobreza. No Brasil, a informalidade é um problema crônico que abrange quase 50% da força de trabalho. As causas primárias dessa informalidade se encontram nas características do mercado de trabalho brasileiro, marcado por uma oferta estruturalmente excedente de mão-de-obra, que resulta em uma enorme parcela da força de trabalho submetida a uma inserção ocupacional muito vulnerável e sem acesso a um trabalho digno e proteção social. Partindo das formulações teóricas de Claus Offe e Gosta Esping-Andersen, pode-se afirmar que a informalidade do trabalho no Brasil decorre da insuficiência de políticas públicas capazes de superar a herança deixada pelo modelo de desenvolvimento excludente e de corrigir as distorções produzidas pelo funcionamento do mercado de trabalho. Três grandes linhas de ação política podem ser destacadas como requisitos para fornecer mais e melhores empregos e promover a inclusão social: (i) as políticas macroeconômicas, a política industrial e a política de desenvolvimento regional, que balizam a trajetória de crescimento econômico; (ii) a definição do arranjo institucional que regulamenta e fiscaliza o funcionamento do mercado de trabalho e as relações de emprego; e (iii) as políticas sociais que delimitam o acesso à proteção social e aos serviços sociais, reduzindo a dependência dos trabalhadores pobres em relação ao mercado de trabalho. A maioria daqueles que trabalham informalmente hoje em dia estão excluídos desses esquemas de proteção. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo examinar os efeitos mais visíveis das políticas econômicas, das políticas laborais e das políticas sociais do Governo Lula sobre a economia informal. O primeiro capítulo apresenta o referencial teórico que dá suporte ao estudo. O segundo capítulo esclarece como a informalidade se tornou um problema crônico no Brasil e procura dimensionar suas principais facetas no mercado de trabalho. O terceiro capítulo apresenta indicadores da evolução recente da economia brasileira e menciona as diretrizes das políticas macroeconômicas adotadas. O quarto capítulo focaliza as políticas de mercado de trabalho e as políticas sociais para a constituição da economia informal. Ao final, fica demonstrado que o crescimento econômico substantivo, a regulação mais eficiente do mercado de trabalho e o compromisso com políticas sociais dirigidas para os segmentos mais pobres da população reduziram a informalidade no mercado de trabalho brasileiro ao longo da década passada. Será concluído que crescimento econômico é uma condição necessária para a melhora do problema social da informalidade, mas sem mudanças na direção das políticas sociais e laborais, não é uma condição suficiente / Abstract: Informal economy is a concept proposed by the International Labour Organisation to study occupational situations that combine conditions of precarious work and low remuneration, what generally contributes to the reproduction of social inequalities and poverty. In Brazil, informality is a chronic problem that affects nearly 50% of the workforce. The primary causes of this informality are found in the characteristics of the Brazilian labour market, marked by a structural supply surplus of labour, which results in an enormous part of the workforce being submitted to a very vulnerable occupational insertion without access to decent work and social protection Departing from theoretical perspectives of Claus Offe and Gosta Esping-Andersen, it is affirmed that the informality of work in Brazil results from the insufficiency of public policies that are not able to overcome the heritage of the excluding development model and to correct the distortions produced by the labour market. Three great lines of political action can be emphasized as requirements for the provision of better employment and to improve social inclusion: (i) macroeconomic policies, industrial policies and the regional development policies that mark the trajectory of economic growth; (ii) the definition of the institutional arrangements that regulate and control the functioning of the labour market and the labour relations; and (iii) social policies that restrict the access to social protection and services, reducing the dependency of poor workers from the labour market. The majority of those who work informally today are excluded from these protections schemes. The present work will examine the most visible effects on the informal economy of economic policies and of the social and labour policies during the Lula-Government (2002-2010). The first chapter introduces the theoretical references that are used in the study. The second chapter shows how informality turned into a chronic problem in Brazil and tries to outline its principal labour market facets. The third chapter presents indicators of the recent evolution of the Brazilian economy and mentions the guidelines of the adopted macroeconomic policies. The fourth chapter focuses on the labour market and social policies and their role for the constitution of the informal economy. Finally it will be shown, how substantial economic growth, more effective regulation of the labour market and a commitment with social policies directed towards the poorest segments of the population reduced informality in the Brazilian labour market over the last decade. This will lead to the conclusion, that economic growth is a necessary condition for the improvement of the social problem informality, but without changes in the direction of social and labour policies, it is not a sufficient condition / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Orientador: José Ricardo Barbosa Gonçalves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T00:47:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Calixtre_AndreBojikian_M.pdf: 2382501 bytes, checksum: 