Cette étude présente les résultats de la recherche la formation initiale d'enseignants dans une méthodologie à distance en Colombie à partir des changements dans les pratiques pédagogiques, et les médiations pédagogiques pendant les quinze dernières années de transition du siècle. L’étude est encadrée dans l’approche socio-historique de Lev Vygotsky, qui analyse le développement des processus psychologiques supérieurs qui favorisent l’apprentissage à partir de l’internalisation des pratiques sociales. Cette recherche de type qualitative et l’étude de cas multiple génèrent des résultats avec lesquels se caractérise ce qui serait un dispositif pédagogique pour l’amélioration de la qualité des programmes de formation initiale d'enseignants avec une méthodologie à distance. L’objectif principal est d’analyser la manière comme ils répondent à l’actuelle exigence socio-historique. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, il a été tenu compte l’expérience des institutions, des enseignants et des étudiants d’un échantillon de trois université qui ont une ample expérience, trajectoire, reconnaissance et couverture nationale dans la formation des enseignants en méthodologie à distance en Colombie.Nous avons trouvé que les ruptures viennent principalement des médiations de l’action tutorielle, le matériel didactique et l’évaluation de l’apprentissage. Par rapport à la caractérisation du dispositif trois dimensions se sont établies: 1) Macro: elle a une relation avec la politique publique éducative nationale; 2) Méso: implique directement les universités et son articulation académique et administrative; et, 3)Micro: elle concerne aux programmes de formation. / This study presents the finding of the research teachers' initial training formation in distance methodology in Colombia from the changes in the educational practices, and the educational mediations during the last fifteen years of transition of the century. The study is framedin the socio-historic approach of Lev Vygotsky, which analyzes the development of the superior psychological processes which favor learning from the insourcing of the social practices. This qualitative research, was developed under the approach of multiple case study to generate results in order to characterize what would be an educational device for the improvement of the quality of the programs of teachers' initial training in distance methodology.Its main objective is to analyze the way as they answer the current socio-historic requirement. To reach this goal, it was taken into account the experience of institutions, teachers and students of a sample of three universities who have wide experience, trajectory, national coverage and goodwill in the training of undergraduate teachers in distance methodology in Colombia.It was found that the breaks come mainly from mediations of the teaching and learning practices, the educational material, and the evaluation of the learning. With regard to the characterization of the device three dimensions were established: 1) Macro: it has a relation with the national educational public politics; 2) Meso: it has to do directly with universities and its academic and administrative organization; and 3) Micro: it concerns to the academic undergraduate programs. / Este estudio presenta los resultados de la investigación formación inicial de docentes en una metodología a distancia en Colombia a partir de los cambios en las prácticas pedagógicas, y las mediaciones pedagógicas durante los quince últimos años de transición del siglo. El estudio se enmarca en el enfoquesocio-histórico de Lev Vygotsky, que analiza el desarrollo de los procesos psicológicos superiores que favorecen el aprendizaje a partir del internalización de las prácticas sociales. Esta investigación cualitativa de estudio de caso múltiple genera hallazgos con los cuales se caracteriza lo que sería un dispositivo pedagógico para el mejoramiento de la calidad de los programas de formación inicial de profesores en metodología a distancia.El objetivo principal es analizar la manera la manera como responden a las exigencias del actual momento socio-histórico. Con el fin de alcanzar este objetivo, se tuvo en cuenta la experiencia de instituciones, profesores y estudiantes de una muestra de tres universidades que tienen amplia experiencia, trayectoria, reconocimiento y cobertura nacional en la formación de profesores en metodología a distancia en Colombia.Se encuentra que las rupturas principalmente han tenido lugar en las mediaciones, la acción tutorial, el material didáctico y la evaluación del aprendizaje. Con relación a la caracterización del dispositivo tres dimensiones se establecieron: 1) Macro: tiene relación con la política pública educativa nacional; 2) Méso: involucra directamente a las universidades y su articulación académica y administrativa; y, 3) Micro: concierne a los programas de formación.

