Thesis (Ph. D.)--Uppsala Universitet, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 301-309).

This thesis examines traders' strategies of accumulation in agricultural commodity markets in Pakistani Punjab. It contributes to the literature on markets as social and political institutions as well as to broader debates on patronage, informality, urbanization, and class formation in South Asia. The principal aim of the thesis is to identify the institutions and ideologies facilitating exchange and study how they function in the market. It also aims to account for the increased political importance of traders, understood as members of Pakistan's intermediate classes, and reflect on the nature of their political participation. Non-programmatic, functional alignments are shown to be the norm and compatible with both military and democratic regimes. Through a close look at activities in one agricultural commodity market - or mandi, as it is known in Punjab - the present work explores the practices and linkages traders cultivate to bolster their economic and political power. Plunging into everyday mandi life in small-town Punjab, it illustrates how customary institutions articulate with the state and capital to co-regulate economic activity and create conditions for durable domination. Enmeshment in patron-client relations, links with the local state, associational activity, ownership and control of capital, and thick social ties are demonstrated to be key means by which wealth and power are accumulated. Class is shown to articulate closely with caste and kinship while being irreducible to them, and the role of dominant social institutions is demonstrated to be highly variable across the many processes ongoing in the market.

The research investigates the impact of internal rural - urban migration III Lesotho on household income and employment. Using data gathered from the 2002/03 household survey, the 2006 nationwide census and a questionnaire on rural - urban migration in Lesotho administered to 500 respondents in Maseru and Leribe, we estimate a logit model of the probability of employment in Lesotho in 2008 given a set of independent variables. The independent variables are respondent's work experience; years of education completed; employment status in 2004; employment status in 2008; gender; job skill level; place of residence in 2004 and a categorical variable that measures whether or not the respondent is a rural - urban migrant. The results suggest that migration and work experience have no significant impact on an individual's likelihood of being employed in the country's formal sector. Also, it was found that the higher the level of education an individual has, the less likely are their chances of employment in the country's formal sector because of the lack of formal jobs in the urban areas. Over 50% of Lesotho's workforce employed in the urban areas was discovered to work in the informal sector. The study concludes that there is a lack of jobs in Lesotho's urban formal sector that results in a thriving informal sector. The advantages of informal sector jobs to the rural - urban migrant include an increase in their standard of living as well as that of their family members left behind in the rural areas but the disadvantages include low levels of investor confidence that lead to a decrease in overall economic development and growth in the country.

Thesis (MTech (Entrepreneurship))--Peninsula Technikon, Cape Town, 2002 / The scope and extent of home-based businesses and the determination of the method by which the greater portion of household income is generated, in poor neighbourhoods, is the crux of this study. The study was undertaken among the 2245 households in the Kleinvlei sub-economic housing area located in the Oostenberg municipal substructure within the Cape Metropole. According to the municipal statistics the average income among these households is R75 (Rands 75) per month and the educational level of the population is of a low standard. A random sample of500 households was the basis of the research data. The size, necessity and importance of self-generated (business-derived) income in augmenting primary employment-related (wage-based) earnings is the focus ofthis research study. Declared sources of income are verified by measuring the percentage spent on essential household goods and services. Ancillary objectives are determining the motivation for starting these businesses as well as measuring household wealth (assets) through observations. The significance of this descriptive research is the determination of the relative contribution Of business income and the magnitude of the levels of poverty. It provides the primary data (base information) for policy formulation relating to social and economic development in this sub-economic. The results correlate with findings of national longitudinal studies. The level of job creation through businesses is minimal and the extent of unemployment is much greater than anticipated.

Many cities and towns in the Global South continue to experience the growth of the informal sector. There are a number of reasons which explain the growth of the informal sector. These include formal sector retrenchments, shortage of jobs in the formal sector and lack of skills. Street vendors are the most visible traders in the informal sector as compared to other kind of traders. In many cities, the spaces in which vendors conduct their trading is not allocated to them legally as they are seen as a nuisance or obstruction to commerce and the free flow of traffic. Against this background, this study examines the contestation for vending in the East London Central Business District (CBD) Eastern Cape, South Africa. It specifically explores social processes and vendor decision making when it comes to choosing (or claiming) a particular vending space, the legal instruments (by-laws) that either promote or constrain informal trading activities. Furthermore, it investigates the extent to which street vending contributes to the traders‟ income generation and sustainable livelihoods. This study uses a qualitative research design. Purposive sampling was used to select thirty informal traders. In-depth semi structured interviews were conducted with all thirty respondents In addition to the thirty respondents, five key informants were interviewed. The study found that street vending plays a major role in providing BCMM people with livelihood opportunities. Trading space in the CBD is strictly competitive and the spaces they acquire are too small for their businesses to expand to another level. Vendors face a lot of challenges but at the epitome of their challenges is the vending by- laws which the vendors view as a major constraint when it comes to operating smoothly in the streets. The study suggested that vending polices and by- laws be reviewed in order to derive a better socio- economic and functional environment for vendors.