5afcb370f5cdabd9a13717e3d3ce8b97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Pretende-se versar sobre a questão da informalidade como um modo de vida, um conceito que, em suas múltiplas manifestações, surge no debate internacional, aos fins dos 1960 e torna-se um dos elementos fundamentais para a compreensão do mercado de trabalho no Brasil contemporâneo, nos outros países subdesenvolvidos e mesmo no mundo desenvolvido. No Brasil, a ponte entre a informalidade e o desenvolvimento socioeconômico será entendida como a dinâmica histórica da formação social capitalista brasileira. Esta dinâmica pode ser condensada, no que se refere ao sentido do desenvolvimento, como a interdependência entre moderno e arcaico, manifestada ora na forma de complementaridade, ora de antagonismo aberto e insuperável, mas sempre no sentido de mutualidade mediante constante reinvenção do moderno e do arcaico no processo histórico. Por meio dessa interpretação, encontrar-se-á o espaço em que se reproduzem as relações entre um sujeito histórico específico, criador de um Estado nacional cujo funcionamento é igualmente peculiar. Enfocando a questão do trabalho, essa relação contemporaneamente se reproduz em meio a um Processo de Informalidade, ou seja, de formas dinâmicas e subordinadas de organização da produção exercidas pelo bloqueio da racionalização das relações entre esferas pública e privada. Ao capturar o sentido deste trabalhador informal e sujeito histórico, em busca de padrões de sociabilidade distintos dos espaços formais da economia é possível avançar na compreensão de sua condição informal, bem como dos limites e possibilidades transformadores para o desenvolvimento nacional / Abstract: The Informal Condition: reflections on the Informality Process in contemporary's Brazil. It is intended to board Informality as a way of life, a concept which in many ways appears in the international debate, to the end of 1960s and became one of the key elements for understanding labour markets in contemporary's Brazil and other underdeveloped countries, and recently in the developed world. In Brazil's case, the bridge between informality and socioeconomic development is based on historical dynamics of Brazilian capitalist social formation. This dynamics can be condensed, regarding to the direction of development, as the interdependence between modern and archaic social structures, sometimes manifested as complementarities, sometimes undefeatable antagonism, but always in the sense of mutuality through constant reinvention of modern and archaic in the historical process. Using this interpretation, it will be searched for the "locus" that reproduces the relationship between a specific historical subject, creator of a National State whose operation is also peculiar. The working hypothesis stands that this relationship is reproduced simultaneously in the midst of an Informality Process, ie, in dynamic forms and also subordinate organizations of production focused on blocking rationalization of relations between public and private spheres. By capturing the meaning of this informal worker and historical subject, searching for distinct patterns of sociability of the formal economy, it is possible to advance the understanding of their Informal Condition as well as the limits and possibilities for national development changing / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Cette thèse étudie le développement des micro entreprises au Vietnam. Nous cherchons d'abord à savoir quels sont les facteurs qui affectent l'offre de travail indépendant sur le marché du travail. En utilisant l'enquête sur le niveau de vie des ménages en 2004 (VHLSS04), enquête dans laquelle les informations sur l'emploi des individus et sur les entreprises familiales sont collectées, nous trouvons qu'un certain nombre de déterminants permettent de décrire le profil des travailleurs indépendants au Vietnam, parmi lesquels la différence de revenu attendu, le niveau d'éducation, l'âge et le secteur d'activité. Dans un deuxième temps, nous tentons d'identifier les déterminants de la performance des micro et petites entreprises. Nos résultats montrent que la hauteur de l'impact de différents caractéristiques des entreprises varie nettement en fonction de leur performance. Parmi ces facteurs, la taille, l'âge et l'emplacement de l'entreprise affectent significativement cette performance. Le troisième chapitre propose une recherche sur l'hétérogénéité des entreprise face à différentes barrières à la croissance. Les données indiquent que le degré de contrainte que les entreprises rencontrent dépend de leurs caractéristiques et de la nature de la barrière. La taille, l'âge, l'emplacement et la branche économique comptent beaucoup dans la détermination du niveau de contrainte. / This thesis investigates the development of micro enterprises in Vietnam. We seek to know what factors affect the self-employment supply on the labour market. Using data from the survey on household living standards in 2004 (VHLSS04) in which information on employment of individual and household businesses are collected, we find a certain number of determinants explaining the pattern of self-employed in Vietnam: earnings differentials, educational level, age and business sector. In the second chapter, we seek to identify the determinants of micro and small firm performance. Our results show that impact of different factors on firm performance varies significantly across its growth state. Among them, size, age and firm location matters a lot to firm growth. The third chapter aims at analyzing the heterogeneity of firms across different barriers to growth. Our empirical evidence reveals that the level of constraint met by firms depends on the firm characteristics and the nature of barrier to growth. Size, age, location and industrial sector constitute important determinants of constraint level.