"Memoire en recherche-action" Réalise en cotutelle avec le Directrice Mme. Durand Micheline- Joanne et Mme. Lira María Lourdes. Les table qui contenu en mon document on été réalisés avec le logiciel Qda Miner. "Memoire en recherche-action" Conducted jointly with the Director Durand Micheline-Joanne and Lira María Lourdes. The charts in my document were made with the software Qda Miner. "Memoria en Investigación-Acción". Realizadas con la direccion de la Dra. Durand Micheline-Joanne y la Dra. Lira María Lourdes. Las tablas que constan en mi documento se realiaron con el programa Qda Miner.

This study was carried out in the context of the Research Line Training, Knowledge and Professional Development , within the Post-graduation Program in Education, in Santa Maria Federal University. The main objective was to analyze the possibilities of articulation between the teacher`s knowledge and the educational praxis in the initial training, aiming the performance in the Basic, Technical and Technological Education, in the Mathematics Teaching College Course, in the Instituto Federal do Tocantins- TO. The specific objectives were to list the knowledge considered by the undergraduate students as basic for their formation; understand which of the formative dimensions the undergraduate students assign to the pedagogical knowledge, according to their own initial formation process; identify how the teacher`s knowledge are approached in the curricular proposition of the Mathematics Teaching College Course that is proffered by the IFTO; verify if the teacher`s knowledge is considered in the structuring of the critical reflective teacher`s praxis in the EBTT. Considering the theoretical framework, the initial teacher`s training, the teacher`s praxis, the knowledge involved in the teaching practice, the specific know-how in the Mathematics field and the critical reflective teacher were addressed. The research, of a qualitative approach (LUDKE; ANDRE, 1986; GIL, 1999) was a case study (ANDRE, 1984; YIN,2001), was carried out through individual questionnaires, with the undergraduate students of the Mathematics Teaching College Course in the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia-Campus Palmas. The collected data was analyzed through the Discursive Textual Analysis (MORAES; GALIAZZI, 2011). This study made it possible to examine the possibilities of connections between the teacher`s knowledge and the educational, critical and reflexive praxis of the Mathematics imminent teachers in their initial formation process. It also promoted some thinking on the basic, technical and technological education, as well as furthered some subsidies to the evaluation of the curricular structure and purpose of the course, according to the students`view. / Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida no contexto da Linha de Pesquisa Formação, Saberes e Desenvolvimento Profissional, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Teve como objetivo geral analisar as possibilidades de articulação entre os saberes docentes e a práxis educativa na formação inicial na Licenciatura em Matemática do Instituto Federal do Tocantins IFTO, voltada à atuação no contexto da Educação Básica, Técnica e Tecnológica EBTT. Os objetivos específicos da pesquisa foram: elencar os saberes considerados pelos licenciandos como básicos para a sua formação docente; compreender quais as dimensões formativas que os licenciandos atribuem/reconhecem aos saberes pedagógicos segundo os próprios processos de formação inicial; identificar como os saberes pedagógicos são abordados na proposta curricular do Curso de Licenciatura de Matemática ofertado no IFTO; verificar se os saberes docentes são considerados na construção da práxis docente crítico-reflexiva na EBTT. Em relação à revisão teórica, foram abordados a formação docente inicial, a práxis docente crítico-reflexiva, os saberes da docência, saberes específicos da Área de Matemática. A pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa (LÜDKE; ANDRÉ, 1986; GIL, 1999), do tipo estudo de caso (ANDRÉ, 1984; YIN, 2001), foi desenvolvida por meio de questionários individuais, com os estudantes do Curso de Licenciatura em Matemática do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia - Campus Palmas. As informações foram trabalhadas por meio da Análise Textual Discursiva (MORAES; GALIAZZI, 2011). Este estudo possibilitou analisar a articulação entre os saberes docentes e a práxis educativa, crítica e reflexiva, dos futuros docentes de Matemática, no processo de formação inicial. Também possibilitou algumas reflexões sobre a educação básica, técnica e tecnológica, a pedagogia dialógica e a construção da identidade profissional docente. E ainda, subsídios para uma avaliação da estrutura curricular e da finalidade do Curso, segundo o olhar dos discentes.