Este trabalho estuda a relação entre a formalização das firmas, detentoras de licença municipal ou estadual, e a formalização de seus empregados. Em função da simultaneidade entre os indicadores, utiliza-se o SIMPLES, que representa uma variação exógena na carga tributária relevante para as micro e pequenas empresas, alterando, portanto, os incentivos à formalização para essas firmas. Para avaliar essa relação, o estudo utiliza a base de dados da Economia Informal Urbana (ECINF) de 2003, disponibilizado pelo IBGE em parceria com o SEBRAE, sobre micro e pequenos negócios em áreas não rurais no Brasil. Os resultados indicam que firmas com licença que poderiam aderir ao SIMPLES apresentam um impacto positivo e estatisticamente significante sobre a probabilidade de formalização dos empregados. / This research studies the relationship between the formality of the enterprises, processing state or municipal license, and the formality of their employees. As result of the simultaneity between the indicators, it is used the Law of the Integrated System of Payment of Taxes and Contributions of the Micro and Small Enterprises (SIMPLES), that represents an exogenous variation on the tax burden that matters to micro and small enterprises. Therefore, modifying the incentives to the formality to these firms.. To analyze this relationship, the study uses the data base for Urban Informal Economy (ECINF) of 2003, available by IBGE in partnership with SEBRAE, about micro and small enterprises in non rural areas in Brazil. The results demonstrate that firms with license that could be benefited by SIMPLES show a positive impact and significant statistically on the probability of formalization of the employees.

Orientador: Angela Maria Carneiro Araújo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T11:41:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Duraes_BrunoJoseRodrigues_D.pdf: 1611663 bytes, checksum: 667057f4178e5809e926cf3d9ac1e73d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A presente tese trata dos trabalhadores de rua que ofertam produtos tecnológicos (máquinas digitais, games, pen drivers etc.) no camelódromo da rua Uruguaiana no Rio de Janeiro. Pretendeu-se responder a seguinte questão: será o camelô de tecnologia uma forma diferenciada de relação de trabalho informal de rua, na qual a lógica predominante é a do negócio (do lucro), da empresa (do capital) e não a do trabalhador (ligado a sobrevivência), na qual evidencia-se uma separação entre capital (donos dos meios e do dinheiro) e trabalho (força de trabalho contratada)?Nessa linha, serão atividades que agora passam a servir como veias de expansão do capital? Tivemos como objetivo geral desta pesquisa: explorar essa nova diferenciação presente nas formas de trabalho de rua na sociedade brasileira atual, ou seja, compreender o que é essa nova (re)configuração da rua. Esse fenômeno evidencia um tipo de atividade que sofre interferências diretas do mundo formal, reconfigurando-se e assumindo feições empresariais. Foram aplicados 42 questionários com estes camelôs / Abstract: This thesis deals with street workers that offer technological products (digital cameras, games, flash drivers etc.) in camelódromo of the Uruguayana in Rio de Janeiro. It was intended to answer the following question: Is the peddler of a differentiated form of technology for informal street work, which is the predominant business (profit), business (the capital) and not the employee (linked to survival), which is evident separation between capital (owners of the means and money) and work (labor contractor)? this line will be activities that now serve as the veins of capital expansion? Our aim of this research: to explore the new forms of differentiation in this street work in the current Brazilian society, ie, understand what is this new (re) configuration of the street. This phenomenon reflects a kind of activity that suffers direct interference of the formal world, reshaping itself and assuming business features. 42 questionnaires were applied to these vendors / Doutorado / Ciencias Sociais / Doutor em Ciências Sociais