In Ethiopia, the economic dilemmas facing the country have had various effects on the society at large. Given this situation, the high rates of urbanization and uneployment has resulted in that more and more people end up in small-scale activities within the informal economy. Although the informal sector has become increasingly noticeable in Addis Ababa, it is commonly neglected and separated from the formal economy. In light of the contemporary Ethiopian society, this study has nonetheless argued that the wide range of economic activities found within the informal sector is indispensable and should be integrated with the formal economy. Instead of perceiving the informal economy as an economic malfunction, this study has aimed to explore its future potential through the help of microfinance institutions. It has also looked into how the informal sector can be defined and its main characteristics. To gain an increased understanding of how informal workers perceive their own life situation, semi-structured interviews have been carried out with informal workers from the Meklit Microfinance Institution. The theoretical framework of Friedmann's 'Whole Economy Model' and 'Disempowerment Model' was moreover applied in recognizing the role of the household as well as to which extent MFIs could be said to have increased the social power of the informal sector.             The main conclusions of this essay are that there are highly diverse features of informal workers and their businesses, which accordingly implies that MFIs need to reflect this diversity in their general operations. Although MFIs were recognized as carrying a strong potential for the development of informal activities, there were some identified obstacles in for example their organizational structure which consequently affected the profitability of their clients' businesses. The role of Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) was also recognized as having the possibility to develop into a new type of labout union as to empower the informal sector and gradually lead to a natural continuation of the formal economy.

The main focus of this study was to perform an assessment of viable and sustainable means of creating a vibrant and sustainable economy in the Mdantsane Township. In order to perform the assessment objectives were formulated which aimed at assessing whether the informal small business sector of Mdantsane was generating wealth and livelihoods for the people running them. The study also looked at whether the informal business sector is a preferred option by most South Africans or people in the townships would rather seek employment. A number of data collection methods were used in completing this study such as literature reviews and a semi-structured questionnaire. The study revealed that Local Economic development can be implemented in the townships in order to assist in stimulating a vibrant local township economy. The study also revealed that the central focus of Local Economic Development is to support the development, growth and retention of private or co-operative enterprises. The survey conducted in the study further revealed that most businesses in the township are driven by necessity in order for them to start their businesses mainly due to unemployment. These businesses all agreed on the significant role that Local Economic Development can play in assisting township entrepreneurs and communities to grow and prosper.

The study examined the policy responses of organised labour towards the informal sector. It is based on a qualitative survey of trade unions in the textile, clothing and footwear sectors. The dualistic, Marxist structuralist, feminist and growth theories of the informal sector were used to evaluate policy responses towards the informal sector. The investigation of the dynamic relationship of trade unions with workers in the informal sector was informed by the transformation of the nature of work that is characterised by informalisation and the increased employment of contingent workers, the majority of whom are women. Informalisation was found to manifest itself through the use of homeworkers and ‘independent’ contractors. The study further showed that the formal and informal sectors were interdependent. This makes a compelling case for trade unions to organise vulnerable workers and to pursue the mainstreaming of the informal sector. However a rigid gender discourse was found to militate against the development of solidarity with the informal sector. The findings of the study suggest that gender mainstreaming within trade unions is a prerequisite for effectively mainstreaming the informal sector and that organising the informal sector is a gender issue. / Prof. G. Verhoef

M.A. (Development Studies) / Informal cross-border trade is one of the viable informal sector activities which had become a key livelihood strategy for many Zimbabweans mainly during the time period of 2007 to 2009, at the height of the economic and political crisis in Zimbabwe. That was a period of intense shortages of basic commodities which have left the country depending mainly on donations and imports from neighbouring countries. The study sought to understand the experiences and coping strategies of Zimbabwean women informal cross-border traders operating between Gwanda/Bulawayo, Zimbabwe and Johannesburg/Gauteng, South Africa. The study followed the whole chain of trade with focus on experiences and coping strategies of traders at the various stages of informal trade. Semi-structured in-depth interviews and life history analysis were conducted with nine women traders and some informal discussions conducted with bus drivers, artists and other suppliers of goods. Observations were also made which included travelling with informal cross-border traders across the border, being with them when they bought their goods, and staying with them at one of the markets in South Africa where they sold curios they brought from Zimbabwe.The study noted that informal cross-border traders were mostly motivated by the desire to support their children and see them through school, including tertiary education. Their motivation was strong enough to keep them determined to stay in business despite the many challenges that they faced. These challenges included xenophobic attacks, police harassment, transport challenges, bad accommodation while away from home, visa challenges and many others. The coping strategies included finding ways of sharing costs, ‘cheating’ the system where some rules and regulations hindered their progress, and creating a strong social support base and connections. It was also noted that changing economic and political environment had direct impacts on the trade and hence flexibility of goods traded and medium of exchange are a crucial character of the trade in unstable environments.

Magister Economicae - MEcon / Livelihoods are essential for poverty alleviation. A poor person’s life cannot be transformed at all if the person has no means of earning a substantial income to sustain daily living. In today’s world many people rely on human capital for livelihoods. This is usually in the form of skills or educational qualifications that permit an individual to find employment. However, not every person is able to get meaningful employment which can generate an income to allow the person to live above the poverty lines. Generating an income from employment is not a livelihoods strategy that is available to many South Africans as the country has high unemployment rates and an economy that is performing poorly. In addition the overspill of institutionalised inequality from the apartheid era has many South Africans living in poverty. The South African government is promoting Small Micro and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMMEs) as a key strategy for job creation, economic growth for poverty alleviation and a reduction in inequalities. Many poor people in urban areas adopt micro enterprises as a livelihoods strategy. The research assessed the impact of micro enterprises on the livelihoods of low income households in Khayelitsha. The objectives of the research were; (a) to determine the impact that micro enterprises have on the livelihoods of low income households; (b) to ascertain how low income households identify micro enterprises as a livelihoods strategy; (c) to identify how household assets were allocated to livelihoods strategies; (d) to determine how low income households operate micro enterprises; and (e) to identify challenges faced by low income households in earning a livelihood through micro enterprises. A qualitative research design was used for the study because the aims of the research were to get an insight as to how people’s lives had transformed by adopting micro enterprises as a livelihoods strategy. To this end, in-depth interviews and observation data collection methods were employed. A study sample of 22 participants was drawn using non-probability sampling. Grounded theory was used for data analysis. Coded data was entered into an Excel spreadsheet which was used to generate graphs and tables. The findings indicate that micro enterprises as a livelihoods strategy have a positive impact on the livelihoods of many households in Khayelitsha. The impact is more significant because many households who engage in micro enterprises do not have other options for livelihoods strategies. Furthermore, many households reported to be better off operating a micro enterprise rather than being employed. Some households reported dissatisfaction with micro enterprises because they could not determine beforehand how much income would be generated making it difficult to plan monthly household expenditure. None the less micro enterprises enabled households to provide shelter, food, education for children and family members, health care and provision of household furniture. The results also indicate that for many micro enterprise owners the lack of financial capital was the biggest challenge because it prevented capital investment. High competition was also a challenge that a few owners were not able to overcome. On the whole the study concluded that micro enterprises are a good livelihoods strategy for the poor and could keep many South Africans above the poverty line.