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-04-25T20:10:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Amanda Maria Franco Liberato.pdf: 982382 bytes, checksum: d809c59a4775419f4c0bf28189be391d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:10:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amanda Maria Franco Liberato.pdf: 982382 bytes, checksum: d809c59a4775419f4c0bf28189be391d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-25 / The object of this research is the formation of the student researcher under the perspective of these actors. The general purpose was to analyze the formation under the perspective of students’ researchers in three Institutions of Higher Education (IHE) partners of the Program Read and Write / Public School and University in Literacy / Literacy Exchange of the Government of the State of São Paulo. As specific objectives we listed the following: check if the student researcher develops activities to be delivered in training meetings and verify the students researchers if the advisor professors allow moments of exchange of knowledge coming from the practice in training meetings. Our hypothesis is that the formation of the student researcher does not occur effectively by some IHEs contrary the guidelines established by the official program and thus we seek to answer the following questions: How goes the training of students researchers in universities? How often? What are the topics covered in this training? Discussions allow the student researcher relates theory and teaching practice and takes ownership of the fundamentals of literacy? The training allows the stage in literacy courses is experienced from another viewpoint? Which? The universe of the research were three private IHEs located in São Paulo city whose subjects were six students researchers that study Pedagogy, from two of each institution. We used qualitative matrix method using a semi-structured interview as data collection instrument, as well as analysis of official documents governing this Program, namely: Communication SE 86, 2007; Resolution SE 86, 2007; Decree No. 51627, 2007, and Resolution SE 90, 2008. We have analyzed the interviews using the content analysis according to Bardin (2011). The research was based on the following authors: Ferreiro (1995 and 2003); Lerner (1995 and 2002) and Smith (1985, 2009 and 2011) in order to support the categories alphabetization and literacy; Contreras (2012), Nóvoa (1992) and Tardiff (2002) to reference the initial category of teacher education. As a result the researchers found that students in school A and B receive training more focused on administrative aspects, with few hours of study and reflection hindering the assessment of the basic concepts related to the literacy process, showing unsafe when immersed in school while the students researchers of the university C receive more geared to the pedagogical aspects of training, enabling them to have greater contact with the authors who discuss literacy in a constructivist perspective leading them to a better understanding of the concepts and therefore the procedures adopted by the regents teachers. We conclude that the students researchers from colleges A and B require theoretical study about the concepts related to literacy for better performance in the classroom. / O objeto da presente pesquisa é a formação da aluna pesquisadora sob a perspectiva desses atores. Teve por objetivo geral analisar a formação sob a perspectiva das alunas pesquisadoras de três Instituições de Educação Superior parceiras do Programa Ler e Escrever/Escola Pública e Universidade na Alfabetização/Bolsa Alfabetização do Governo do Estado de São Paulo. Como objetivos específicos, elencamos os seguintes: verificar se a aluna pesquisadora desenvolve atividades para serem entregues nos encontros de formação e verificar com as alunas pesquisadoras se os professores formadores possibilitam momentos de troca de conhecimentos advindos da prática nos encontros de formação. Partimos da hipótese de que a formação da aluna pesquisadora não ocorre de maneira efetiva por parte de algumas IESs contrariando as diretrizes estabelecidas pelo Programa oficial e, assim, buscamos responder as seguintes perguntas: Como ocorre a formação das alunas pesquisadoras nas universidades? Com qual frequência? Quais os temas abordados nessa formação? As discussões permitem que a aluna pesquisadora relacione teoria e prática pedagógica e se aproprie dos fundamentos da alfabetização? A formação permite que o estágio em salas de alfabetização seja vivenciado sob outra ótica? Qual? O universo da pesquisa foram três IESs privadas localizadas na cidade de São Paulo cujos sujeitos foram seis alunas pesquisadoras que cursam Pedagogia, sendo duas de cada instituição. Utilizou-se metodologia de cunho qualitativo, utilizando a entrevista semiestruturada como instrumento de coleta de dados, além de análise dos documentos oficiais que regem o referido Programa, a saber: Comunicado SE – 86 de 2007, Resolução SE – 86 de 2007, Decreto nº 51627 de 2007 e Resolução SE – 90 de 2008. Analisamos as entrevistas utilizando a Análise de conteúdo segundo Bardin (2011). A pesquisa se fundamentou nos seguintes autores: Ferreiro (1995, 2003); Lerner (1995 e 2002) e Soares (1985, 2009 e 2011) para fundamentar as categorias alfabetização e letramento; Contreras (2012), Nóvoa (1992) e Tardif (2002) para referendar a categoria formação inicial de professores. Como resultados constatamos que as alunas pesquisadoras da faculdade A e B recebem formação mais voltada aos aspectos administrativos, com poucas horas de estudo e reflexão dificultando a apreensão dos conceitos básicos referentes ao processo de alfabetização, mostrando-se inseguras quando imersas na escola, enquanto que as alunas pesquisadoras da universidade C recebem formação mais voltada aos aspectos pedagógicos, possibilitando que elas tenham maior contato com os autores que discutem a alfabetização numa perspectiva construtivista, levando-as a melhor compreensão dos conceitos e, consequentemente, dos procedimentos adotados pelas professoras regentes. Conclui-se que as alunas pesquisadoras das faculdades A e B necessitam de aprofundamento teórico a respeito dos conceitos referentes à alfabetização para melhor atuação em sala de aula.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2017-07-07T20:01:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marta Juliana Jordao de Matos.pdf: 1228235 bytes, checksum: e6e0b9f61d4a528b0ec6a3785e6377ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-07T20:01:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marta Juliana Jordao de Matos.pdf: 1228235 bytes, checksum: e6e0b9f61d4a528b0ec6a3785e6377ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-25 / The present investigation has as object of study the impact of the PIBID in the initial formation of teachers. The Program is coordinated by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Capes), which, since 2007, through Law No. 11,502, began to work in the training of teachers of basic education, subsidizing the Ministry of Education (MEC) In the elaboration of policies that contribute to the training of teaching professionals for basic and higher education. In this context, the general objective of this research is to verify the perception that the coordinating teachers of an institution of higher education of the metropolitan region of São Paulo, acting in the Pedagogy course of said institution, on the impact of the PIBID in the initial formation of graduates of the Course of Pedagogy. To listen to such subjects and to make placements about their statements has as a projection the answer to the following questions: boasted as a fundamental figure in PIBID, has the CA developed actions that go towards achieving the objectives proposed by the program? Does he realize and carry out his duties as an articulator of dialogue between theory and practice in the initial formation of sachets? How do you understand your actions contribute to this? How do you perceive and operationalize the relationships between the other actors in the program? In order to pursue such proposals, a qualitative research methodology was chosen in this research composed of a bibliographical survey on the subject and semi-structured interviews. / La presente investigación tiene como objeto de estudio el impacto de PIBID en la formación inicial del profesorado. El programa es coordinado por la Coordinación de Educación Superior de Mejora Personal (Capes), que, desde 2007, a través de la Ley N ° 11.502, se puso a trabajar en la formación básica maestra de educación, el apoyo del Ministerio de Educación (MEC) en la política para contribuir a la formación de los profesionales de la enseñanza para la educación básica y superior. En este contexto, el objetivo general de esta investigación es verificar la percepción de que los directores de una institución de educación superior en la región metropolitana de Sao Paulo, que trabaja en la Facultad de Educación de la institución, tejida sobre el impacto de PIBID la formación inicial de los estudiantes de por supuesto Pedagogia.Ouvir de esos objetos y las colocaciones de tejido en sus líneas es para pronosticar la respuesta a las siguientes preguntas: promociona como figura clave en PIBID, CA ha desarrollado acciones que van hacia el logro de los objetivos propuestos por el programa? Se da cuenta y lleva a cabo su articulador de diálogo deberes entre la teoría y la práctica en la formación inicial de Bolsitas? ¿Cómo entender que sus acciones contribuyen en este sentido? Cómo realizar y poner en práctica la relación entre los otros actores del programa? Con el fin de perseguir tales propuestas optado por una metodología de investigación cualitativa en este estudio consiste en una revisión de la literatura sobre el tema y entrevistas semiestructuradas. / A presente investigação tem como objeto de estudo o impacto do PIBID na formação inicial de professores. O Programa é coordenado pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), que, desde 2007, por meio da Lei n.º 11.502, passou a atuar na formação de professores da educação básica, subsidiando o Ministério da Educação (MEC) na elaboração de políticas que contribuam com a formação de profissionais de magistério para a educação básica e superior. Nesse contexto, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa é verificar a percepção que os professores coordenadores de uma instituição de ensino superior da região metropolitana de São Paulo, atuantes no curso de Pedagogia da referida instituição, teceram sobre o impacto do PIBID na formação inicial de licenciandos do curso de Pedagogia. Ouvir tais sujeitos e tecer colocações sobre suas falas tem como projeção a resposta às seguintes perguntas: alardeado como figura fundamental no PIBID, o CA tem desenvolvido ações que vão no sentido de realizar os objetivos propostos pelo programa? Ele percebe e leva a cabo suas atribuições de articulador de diálogo entre a teoria e prática na formação inicial dos bolsistas? Como entende que suas ações contribuem neste sentido? Como percebe e operacionaliza as relações entre os demais atores do programa? De modo a perseguir tais propostas optou-se por uma metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa nesta pesquisa composta de um levantamento bibliográfico sobre o tema e por entrevistas semiestruturadas. Em resposta as nossas entrevistas entendemos que, segundo a percepção dos CAs, o impacto do Pibid é extremamente positivo na formação dos licenciandos, pois propicia desenvolvimento teórico, prático, reflexivo, metodológico e garante uma formação que entendemos como mais qualificada por permitir a prática de suas atividades teóricas aprendidas dentro da sala de aula da IES na escola de educação básica, passando por experiências que somente lhe seriam propiciadas após a conclusão de sua graduação.

[pt] No contexto de uma sociedade digital emergem abordagens educativas mediadas pelas tecnologias digitais que visam respeitar o tempo, o ritmo e a forma de aprendizagem de cada aluno individualmente. As principais ideias embutidas na lógica das aprendizagens híbrida e adaptativa – autonomia, protagonismo do aluno, personalização do ensino, acompanhamento e avaliação contínua da aprendizagem – não são novas e também estão presentes na educação tradicional exclusivamente presencial. A principal diferença reside no fato de reconhecer na tecnologia o potencial de expansão das formas e lugares de aprendizagem dos alunos, oportunizando uma via paralela e integradora, não substitutiva e nem tampouco de caráter simplesmente complementar ao ensino presencial, para alcance dos objetivos de aprendizagem. O objetivo geral desta investigação é apresentar a concepção, operacionalização e implicações de duas abordagens educativas mediadas pelas tecnologias digitais, a aprendizagem híbrida e a aprendizagem adaptativa. A tese foi estruturada no formato multipaper contendo três estudos independentes que resguardam unidade temática e alinhamento teórico, mantendo assim uma inter-relação. A adoção de um modelo alternativo para a escrita da tese de doutorado responde a demanda do objeto de investigação, que é plural, de caráter difuso e multifacetado. O primeiro estudo, uma revisão sistemática da literatura a partir da produção acadêmica na área de Informática na Educação, buscou identificar as concepções e características de modelos híbridos e adaptativos que objetivam a personalização da aprendizagem. O segundo estudo é o relato de uma experiência de formação online destinada a professores que procurou explorar os conceitos de aprendizagem híbrida e adaptativa, assim como mobilizar mecanismos para sua operacionalização. O terceiro estudo pretendeu verificar, a partir da percepção de professores das licenciaturas e da análise dos currículos de seus cursos, se a formação inicial de professores está alinhada às abordagens educativas emergentes supracitadas, assim como seu entrelaçamento com as políticas públicas educacionais, específicas e complementares, que visam a promoção da incorporação das tecnologias digitais à educação. Compõe também este trabalho uma introdução, onde é apresentado o enquadramento teórico-conceitual transversal aos três estudos, assim como uma síntese conclusiva, onde se apresenta uma discussão integrada dos resultados. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram a necessidade de maior interlocução entre os profissionais das áreas de Informática e Educação no desenvolvimento de ambientes e sistemas que suportem a aprendizagem híbrida e adaptativa, o que implica na realização de mais pesquisas de caráter experimental e, principalmente, na reconfiguração da formação docente, inicial e continuada, no sentido de preparar efetivamente os professores para exercerem seu papel, que já não é mais de transmissores do conhecimento, mas de mediadores no processo de aprendizagem, ressignificando seu modus operandi com base em uma tríade de princípios norteadores: design, curadoria, e orientação. / [en] In the digital society emerge educational approaches mediated by digital technologies that aim to respect the time, pace and form of learning of each student individually. The main ideas embedded in the logic of blended and adaptive learning - autonomy, student protagonism, customization, monitoring and continuous evaluation of learning - are not new and are also present in traditional classroom-based education. The main difference lies in the fact of recognizing in technology the potential of expanding the forms and places of learning, providing a parallel and integrative way, not substitutive and not simply complementary to face-to-face teaching, in order to achieve learning objectives. The general objective of this research is to present the conception, operationalization and implications of two educational approaches mediated by digital technologies, blended learning and adaptive learning. The thesis was structured in the multipaper format containing three independent studies that safeguard thematic unit and theoretical alignment, thus maintaining an interrelation. The adoption of an alternative model for writing the thesis responds to the demand for the research object, which is plural, diffuse and multifaceted. The first study, a systematic survey of the literature from the academic production in the area of Informatics in Education, sought to identify the conceptions and characteristics of hybrid and adaptive models that aim at personalization of learning. The second study is the report of an online training experience for teachers that sought to explore the concepts of blended and adaptive learning, as well as to mobilize mechanisms for its operationalization. The third study aimed to verify, from the teachers perception of the degree programs and the curriculum analysis of their courses, if the initial teacher training is in line with the emerging educational approaches mentioned above, as well as their intertwining with specific and complementary public educational policies, which aim to promote the incorporation of digital technologies into education. This work has also an introduction, where the theoretical and conceptual framework of the three studies is presented, as well as a conclusive synthesis, presenting an integrated discussion of the results. The research results show the need for greater interaction between professionals in the areas of Informatics and Education in the development of environments and systems that support personalized learning, which implies in the accomplishment of more experimental research and, mainly, in the reconfiguration of the teacher training in order to effectively prepare teachers to play their role, which is no longer a transmitter of knowledge but a mediator in the learning process, re-signifying its modus operandi based on the principles of curatorship, design and orientation.

[pt] A pesquisa investiga se o percurso trilhado na formação inicial é capaz de desconstruir discursos baseados no senso comum quando alunos de Letras Português / Inglês discorrem sobre a importância da aprendizagem da língua inglesa nas escolas. Para tal, o estudo qualitativo baseia-se nos conceitos da Teoria Social do Discurso de Fairclough (2001); nos estudos de Silva (2017) sobre os aspectos neoliberais que impactam o ensino da língua inglesa e nas considerações de teóricos que têm o ensino crítico do idioma como objeto de estudo, como Pennycook (2009), Jordão (2004, 2014) e Oliveira (2014). Como caminho metodológico, primeiramente investigou-se a presença de um senso comum acerca da justificativa para aprendizagem do idioma por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica de caráter histórico, pesquisa de anúncios promovendo a importância da língua e questionário com quarenta voluntários de diferentes faixas etárias e níveis de escolaridade. Após entendimento sobre o que o senso comum aponta como necessidade para a aprendizagem do inglês, foram analisados os discursos de oito graduandos de uma faculdade particular tomados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Concluiuse que as falas dos alunos de períodos avançados apresentam menos elementos discursivos considerados como de senso comum; no entanto, de modo geral, o senso crítico com relação à aprendizagem do idioma não aparece de maneira clara em seus discursos, o que demonstra haver uma carência de um olhar mais crítico sobre o ensino de línguas durante a formação desses alunos. / [en] The research investigates whether graduation is capable of deconstructing discourses based on common sense when Portuguese / English students talk about the importance of learning English in schools. To this end, the qualitative study is based on the concepts of the Social Theory of Discourse by Fairclough (2001); in the studies by Silva (2017) on the neoliberal aspects that impact the teaching of the English language and in the considerations of theorists who have the critical teaching of the language as an object of study, such as Pennycook (2009), Jordão (2004, 2014) and Oliveira (2014). As a methodology, we first investigated the presence of a common sense in the reasons for learning the language through historical bibliographic research, search for advertisements promoting the importance of the language and a questionnaire with forty volunteers of different age range and educational levels. After understanding what is the common sense about the need for learning English, the speeches - taken through semi-structured interviews - of eight graduates from a private college were analyzed. As a conclusion, it is possible to say that the speeches of senior students have less discursive elements considered as common sense. However, in general, the critical sense regarding language learning does not appear clearly in their speeches, which demonstrates that there is a lack of a more critical look at language teaching during graduation years.

Depuis les années 1990, la formation des enseignants français et québécois a évolué au rythme des réformes et du mouvement de professionnalisation de l’enseignement (Malet, 2010). La France et le Québec n’ont pas opté pour les mêmes configurations de leurs programmes de formation. La formation à l’enseignement est plus longue au Québec qu’en France et correspond à un diplôme de premier cycle universitaire. Cependant, dans un pays comme dans l’autre, l’insertion professionnelle fait naître chez les nouveaux enseignants un sentiment de manque de préparation au métier (Broccolichi et al., 2018 ; Borges et al., 2021). Cette thèse s’intéresse à cette période particulière de la carrière enseignante qu’est l’insertion professionnelle et, plus particulièrement, aux apprentissages propres aux relations avec les élèves qui s’effectuent à cette période. La maîtrise de ces relations est aujourd’hui une condition indispensable pour pouvoir « faire la classe » (Barrère, 2002). À partir d’une analyse sous le prisme de la sociologie du travail enseignant, de la sociologie de l’expérience mais aussi de concepts plus proches des sciences de l’éducation tels que les « savoirs pour enseigner », le « développement professionnel » ou encore « l’apprentissage par l’expérience », cette recherche permet d’articuler des objets qui jusque-là ont plutôt été analysés séparément : la formation initiale, l’entrée dans le métier, la formation continue et les difficultés du travail enseignant. Ce travail repose sur l’analyse d’entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès d’enseignants québécois et d’enseignants français. Les résultats mettent en avant les épreuves relationnelles que les enseignants rencontrent lorsqu’ils débutent dans le métier ainsi que les stratégies qu’ils mobilisent afin de leur faire face. Ils montrent que les enseignants débutants s’appuient sur des ressources telles que la formation, la division du travail éducatif, les collègues ou encore les parents d’élèves. Enfin, ces enseignants sont présentés comme étant détenteurs de connaissances relationnelles constituées à la fois de connaissances sur les élèves et de connaissances sur eux-mêmes en situation d’interaction en classe. Cette thèse ouvre trois axes de réflexion. Premièrement, le manque de formalisation de l’interaction avec autrui est ce qui fait frein à la professionnalisation des métiers de la relation (Demailly, 2008). La réflexion autour de l’objection d’un « savoir relationnel » détenu par les enseignants chevronnés et transmis de génération en génération a donc été amorcée. Deuxièmement, l’approche comparée a permis de mettre en avant le poids de l’organisation scolaire et des choix politiques en matière de formation sur l’apprentissage de la dimension relationnelle du métier. Une réflexion sur les contenus des formations à l’enseignement mais aussi sur leur organisation a donc été proposée. Troisièmement, cette recherche propose une réflexion théorique et pratique sur les relations entre enseignants et élèves. L’injonction à l’individualisation n’a pas été couplée avec une réorganisation des espaces scolaires et du travail des enseignants. Par conséquent, il semble aujourd’hui difficile de considérer ces relations comme étant individualisées. / Since the 1990s, the education and training of French and Quebecois teachers has evolved in line with educational reforms and the professionalization movement in teaching (Malet, 2010). France and Quebec have not adopted the same configurations for their initial teacher education (ITE) programs. ITE in Quebec is longer than in France and corresponds to an undergraduate degree. However, in both countries, new teachers experience a sense of unpreparedness for the profession during their induction years (Broccolichi et al., 2018; Borges et al., 2021). This thesis focuses on a specific period in teachers' careers, namely professional induction, and particularly on the learning related to relationships with students during this time. Mastery of these relationships is now an essential condition for being able to "manage the classroom" (Barrère, 2002). Through an analysis under the lenses of the sociology of teachers’ work, the sociology of experience, and concepts closer to educational sciences such as "knowledge for teaching," "professional development," and "experiential learning" this research allows for the integration of objects that have hitherto been analyzed separately: initial teacher education, entry into the profession, continuous professional development, and the challenges of teaching. This work is based on the thematic analysis of semi structured interview conducted with Quebecois and French teachers. The results highlight the relational challenges that teachers face when starting their careers, as well as the strategies they employ to address them. They demonstrate that novice teachers rely on resources such as training, the division of educational labor, colleagues, and even students’ parents. Finally, these teachers are presented as possessors of relational knowledge composed of both knowledge about students and self-awareness in interactive classroom situations. This thesis introduces three areas of reflection. Firstly, the lack of formalization of interaction with others hinders the professionalization of relational professions (Demailly, 2008). The discussion around the notion of "relational knowledge" held by experienced teachers and transmitted from generation to generation has thus been initiated. Secondly, the comparative approach has highlighted the influence of school organization and political choices regarding training on the learning of the relational dimension of the profession. Reflection on the content and organization of teacher education programs has therefore been proposed. Thirdly, this research offers a theoretical and practical reflection on relationships between teachers and students. The call for individualization has not been coupled with a reorganization of school spaces and teachers' work. Therefore, considering these relationships as individualized appears challenging today.

The problem this study addresses is the continuing ineffective teaching of English as a Second Language (ESL) despite the popularity of in-service (INSET) programmes. As a means of situational analysis, ethnographic approaches were used to investigate the INSET participants in the four-year degree programme at the University of Botswana. Responses to one inventory containing second language teaching activities showed that the activities respondents know to characterize ESL classrooms do not facilitate much verbal teacher-pupil/pupil-pupil interaction. Responses to another inventory containing idealised course content showed evidence of needs the preparation programme was ignoring. This confirmed one of two study hypotheses that: there are specific second language teaching needs being ignored by preparation programmes for primary school language teachers. Document analysis verified the assumptions about what classroom English Language Teaching (ELT) was expected to achieve. However, lesson observation revealed that the products of the programme still taught and perceived English as a mental exercise, with the following results: the lessons were complicated, uninspiring, unenjoyable, restrictive, and ineffective. Questionnaire and interview results confirmed the second study hypothesis that: the confidence of non-native English-speaking teachers (non-NESTs) with regard to competence in English, which affects the effectiveness and efficiency of their teaching, is low. As a solution a model specifying the essential programme components for preparing ELT specialists in the primary school is proposed. The proposed model is however not prescriptive and the proposed content is neither exhaustive nor limiting, but only broadly suggestive of the content of each instructional component. It is hoped that the product of the proposed model will become not only a well-educated person in the arts but also a highly proficient and self-confident person in ELT. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Didactics)

Second/international language (L2) education contexts are increasingly recognized as fertile ground for the learning about “otherness”, teaching a new linguistic code and another way of seeing the world. This study contrasts how culture teaching beliefs and visions develop among new secondary school international language teachers in curriculum/methodology classes in two distinct teacher preparation programs. Using a comparative, multi-case study approach with a mixed methods design, this research uses complementary data sources including three repeated questionnaires, individual, focus group interviews and classroom observations to examine changes in culture teaching beliefs/visions. The research was informed by a sociocultural perspective in teacher education, a proposed model of teacher education impact and current thinking in culture and intercultural learning including Byram’s (1997) framework of intercultural communicative competence and post-modernist definitions of culture. Comparisons between the teacher educators involved show that culture teaching practices are strongly situated in historically embedded paradigms, contextual constraints of learning environments and framed by practitioners’ culture teaching beliefs. Findings indicate that teacher candidates’ culture teaching beliefs and visions evolve on individual pathways, depend on reflection, and are firmly rooted in previous beliefs about culture and L2 learning. Teacher education practices in these programs prompted both a facilitative and tempering effect on teacher candidate culture teaching beliefs and visions. Enthusiasm and curiosity about culture teaching increased and some teacher candidates saw culture teaching having perspective-changing benefits. Alternatively, many teacher candidates began to see increased complexity with culture teaching leading to insecurity about culture teaching knowledge and cultural credibility. Teacher candidates cited increased awareness of curricular and time constraints, concerns with stereotypes, the daunting breadth of culture and a lack of culture teaching models. Teachers with the most teaching and “living away” experience exhibited more culture teaching familiarity. Despite a brief appearance of some intercultural approaches, an instructivist approach working with the material dimension of the target culture dominated teachers’ culture teaching visions. Implications include rethinking the structure of L2 teacher preparation programs to provide more critical, ethnorelative reflection on culture, teacher identity, and to situate and operationalize culture teaching in teacher beliefs and experiences.