Orientador: Angela Maria Carneiro Araujo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T14:35:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_AngelaMariadeSousa_D.pdf: 2700975 bytes, checksum: 80f4f2b35501e1495f86c779ad9923e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O setor de confecções de roupas de Cianorte configura-se como uma rede de terceirização, caracterizada pelo redimensionamento do trabalho subcontratado (cooperativo, faccionista, domiciliar, formal, informal) e pela presença intensiva do trabalho precarizado das mulheres. Tal constatação nos impulsionou a investigar as razões que levaram esse setor a intensificar essa rede de subcontratação do trabalho e as características dos trabalhadores empregados nesse segmento a partir das mudanças provocadas pela reestruturação produtiva. O município em estudo contém um aglomerado produtivo recente (APL) que mantém um padrão de especialização regional de produção de jeans e de roupas femininas ("modinha"). A pesquisa procurou entender o redimensionamento entre os diversos tipos de contratos de trabalho, alguns tradicionalmente presentes nesse setor como a facção, ocorrido com o processo de rearranjo produtivo local, que sobrevive às rápidas mudanças ditadas pela moda em um contexto de significativa flexibilização, sustentada à custa da exploração crescente de muitas trabalhadoras e trabalhadores sem registro em carteira. Procurou-se com esta pesquisa compreender o processo histórico de industrialização de roupas no município, o perfil das trabalhadoras e trabalhadores formais, informais e que se encontram recentemente na condição de desempregadas(os); conhecer as conseqüências provocadas pelos processos de flexibilização, informalidade e terceirização nas condições e relações de trabalho que envolvem particularmente as mulheres, compreender as razões da persistência do trabalho das mulheres nas facções e no domicílio; entender que novos elementos caracterizam esse setor produtivo na região, dando especial atenção às questões de gênero e à divisão sexual do trabalho nas empresas formais, nas facções, no domicílio e nas cooperativas de modo a mostrar como se alteram as relações entre os elos da cadeia, bem como o uso do trabalho de homens e mulheres em cada um deles. entre os achados da pesquisa, destacamos a ocorrência de uma "nova informalidade", "não-transitória", que pode ser compreendida como relações de trabalho que conservam aspectos tradicionais, mas estão associadas a novos processos de subcontratação, nos quais vigoram a precariedade e a ilegalidade. Como exemplo dessas novas configurações cabe mencionar as chamadas "facções masculinas" de customização de calças jeans e as cooperativas de costura e de bordado formadas em distritos circunvizinhos, como recurso das empresas na busca pela redução de custos. Em síntese, se por um lado o processo de reestruturação do setor de confecções na região de Cianorte ampliou os mecanismos de flexibilização e modernização da produção de roupas, por outro, intensificou a precarização do trabalho, especialmente para as mulheres, combinando novas estratégias de organização da produção com a manutenção de formas antigas de trabalho / Abstract: The sector of clothes confection in Cianorte - Paraná configures itself as a net of decentralization characterized by the redimension of the subcontracted work (cooperative of faction, accomplished home, formal, informal) and by intensive presence of the women's exploiting work. His verification impelled us to investigate the reasons that took this sector to intensify this net of subcontracted work and the characteristics of the workers employed in this segment to start the charges provoked by the productive restructuring action. The municipal district in study comprehends a recent and productive agglomerate (APL) which maintains a standard of regional specialization of jeans production and of female clothes ("little fashion"). The search looked for understanding the redimension among the several kinds of contracts of work, some traditionally present in this sector as a faction, occurred with the process of productive and local charges which survives to the fast charges caused by the mode in a context of significative flexibility, supported tat the expense of the crescent exploration of many workers (men and women) without register in employment book. It looked for itself with this search to understand the historical process the clothes industrialization in the city, the formal and informal worker's profile and that find themselves in the condition of unemployeds (men and women), to know the consequences provoked by the process of flexibility, informality and decentralization, in the conditions and relations of work that involve in particular, the women, to understand the reasons of the persistence of the women's work in the factions and in home; to understand that new elements characterize this productive sector in the region, giving special attention to the questions of gender, and to the sexual division of work in the formal enterprises in the factions, home and in the cooperatives in way to show how the relations alter themselves among the links of the chain, and also the use of the men's and women's work in each of them. Among the discoveries of the search, we detach the occurrence of a "new informality", "no-transitory", that can be understood as relations of work that conserve traditional aspects, but they are associated to the new process of subcontracted work, in which invigorate the precariousness and the illegality, as example of these new configurations, to be proper mention the called "male factions" of personification of jeans trousers and the cooperatives of sewing and embroidery formed in neighboring districts as resources of the enterprises in search of the reduction of costs. In synthesis, if by a side, the process of restructuring of the confections in region of Cianorte enlarged the mechanisms of flexibility and modernization of clothes production, by other, intensified the precarious of work, especially for the women, combining new strategies of organization of the production with the maintenance of ancient forms of work / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciências Sociais

Orientador: Paulo Eduardo de Andrade Baltar / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T10:46:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Correa_RenataSilveira_M.pdf: 655196 bytes, checksum: 12a54033d856e1eae035988ccd117796 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Esta dissertação trata de uma das formas de informalidade do trabalho no Brasil: o emprego sem carteira de trabalho assinada. Seu objetivo é examinar o fenômeno da reprodução de empregos ilegais no país, que tem resistido a diminuir mesmo em situações de maior crescimento econômico e de tendência à formalização dos empregos. O estudo faz uma análise das principais mudanças na organização do trabalho e seus impactos sobre o emprego assalariado a partir da abertura da economia na década de 1990, bem como dos principais aspectos da evolução da economia e do mercado de trabalho após a mudança na orientação da política econômica em 1999. Para o período 2002-2008, é examinada em detalhe a evolução do emprego sem carteira e, com base nas especificidades ocupacionais, setoriais e regionais, são identificados os segmentos responsáveis pela reprodução do assalariamento ilegal. Embora o ritmo de expansão do emprego sem carteira tenha reduzido nos anos de maior crescimento econômico e de maior fiscalização do poder público desde 2000, ainda não se pode afirmar que houve uma reversão da utilização do emprego ilegal no país / Abstract: This dissertation deals with one of the forms of informal work in Brazil: the waged employment without a formal contract. Its goal is to examine the phenomenon of informal employment propagation nationwide, that has resisted to retreat even in higher economic climate and bias toward registered employees. It provides an analysis of the major changes in work organization and its impact on waged employment from the internationalization of the economy in the 1990s, as well as the evolution of the economy and the labor market after the shift in economic policy occurred in 1999. For the ages 2002-2008 is examined in detail the evolution of informal waged employment and are identified the segments responsible for the informal employment propagation, based on occupational, sectorial and regional peculiarities. Although the expansion rhythm of informal waged employment has reduced in the higher economic growth and greater public control since 2000, it can not be said that there was a reversal of the use of informal waged employment in Brasil / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Orientador: Carlos Antonio Brandão / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T12:35:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_MarcosBarcellosde_M.pdf: 1252366 bytes, checksum: 28f3c34103b85c38c7da8f8f89299f0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Esta dissertação pretende mapear, contextualizar e explicar as principais manifestações e relações decorrentes da ilegalidade presentes numa economia urbana metropolitana. Assim, partindo da análise da necessidade destas práticas para o modo de produção capitalista, busca-se discutir a importância do ilícito na compreensão do fênomeno urbano contemporâneo. Neste sentido, enfatizamos o caráter da acumulação primitiva e sua reposição constante, principalmente nas órbitas não-industriais do capitalismo associado. Também é abordado o papel do Estado na reprodução da ilegalidade, seja através da proteção ao capital mercantil, ou atuando no sentido de potencializar a acumulação capitalista urbana, agravando as desigualdades nas metrópoles. Dessa forma, são estudadas as relações entre informalidade e ilegalidade nas práticas de sobrevivência dos pobres, ¿marginalizados¿ e não-proprietários e na configuração de um mercado imobiliário específico. Por fim, buscou-se integrar estas relações ilegais com as novas questões envolvendo o ilícito, sobretudo os efeitos do tráfico de drogas e do aumento do comércio ilícito na esteira das reformas econômicas liberais dos anos 90 / Abstract: This thesis aims to map, context and explain the major events and relationships arising from the illegality present in a metropolitan urban economy. Thus, based on the analysis of the need for these practices to the capitalist mode of production, is seeking to discuss the importance of the illicit understanding to the urban contemporary phenomenon. Therefore, we emphasize the character of the primitive accumulation and it's constant re-position, particularly in non-industrial orbits of associated capitalism. It is also discussed the role of the state in the reproduction of the illegality, either through protection to the merchant capital, or working to improve the urban capitalist accumulation, exacerbating inequalities in the cities. Thus, it is studied the relationship between informality and illegal practices of survival of the poor, "marginalized" and non-owners and the configuration of a specific real state market for the poor. Finally, we tried to integrate these relations with the new issues involving the illicit, especially the effects of drug trafficking and the increase in the illegal trade in the wake of the liberal economic reforms of the 90s / Mestrado / Economia Regional e Urbana / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico